{ "generated": "2026-10-08", "licenses": { "CC BY-SA 4.0": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "CC0 1.0 Universal": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" }, "attribution": "Article text is from English Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0; its authors are in the history of each finding's revision. Retraction data are from the Retraction Watch Database, maintained by the Center for Scientific Integrity and distributed by Crossref, and page views from Wikimedia's page view statistics, both under CC0 1.0 Universal. Everything else here is available under CC BY-SA 4.0.", "views": "the daily mean of user views over the 30 days ending the day before yesterday, summed over the articles that show the text, from Wikimedia's page view statistics", "findings": [ { "id": "sha256:e7ce954c4dcc04d1", "key": "RW-31637 / 2326240 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377081496 } ], "first_seen": 1377081496, "last_checked": 1377081496, "page_id": 2326240, "revid": 1377081496, "written_on": "Trazodone", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003592", "pmid": "12804478", "record_id": 31637, "paper_title": "Antidepressants for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)", "cited": true, "section": "Other disorders", "where": "paragraph", "text": "However, use of trazodone in anxiety disorders is off-label and evidence of its effectiveness for these indications is variable and limited.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "evidence of its effectiveness for these indications is variable and limited.", "reason": "The evidence assessment draws on the review's finding that only one trial supplied trazodone data, which were excluded from its meta-analysis; the other reviews plausibly support the broader assessment independently.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.86, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:1e91827c7b28d4b2", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid12804478", "marker": "[48]", "others": [ "Bossini L, Coluccia A, Casolaro I, Benbow J, Amodeo G, De Giorgi R, et al. (2015). \"Off-Label Trazodone Prescription: Evidence, Benefits and Risks\". Curr Pharm Des. 21 (23): 3343–51. doi:10.2174/1381612821666150619092236. PMID 26088119.", "Bossini L, Casolaro I, Koukouna D, Cecchini F, Fagiolini A (August 2012). \"Off-label uses of trazodone: a review\". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 13 (12): 1707–17. doi:10.1517/14656566.2012.699523. PMID 22712761. S2CID 10638259.", "Khouzam HR (2017). \"A review of trazodone use in psychiatric and medical conditions\". Postgrad Med. 129 (1): 140–48. doi:10.1080/00325481.2017.1249265. PMID 27744763. S2CID 205452630.", "Asnis GM, Kohn SR, Henderson M, Brown NL (2004). \"SSRIs versus non-SSRIs in post-traumatic stress disorder: an update with recommendations\". Drugs. 64 (4): 383–404. doi:10.2165/00003495-200464040-00004. PMID 14969574. S2CID 38329753." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 2326240 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 2086.5, "severity": 1043.25, "rank": 1 }, { "id": "sha256:726810230b54fae6", "key": "RW-48567 / 24365639 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375891403 } ], "first_seen": 1375891403, "last_checked": 1375891403, "page_id": 24365639, "revid": 1375891403, "written_on": "Paolo Macchiarini", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61598-6", "pmid": "19022496", "record_id": 48567, "paper_title": "Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway", "cited": true, "section": "Claudia Castillo", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The trachea came from a cadaver, and was stripped of its cells and seeded with cells taken from Castillo's bone marrow.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The trachea came from a cadaver, and was stripped of its cells and seeded with cells taken from Castillo's bone marrow.", "reason": "This states the paper's reported graft preparation as fact, rather than its falsified success claims; the newspaper plausibly supports the procedural history, but the follow-up paper is also retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The following papers authored by Macchiarini have been retracted:", "section": "Retractions", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "October 2023, 2008 Lancet paper, retracted by the journal for falsification, including the claim that 'the graft immediately provided the recipient with a functional airway, improved her quality of life, and had a normal appearance and mechanical properties at 4 months':", "section": "Retractions", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Criminal Proceedings", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Results", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d773bf2974a37363", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[29]", "others": [ "Cowell, Alan; Grady, Denise (19 November 2008). \"Europeans Announce Pioneering Surgery\". The New York Times.", "Gonfiotti, Alessandro; Jaus, Massimo O; Barale, Daniel; Baiguera, Silvia; Comin, Camilla; Lavorini, Federico; Fontana, Giovanni; Sibila, Oriol; Rombolà, Giovanni; Jungebluth, Philipp; Macchiarini, Paolo (January 2014). \"Retracted: The first tissue-engineered airway transplantation: 5-year follow-up results\". The Lancet. 383 (9913): 238–244. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62033-4. PMID 24161821. S2CID 41597285. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02340-1, PMID 37898524, Retraction Watch)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 24365639 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 888.3333333333334, "severity": 888.3333333333334, "rank": 2 }, { "id": "sha256:888acfee65819c2e", "key": "RW-33394 / 512662 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377545070 } ], "first_seen": 1377545070, "last_checked": 1377545070, "page_id": 512662, "revid": 1377545070, "written_on": "Cardiovascular disease", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003041.pub2", "pmid": "14974003", "record_id": 33394, "paper_title": "Smoking cessation for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Prevention", "where": "list", "text": "Stopping smoking and avoidance of second-hand smoke. Stopping smoking reduces risk by about 35%.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Stopping smoking reduces risk by about 35%.", "reason": "The quantified reduction closely matches the review's 36% mortality reduction in patients with coronary heart disease, but the article presents it as a general risk reduction; the NHS prevention page may support cessation advice, but support for this percentage is unclear.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Unreliable Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b3f84e140fb0ca8c", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[153]", "others": [ "\"Heart Attack—Prevention\". NHS Direct. 28 November 2019." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 512662 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 478.6666666666667, "severity": 478.6666666666667, "rank": 3 }, { "id": "sha256:f2870c999ae6d76d", "key": "RW-31898 / 2885 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1363961139 } ], "first_seen": 1363961139, "last_checked": 1363961139, "page_id": 2885, "revid": 1363961139, "written_on": "Amoxicillin", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd000243.pub3", "pmid": "24515610", "record_id": 31898, "paper_title": "Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis in adults (Pub 3)", "cited": true, "section": "Respiratory infections", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Most sinusitis infections are caused by viruses, for which amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate are ineffective, and the small benefit gained by amoxicillin may be overridden by the adverse effects.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "the small benefit gained by amoxicillin may be overridden by the adverse effects.", "reason": "This benefit–harm assessment states the review's conclusion as current evidence; the Choosing Wisely recommendation plausibly supports the same assessment, and the review was retracted and replaced.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6cc6191b96129c6f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "antibioticssinusitis", "marker": "[22]", "others": [ "\"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question\" (PDF). Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 2885 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 922.8666666666667, "severity": 461.43333333333334, "rank": 4 }, { "id": "sha256:d0babbb6964dbe29", "key": "RW-4358 / 1195328 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369818762 } ], "first_seen": 1369818762, "last_checked": 1369818762, "page_id": 1195328, "revid": 1369818762, "written_on": "Erotic asphyxiation", "doi": "", "pmid": "7595293", "record_id": 4358, "paper_title": "Review: Autoerotic Asphyxiation in the United States", "cited": true, "section": "Practice", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Uva (1995) writes \"Estimates of the mortality rate of autoerotic asphyxia range from 250 to 1000 deaths per year in the United States.\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Uva (1995) writes \"Estimates of the mortality rate of autoerotic asphyxia range from 250 to 1000 deaths per year in the United States.\"", "reason": "The attributed US mortality estimate is presented without a retraction warning and is supported only by Uva; the supplied retraction reason is incomplete, so its effect on the estimate requires source review.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Notice - Lack of" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:08d33ea338ad9d7f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[10]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1195328 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 840.5666666666667, "severity": 420.28333333333336, "rank": 5 }, { "id": "sha256:daaf7cd0300e1e84", "key": "RW-29253 / 2457 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373653552 } ], "first_seen": 1373653552, "last_checked": 1373653552, "page_id": 2457, "revid": 1373653552, "written_on": "Apoptosis", "doi": "10.1074/jbc.m502190200", "pmid": "16188880", "record_id": 29253, "paper_title": "The Lysosome-associated Apoptosis-inducing Protein Containing the Pleckstrin Homology (PH) and FYVE Domains (LAPF), Representative of a Novel Family of PH and FYVE Domain-containing Proteins, Induces Caspase-independent Apoptosis via the Lysosomal-Mitochondrial Pathway", "cited": true, "section": "TNF pathway", "where": "paragraph", "text": "However, signalling through TNFR1 might also induce apoptosis in a caspase-independent manner.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "However, signalling through TNFR1 might also induce apoptosis in a caspase-independent manner.", "reason": "The paper reports TNF-induced caspase-independent apoptosis through a LAPF-dependent lysosomal–mitochondrial pathway; this sentence presents that conclusion as a biological possibility without noting the retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Manipulation of Images", "Objections by Author(s)", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c7ca5b4b5036e9dd", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "LAPFapoptosis", "marker": "[43]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 2457 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 376.23333333333335, "severity": 376.23333333333335, "rank": 6 }, { "id": "sha256:1c80e1dfb2a4253d", "key": "RW-31160 / 267014 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377114396 } ], "first_seen": 1377114396, "last_checked": 1377114396, "page_id": 267014, "revid": 1377114396, "written_on": "List of pseudoscience topics", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002766.pub3", "pmid": "25069726", "record_id": 31160, "paper_title": "Therapeutic touch for healing acute wounds (Pub 3)", "cited": true, "section": "Health and medicine", "where": "list", "text": "Therapeutic touch – is a form of vitalism where a practitioner, who may be also a nurse, passes their hands over and around a patient to \"realign\" or \"rebalance\" a putative energy field. A recent review concluded that \"[t]here is no evidence that [Therapeutic Touch] promotes healing of acute wounds.\" No biophysical basis for such an energy field has been found.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A recent review concluded that \"[t]here is no evidence that [Therapeutic Touch] promotes healing of acute wounds.\"", "reason": "This reports the retracted review's conclusion as valid evidence; the other sources address therapeutic touch generally and do not clearly support the specific acute-wound conclusion.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Unreliable Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4c8dea989dc5fedd", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[199]", "others": [ "\"\"Beyond Science\", on season 8, episode 2\". Scientific American Frontiers. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1997–1998. PBS. Archived from the original on 1 January 2006.", "Wallace, Sampson; Vaughn, Lewis (24 March 1998). \"'Therapeutic Touch' Fails a Rare Scientific Test\". CSICOP News. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2007. Despite this lack of evidence, TT is now supported by major nursing organizations such as the National League of Nurses and the American Nurses Association.", "\"Scientific American\". Archived from the original on 9 October 2009.", "Courcey, Kevin. \"Further Notes on Therapeutic Touch\". Quackwatch. Retrieved 5 December 2007. What's missing from all of this, of course, is any statement by Krieger and her disciples about how the existence of their energy field can be demonstrated by scientifically accepted methods.", "\"Energy Medicine: An Overview\". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. 24 October 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2007. neither the external energy fields nor their therapeutic effects have been demonstrated convincingly by any biophysical means." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 267014 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 375.3, "severity": 375.3, "rank": 7 }, { "id": "sha256:65375c2ecee8bc4b", "key": "RW-68660 / 231014 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378143242 } ], "first_seen": 1378143242, "last_checked": 1378143242, "page_id": 231014, "revid": 1378143242, "written_on": "Delayed sleep phase disorder", "doi": "10.1007/s11356-021-18384-4", "pmid": "34988815", "record_id": 68660, "paper_title": "Circadian rhythm disorder and anxiety as mental health complications in post-COVID-19", "cited": true, "section": "COVID-19", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In individuals with pre-existing DSPD, COVID-19 can delay recovery and complicate treatment by reinforcing maladaptive sleep-wake cycles and reducing responsiveness to conventional circadian therapies such as bright light exposure and melatonin.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In individuals with pre-existing DSPD, COVID-19 can delay recovery and complicate treatment by reinforcing maladaptive sleep-wake cycles and reducing responsiveness to conventional circadian therapies such as bright light exposure and melatonin.", "reason": "The sole citation is the retracted study; this treatment-response claim also goes beyond its abstract, which reports an association between prior COVID-19 and DSPD rather than impaired recovery or treatment efficacy.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Compromised Peer Review", "Concerns/Issues about Article", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f302d185200816db", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[21]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 231014 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 350.96666666666664, "severity": 350.96666666666664, "rank": 8 }, { "id": "sha256:748f1152ef8b405b", "key": "RW-68660 / 231014 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378143242 } ], "first_seen": 1378143242, "last_checked": 1378143242, "page_id": 231014, "revid": 1378143242, "written_on": "Delayed sleep phase disorder", "doi": "10.1007/s11356-021-18384-4", "pmid": "34988815", "record_id": 68660, "paper_title": "Circadian rhythm disorder and anxiety as mental health complications in post-COVID-19", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Risk factors Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, long COVID, traumatic brain injury (secondary)", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Risk factors Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, long COVID, traumatic brain injury (secondary)", "reason": "Listing long COVID as a risk factor appears to summarize the retracted study's COVID-19–DSPD association; the other listed risk factors are unrelated, and an editor should check whether long COVID has independent sourcing.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.85, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Compromised Peer Review", "Concerns/Issues about Article", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f302d185200816db", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 231014 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 350.96666666666664, "severity": 350.96666666666664, "rank": 9 }, { "id": "sha256:fe21a993375a84a1", "key": "RW-68660 / 231014 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378143242 } ], "first_seen": 1378143242, "last_checked": 1378143242, "page_id": 231014, "revid": 1378143242, "written_on": "Delayed sleep phase disorder", "doi": "10.1007/s11356-021-18384-4", "pmid": "34988815", "record_id": 68660, "paper_title": "Circadian rhythm disorder and anxiety as mental health complications in post-COVID-19", "cited": false, "section": "COVID-19", "where": "", "text": "COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been observed to act as a comorbidity or aggravating factor in DSPD. Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (commonly referred to as long COVID) often include neurological and autonomic dysregulation, which can interfere with circadian timing systems. These effects may involve delayed melatonin release, disrupted cortisol rhythms, and autonomic nervous system instability, all of which can exacerbate or prolong DSPD symptoms.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been observed to act as a comorbidity or aggravating factor in DSPD.", "reason": "This repeats the COVID-19–DSPD relationship reported by the retracted study cited in the next paragraph; an editor should check whether this paragraph has an independent source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.91, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Compromised Peer Review", "Concerns/Issues about Article", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f302d185200816db", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 231014 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 350.96666666666664, "severity": 350.96666666666664, "rank": 10 }, { "id": "sha256:964c3ddd518e51af", "key": "RW-21798 / 60575 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378042461 } ], "first_seen": 1378042461, "last_checked": 1378042461, "page_id": 60575, "revid": 1378042461, "written_on": "Cardiac arrest", "doi": "10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.01.016", "pmid": "30685547", "record_id": 21798, "paper_title": "Epinephrine for out of hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "cited": true, "section": "Medications", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Epinephrine in adults improves survival but does not appear to improve neurologically normal survival.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Epinephrine in adults improves survival but does not appear to improve neurologically normal survival.", "reason": "This states the paper's survival and neurological-outcome findings for epinephrine versus placebo or no drugs; the accompanying updated meta-analysis plausibly supports the same claim.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error by Journal/Publisher" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3a19a64474f212d5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[106]", "others": [ "Aves T, Chopra A, Patel M, Lin S (27 November 2019). \"Epinephrine for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis\". Critical Care Medicine. 48 (2): 225–229. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000004130. PMID 31789700. S2CID 208537959." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 60575 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 1367.3666666666666, "severity": 341.84166666666664, "rank": 11 }, { "id": "sha256:222c387205f4f15f", "key": "RW-29959 / 1699268 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376804284 } ], "first_seen": 1376804284, "last_checked": 1376804284, "page_id": 1699268, "revid": 1376804284, "written_on": "Type A and Type B personality theory", "doi": "10.1016/s0005-7967(09)80002-8", "pmid": "2012584", "record_id": 29959, "paper_title": "Creative novation behaviour therapy as a prophylactic treatment for cancer and coronary heart disease: Part I—Description of treatment", "cited": false, "section": "Other studies", "where": "", "text": "From the study above, several conclusions have been made. A relationship between personality and cancer exists, along with a relationship between personality and coronary heart disease. Personality type acts as a risk factor for diseases and interacts synergistically with other risk factors, such as smoking and heredity. It has been statistically proven that behavior therapy can significantly reduce the likelihood of cancer or coronary heart disease mortality. Studies suggest that both body and mental disease arise from each other. Mental disorders arise from physical causes, and likewise, physical disorders arise from mental causes. While Type A personality did not show a strong direct relationship between its attributes and the cause of coronary heart disease, other types of personalities have shown strong influences on both cancer-prone patients and those prone to coronary heart disease.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A relationship between personality and cancer exists, along with a relationship between personality and coronary heart disease. Personality type acts as a risk factor for diseases and interacts synergistically with other risk factors, such as smoking and heredity. It has been statistically proven that behavior therapy can significantly reduce the likelihood of cancer or coronary heart disease mortality.", "reason": "The paragraph explicitly derives these conclusions from the study above and repeats its preventive-therapy claim without a local retraction warning; an editor should check whether its own sources independently support these conclusions.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "studies (that also later were questioned for non plausible results were considered unsafe, and were retracted in 2021)", "section": "Other studies", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d58ca4c8c34c2646", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1699268 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1050.0333333333333, "severity": 262.5083333333333, "rank": 12 }, { "id": "sha256:e436a42b0de3832f", "key": "RW-889 / 12339 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374510745 } ], "first_seen": 1374510745, "last_checked": 1374510745, "page_id": 12339, "revid": 1374510745, "written_on": "Genetically modified organism", "doi": "10.1126/science.285.5426.384", "pmid": "10411496", "record_id": 889, "paper_title": "Worlds apart? The reception of genetically modified foods in Europe and the U.S", "cited": false, "section": "Controversy", "where": "", "text": "There are large differences in consumer acceptance of GMOs, with Europeans more likely to view GM food negatively than North Americans. GMOs arrived on the scene as the public confidence in food safety, attributed to recent food scares such as Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and other scandals involving government regulation of products in Europe, was low. This along with campaigns run by various non-governmental organizations (NGO) have been very successful in blocking or limiting the use of GM crops. NGOs like the Organic Consumers Association, the Union of Concerned Scientists, Greenpeace and other groups have said that risks have not been adequately identified and managed and that there are unanswered questions regarding the potential long-term impact on human health from food derived from GMOs. They propose mandatory labeling or a moratorium on such products.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "There are large differences in consumer acceptance of GMOs, with Europeans more likely to view GM food negatively than North Americans.", "reason": "This repeats the paper's central transatlantic public-opinion comparison; an editor should check whether this paragraph has an independent source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Breach of Policy by Author", "Error in Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:633ad3c1afd8aed1", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 12339 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 255.43333333333334, "severity": 255.43333333333334, "rank": 13 }, { "id": "sha256:9078e96091ed0fe4", "key": "RW-66335 / 897 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376412064 } ], "first_seen": 1376412064, "last_checked": 1376412064, "page_id": 897, "revid": 1376412064, "written_on": "Arsenic", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Bacteria", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This claim, published in Science, suggested that arsenic could potentially serve as a building block of life in place of phosphorus, challenging long-standing assumptions about biochemical requirements for life on Earth.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2010, researchers reported the discovery of a strain of the bacterium Halomonas (designated GFAJ-1) that was allegedly capable of substituting arsenic for phosphorus in its biomolecules, including DNA, when grown in an arsenic-rich, phosphate-limited environment. This claim, published in Science, suggested that arsenic could potentially serve as a building block of life in place of phosphorus, challenging long-standing assumptions about biochemical requirements for life on Earth.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the paper’s arsenic-substitution finding without explicitly stating its retraction or refutation; attribution and “allegedly” do not supply that warning.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Subsequent studies provided evidence contradicting the initial findings. One follow-up study published in Science in 2011 demonstrated that GFAJ-1 still requires phosphate to grow and does not incorporate arsenate into its DNA in any biologically significant way. Another independent investigation in 2012 used more sensitive techniques to purify and analyze the DNA of GFAJ-1 and found no detectable arsenate incorporated into the DNA backbone. The authors concluded that the original observations were likely due to experimental contamination or insufficient purification methods.", "section": "Bacteria", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2025, the journal Science formally retracted the original paper, citing a lack of sufficient experimental support for its key conclusions, though the authors continued to stand by their data.", "section": "Bacteria", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:61337faed35c2de4", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[124]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 897 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 962.9, "severity": 240.725, "rank": 14 }, { "id": "sha256:eba1a3e4ee62fa87", "key": "RW-72836 / 2119174 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378412069 } ], "first_seen": 1378412069, "last_checked": 1378412069, "page_id": 2119174, "revid": 1378412069, "written_on": "Effects of climate change", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-024-07219-0", "pmid": "38632481", "record_id": 72836, "paper_title": "The economic commitment of climate change", "cited": true, "section": "Economic impacts", "where": "caption", "text": "Regional median economic impacts predicted due to global warming by 2050 compared to present.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Regional median economic impacts predicted due to global warming by 2050 compared to present.", "reason": "The caption presents regional economic damage projections from the paper as valid; the retraction concerns errors in the data and analyses and issues with the methods.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Methods", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5265cb9d4c5b97d5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Kotz2024", "marker": "[266]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 2119174 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 215.23333333333332, "severity": 215.23333333333332, "rank": 15 }, { "id": "sha256:94e99bae7045dfb1", "key": "RW-31614 / 28598 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373933225 } ], "first_seen": 1373933225, "last_checked": 1373933225, "page_id": 28598, "revid": 1373933225, "written_on": "Sinusitis", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006394.pub2", "pmid": "17636843", "record_id": 31614, "paper_title": "Nasal saline irrigations for the symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis (Pub 2)", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Prevention of sinusitis focuses on regular hand washing, staying up-to-date on vaccinations, and avoiding smoking. Analgesics such as naproxen, nasal steroids, and nasal irrigation may be used to help with symptoms. Recommended initial treatment for acute sinusitis is watchful waiting. If symptoms do not improve in 7–10 days or worsen, then an antibiotic may be implemented or changed. In those in whom antibiotics are indicated, either amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanate is recommended first line, with amoxicillin/clavulanate being superior to amoxicillin alone but with more side effects. Surgery may be recommended in those with chronic disease who have failed medical management.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Analgesics such as naproxen, nasal steroids, and nasal irrigation may be used to help with symptoms.", "reason": "The nasal-irrigation benefit overlaps the review's conclusion and may summarize it in the lead; an editor should check whether this paragraph has independent support.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.72, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8879c3d05f2a7c8c", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 28598 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 425.43333333333334, "severity": 212.71666666666667, "rank": 16 }, { "id": "sha256:24e049459d151427", "key": "RW-31614 / 28598 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373933225 } ], "first_seen": 1373933225, "last_checked": 1373933225, "page_id": 28598, "revid": 1373933225, "written_on": "Sinusitis", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006394.pub2", "pmid": "17636843", "record_id": 31614, "paper_title": "Nasal saline irrigations for the symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis (Pub 2)", "cited": false, "section": "Treatment", "where": "", "text": "Nasal irrigation Nasal congestion Can provide relief by helping decongest.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Nasal irrigation Nasal congestion Can provide relief by helping decongest.", "reason": "This table row repeats a symptomatic benefit of nasal irrigation consistent with the review; an editor should check its sources because independent support is not visible here.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.7, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8879c3d05f2a7c8c", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 28598 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 425.43333333333334, "severity": 212.71666666666667, "rank": 17 }, { "id": "sha256:125f985468f0b5db", "key": "RW-948 / 246458 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374816022 } ], "first_seen": 1374816022, "last_checked": 1374816022, "page_id": 246458, "revid": 1374816022, "written_on": "Golden rice", "doi": "10.3945/ajcn.111.030775", "pmid": "22854406", "record_id": 948, "paper_title": "Beta-Carotene in Golden Rice is as good as beta-carotene in oil at providing vitamin A to children", "cited": false, "section": "Vitamin A deficiency", "where": "", "text": "Vitamin A deficiency is usually coupled to an unbalanced diet. Since carotenes are hydrophobic, sufficient fat must be present in the diet for golden rice (or most other vitamin A supplements) to alleviate vitamin A deficiency. Moreover, this claim referred to an early cultivar of golden rice; one bowl of the latest version provides 60% of Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for healthy children. The RDA levels advocated in developed countries are far in excess of the amounts needed to prevent blindness.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "one bowl of the latest version provides 60% of Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for healthy children.", "reason": "This closely repeats the paper's conclusion that a bowl provides about 60% of children's vitamin A requirement; an editor should check whether this paragraph has an independent source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, in 2015, the journal retracted the study, claiming that the researchers had acted unethically when providing Chinese children golden rice without their parents' consent.", "section": "Research", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Complaints about Third Party", "Conflict of Interest", "Ethical Violations by Author", "Ethical Violations by Company/Institution/Third Party", "Informed/Patient Consent - None/Withdrawn", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Misconduct by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4106fcd2fe848cfa", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 246458 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 179.16666666666666, "severity": 179.16666666666666, "rank": 18 }, { "id": "sha256:f561002b7d831e0b", "key": "RW-31672 / 21323216 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375958951 } ], "first_seen": 1375958951, "last_checked": 1375958951, "page_id": 21323216, "revid": 1375958951, "written_on": "Herpes", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006700.pub2", "pmid": "18843726", "record_id": 31672, "paper_title": "Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Antiviral", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The evidence to support the use of aciclovir in primary herpetic gingivostomatitis is weaker.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The evidence to support the use of aciclovir in primary herpetic gingivostomatitis is weaker.", "reason": "This assessment reflects the review's conclusion that only weak evidence supported aciclovir for primary herpetic gingivostomatitis; the review was withdrawn as out of date and requires a current replacement source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ae5c863043d8bd50", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid18843726", "marker": "[65]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 21323216 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 610.3, "severity": 152.575, "rank": 19 }, { "id": "sha256:7a5d967c395cc438", "key": "RW-30910 / 28677895 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376684169 } ], "first_seen": 1376684169, "last_checked": 1376684169, "page_id": 28677895, "revid": 1376684169, "written_on": "Transcendental Meditation technique", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd010359.pub2", "pmid": "25436436", "record_id": 30910, "paper_title": "Transcendental meditation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A 2014 Cochrane review of four trials found that it was impossible to draw any conclusions about whether TM is effective in preventing cardiovascular disease, as the scientific literature on TM was limited and at \"serious risk of bias\".", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A 2014 Cochrane review of four trials found that it was impossible to draw any conclusions about whether TM is effective in preventing cardiovascular disease, as the scientific literature on TM was limited and at \"serious risk of bias\".", "reason": "This reports the withdrawn review's conclusions about insufficient evidence and serious risk of bias; withdrawal as out of date calls for an up-to-date source rather than removal on grounds of invalid findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:7744dda9b11e76d9", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 28677895 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 561.2, "severity": 140.3, "rank": 20 }, { "id": "sha256:ee2b54cb7dd5babd", "key": "RW-33569 / 477489 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378374574 } ], "first_seen": 1378374574, "last_checked": 1378374574, "page_id": 477489, "revid": 1378374574, "written_on": "Respiratory syncytial virus", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd000181.pub3", "pmid": "17253446", "record_id": 33569, "paper_title": "Ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children (Pub 3)", "cited": true, "section": "Viral-specific therapies", "where": "list", "text": "Ribavirin is an antiviral medication licensed for the treatment of RSV in children. It is a guanosine analog that acts by inhibiting viral RNA synthesis and capping. It was approved in 1986 for treatment of RSV infection. However, the use of ribavirin remains controversial due to unclear evidence of efficacy and concerns about toxicity to exposed staff members, as well as cost. As such, treatment guidelines do not make recommendations for its use in children. In adults, ribavirin is used off-label and is generally reserved for the severely immunocompromised, such as those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplants.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "However, the use of ribavirin remains controversial due to unclear evidence of efficacy and concerns about toxicity to exposed staff members, as well as cost.", "reason": "The efficacy uncertainty reflects the review's conclusion that trials were insufficiently powered; the other therapeutic reviews plausibly support this claim, but the withdrawn, outdated review should be replaced.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:43684c4e3e014bd1", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[78]", "others": [ "Simões EA, DeVincenzo JP, Boeckh M, Bont L, Crowe JE, Griffiths P, et al. (March 2015). \"Challenges and Opportunities in Developing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Therapeutics\". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 211 (suppl 1): S1–S20. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu828. PMC 4345819. PMID 25713060.", "Jha A, Jarvis H, Fraser C, Openshaw PJ (June 2016). \"Chapter 5: Respiratory Syncytial Virus\". In Hui DS, Rossi GA, Johnston SL (eds.). SARS, MERS and other Viral Lung Infections. Wellcome Trust–Funded Monographs and Book Chapters. Sheffield (UK): European Respiratory Society. ISBN 978-1-84984-070-5. PMID 28742304. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 477489 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 491.1, "severity": 122.775, "rank": 21 }, { "id": "sha256:2cca0af1ca2a3701", "key": "RW-72832 / 40408388 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378291915 } ], "first_seen": 1378291915, "last_checked": 1378291915, "page_id": 40408388, "revid": 1378291915, "written_on": "Fast radio burst", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-022-04841-8", "pmid": "35831603", "record_id": 72832, "paper_title": "Sub-second periodicity in a fast radio burst", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A neutron star has been proposed as the origin of an unusual FRB with periodic peaks lasting over 3 seconds reported in 2022.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A neutron star has been proposed as the origin of an unusual FRB with periodic peaks lasting over 3 seconds reported in 2022.", "reason": "This reports the paper's periodic-pulse observation and neutron-star interpretation without noting that the findings were retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Data", "Error in Methods", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2e12097db062fc9f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "nature july 22", "marker": "[23]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 40408388 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 102.73333333333333, "severity": 102.73333333333333, "rank": 22 }, { "id": "sha256:4afa7694ff1e54fb", "key": "RW-72832 / 40408388 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378291915 } ], "first_seen": 1378291915, "last_checked": 1378291915, "page_id": 40408388, "revid": 1378291915, "written_on": "Fast radio burst", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-022-04841-8", "pmid": "35831603", "record_id": 72832, "paper_title": "Sub-second periodicity in a fast radio burst", "cited": true, "section": "Hypotheses for repeating FRBs", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A neutron star has been proposed as the origin of this FRB.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A FRB with multiple periodic component peaks lasting over 3 seconds was reported in 2022. A neutron star has been proposed as the origin of this FRB.", "reason": "Both sentences rely on the paper's claimed periodic components, duration and neutron-star interpretation, which are undermined by errors in data, methods and conclusions.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Data", "Error in Methods", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2e12097db062fc9f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "nature july 22", "marker": "[23]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 40408388 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 102.73333333333333, "severity": 102.73333333333333, "rank": 23 }, { "id": "sha256:ef7020e6850112fe", "key": "RW-72832 / 40408388 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378291915 } ], "first_seen": 1378291915, "last_checked": 1378291915, "page_id": 40408388, "revid": 1378291915, "written_on": "Fast radio burst", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-022-04841-8", "pmid": "35831603", "record_id": 72832, "paper_title": "Sub-second periodicity in a fast radio burst", "cited": true, "section": "FRB 191221", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This is the first time such a periodic pulse was detected.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "On 13 July 2022, the discovery of an unusual FRB 20191221A detected by CHIME was reported. It is a multicomponent pulse (nine or more components) with peaks separated by 216.8ms and lasting an unusually long duration of three seconds. This is the first time such a periodic pulse was detected.", "reason": "The paragraph presents the paper's event detection, measured pulse structure and unprecedented periodicity as valid findings without a retraction warning.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Data", "Error in Methods", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2e12097db062fc9f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "nature july 22", "marker": "[23]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 40408388 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 102.73333333333333, "severity": 102.73333333333333, "rank": 24 }, { "id": "sha256:786ce09b668632e7", "key": "RW-30943 / 400199 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372897774 } ], "first_seen": 1372897774, "last_checked": 1372897774, "page_id": 400199, "revid": 1372897774, "written_on": "Weight loss", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008427.pub2", "pmid": "22258985", "record_id": 30943, "paper_title": "Interventions for fatigue and weight loss in adults with advanced progressive illness (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Characteristics", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This leads to a condition called anorexia cachexia syndrome (ACS) and additional nutrition or supplementation is unlikely to help.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This leads to a condition called anorexia cachexia syndrome (ACS) and additional nutrition or supplementation is unlikely to help.", "reason": "The assertion that nutrition or supplementation is unlikely to help uses the overview as evidence about intervention efficacy, but its abstract reports insufficient robust evidence rather than established ineffectiveness; the removal reason supplies no further explanation.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.86, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a7d5f83e5e4e27c0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Payne 2012", "marker": "[62]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 400199 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 192.46666666666667, "severity": 96.23333333333333, "rank": 25 }, { "id": "sha256:463f532092f2932e", "key": "RW-69736 / 854294 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376907584 } ], "first_seen": 1376907584, "last_checked": 1376907584, "page_id": 854294, "revid": 1376907584, "written_on": "DNA repair", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pgen.0030110", "pmid": "17616978", "record_id": 69736, "paper_title": "DNA Damage, Homology-Directed Repair, and DNA Methylation", "cited": true, "section": "Homologous recombinational repair alters epigenetic markers", "where": "paragraph", "text": "At least four articles report the recruitment of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) to sites of DNA double-strand breaks.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "At least four articles report the recruitment of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) to sites of DNA double-strand breaks. During homologous recombinational repair (HR) of the double-strand break, the involvement of DNMT1 causes the two repaired strands of DNA to have different levels of methylated cytosines. One strand becomes frequently methylated at about 21 CpG sites downstream of the repaired double-strand break. The other DNA strand loses methylation at about six CpG sites that were previously methylated downstream of the double-strand break, as well as losing methylation at about five CpG sites that were previously methylated upstream of the double-strand break. When the chromosome is replicated, this gives rise to one daughter chromosome that is heavily methylated downstream of the previous break site and one that is unmethylated in the region both upstream and downstream of the previous break site. With respect to the gene that was broken by the double-strand break, half of the progeny cells express that gene at a high level and in the other half of the progeny cells expression of that gene is repressed.", "reason": "The paragraph presents the paper's DNMT1 recruitment, asymmetric methylation and approximately half-silenced recombinants as established mechanisms; the other sources plausibly support recruitment but need checking for the detailed methylation and expression claims.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image", "Error in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)", "Euphemisms for Duplication" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ec3782bf73b74002", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Cuozzo", "marker": "[151]", "others": [ "Mortusewicz O, Schermelleh L, Walter J, Cardoso MC, Leonhardt H (June 2005). \"Recruitment of DNA methyltransferase I to DNA repair sites\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (25): 8905–9. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.8905M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0501034102. PMC 1157029. PMID 15956212.", "O'Hagan HM, Mohammad HP, Baylin SB (August 2008). \"Double strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island\". PLOS Genetics. 4 (8) e1000155. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000155. PMC 2491723. PMID 18704159.", "Ha K, Lee GE, Palii SS, Brown KD, Takeda Y, Liu K, et al. (January 2011). \"Rapid and transient recruitment of DNMT1 to DNA double-strand breaks is mediated by its interaction with multiple components of the DNA damage response machinery\". Human Molecular Genetics. 20 (1): 126–40. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq451. PMC 3000680. PMID 20940144." ], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 854294 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 95.53333333333333, "severity": 95.53333333333333, "rank": 26 }, { "id": "sha256:381e7f6e811293d1", "key": "RW-69736 / 854294 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376907584 } ], "first_seen": 1376907584, "last_checked": 1376907584, "page_id": 854294, "revid": 1376907584, "written_on": "DNA repair", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pgen.0030110", "pmid": "17616978", "record_id": 69736, "paper_title": "DNA Damage, Homology-Directed Repair, and DNA Methylation", "cited": true, "section": "Non-homologous end joining can cause some epigenetic marker alterations", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair of a double-strand break can cause a small number of demethylations of pre-existing cytosine DNA methylations downstream of the repaired double-strand break.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair of a double-strand break can cause a small number of demethylations of pre-existing cytosine DNA methylations downstream of the repaired double-strand break.", "reason": "This repair-associated demethylation claim is supported solely by the retracted paper; the abstract focuses on HR and does not establish the NHEJ-specific result, so the attribution requires source inspection.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image", "Error in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)", "Euphemisms for Duplication" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ec3782bf73b74002", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Cuozzo", "marker": "[151]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 854294 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 95.53333333333333, "severity": 95.53333333333333, "rank": 27 }, { "id": "sha256:036ff2c68944b4ba", "key": "RW-32404 / 5704220 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1368881437 } ], "first_seen": 1368881437, "last_checked": 1368881437, "page_id": 5704220, "revid": 1368881437, "written_on": "Hydrocolloid dressing", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd001103.pub2", "pmid": "16855958", "record_id": 32404, "paper_title": "Dressings for healing venous leg ulcers (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Efficacy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The results of meta-analyses indicate no significant difference in healing rates between hydrocolloid dressings and other dressings (including simple gauze dressings) for venous ulcers, or for diabetic foot ulcers.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The results of meta-analyses indicate no significant difference in healing rates between hydrocolloid dressings and other dressings (including simple gauze dressings) for venous ulcers", "reason": "This states the withdrawn review's comparative-healing conclusion for venous ulcers; the other citation concerns diabetic foot ulcers, and the retract-and-replace notice calls for checking a replacement source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Retract and Replace", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f1bc1c80a2a04546", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Palfreyman et al. 2014", "marker": "[13]", "others": [ "Dumville, Jo C.; Deshpande, Sohan; O'Meara, Susan; Speak, Katharine (6 August 2013). \"Hydrocolloid dressings for healing diabetic foot ulcers\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (8) CD009099. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009099.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7111300. PMID 23922167." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 5704220 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 168.86666666666667, "severity": 84.43333333333334, "rank": 28 }, { "id": "sha256:d4f9080bb91dbe65", "key": "RW-33038 / 11683572 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373095815 } ], "first_seen": 1373095815, "last_checked": 1373095815, "page_id": 11683572, "revid": 1373095815, "written_on": "Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd005194.pub2", "pmid": "16856084", "record_id": 33038, "paper_title": "Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine mono‐dependence management in outpatient settings (Pub 2)", "cited": false, "section": "Medications", "where": "", "text": "Carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant, appears to have some beneficial effects in the treatment and management of benzodiazepine withdrawal; however, research is limited and thus the ability of experts to make recommendations on its use for benzodiazepine withdrawal is not possible at present.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant, appears to have some beneficial effects in the treatment and management of benzodiazepine withdrawal; however, research is limited and thus the ability of experts to make recommendations on its use for benzodiazepine withdrawal is not possible at present.", "reason": "This closely repeats the review's conclusion that carbamazepine has potential benefits but requires larger controlled studies; an editor should check whether the item has an independent, current source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.92, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:34525daadf8d9c26", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 11683572 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 296.7, "severity": 74.175, "rank": 29 }, { "id": "sha256:ef3471eb84a2a46c", "key": "RW-30653 / 414350 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369993076 } ], "first_seen": 1369993076, "last_checked": 1369993076, "page_id": 414350, "revid": 1369993076, "written_on": "Tooth decay", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008829.pub2", "pmid": "22161438", "record_id": 30653, "paper_title": "Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Oral hygiene", "where": "paragraph", "text": "While there is no evidence that flossing prevents tooth decay, the practice is still generally recommended.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "While there is no evidence that flossing prevents tooth decay, the practice is still generally recommended.", "reason": "The absence-of-evidence claim reflects the review's conclusion that no included studies assessed caries prevention; the review was withdrawn as out of date and replaced, rather than for invalid findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6207424322826407", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[106]", "others": [ "de Oliveira K, Nemezio MA, Romualdo PC, da Silva R, de Paula E Silva F, Küchler EC (2017). \"Dental Flossing and Proximal Caries in the Primary Dentition: A Systematic Review\". Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry. 15 (5): 427–434. doi:10.3290/j.ohpd.a38780. PMID 28785751." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 414350 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 290.53333333333336, "severity": 72.63333333333334, "rank": 30 }, { "id": "sha256:24c65fc15d9069a4", "key": "RW-33406 / 88164 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377554934 } ], "first_seen": 1377554934, "last_checked": 1377554934, "page_id": 88164, "revid": 1377554934, "written_on": "Benign prostatic hyperplasia", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002081", "pmid": "12535426", "record_id": 33406, "paper_title": "Tamsulosin for benign prostatic hyperplasia", "cited": true, "section": "Alpha-blockers", "where": "paragraph", "text": "They have a small to moderate benefit at improving symptoms.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "They have a small to moderate benefit at improving symptoms.", "reason": "This repeats the review's conclusion of small to moderate symptom improvement with tamsulosin, generalized to alpha blockers; the other reviews plausibly support the claim, but this review was withdrawn as out of date.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4869cc2ac0901467", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wilt_2003", "marker": "[74]", "others": [ "Hwang EC, Gandhi S, Jung JH, et al. (October 2018). \"Naftopidil for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms compatible with benign prostatic hyperplasia\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (10) CD007360. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007360.pub3. PMC 6516835. PMID 30306544.", "Djavan B, Marberger M (1999). \"A meta-analysis on the efficacy and tolerability of alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction\". European Urology. 36 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1159/000019919. PMID 10364649. S2CID 73366414." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 88164 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 278.73333333333335, "severity": 69.68333333333334, "rank": 31 }, { "id": "sha256:74f346f51c48448b", "key": "RW-33406 / 88164 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377554934 } ], "first_seen": 1377554934, "last_checked": 1377554934, "page_id": 88164, "revid": 1377554934, "written_on": "Benign prostatic hyperplasia", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002081", "pmid": "12535426", "record_id": 33406, "paper_title": "Tamsulosin for benign prostatic hyperplasia", "cited": true, "section": "Alpha-blockers", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Selective alpha-1 blockers are similar in effectiveness but have slightly different side effect profiles.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Selective alpha-1 blockers are similar in effectiveness but have slightly different side effect profiles.", "reason": "This reflects the review's findings of comparable efficacy and differing adverse effects among alpha antagonists; the other cited reviews plausibly support it, but this review was withdrawn as out of date.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4869cc2ac0901467", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wilt_2003", "marker": "[74]", "others": [ "Hwang EC, Gandhi S, Jung JH, et al. (October 2018). \"Naftopidil for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms compatible with benign prostatic hyperplasia\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (10) CD007360. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007360.pub3. PMC 6516835. PMID 30306544.", "Djavan B, Marberger M (1999). \"A meta-analysis on the efficacy and tolerability of alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction\". European Urology. 36 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1159/000019919. PMID 10364649. S2CID 73366414." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 88164 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 278.73333333333335, "severity": 69.68333333333334, "rank": 32 }, { "id": "sha256:c5ce163837b7c954", "key": "RW-23529 / 463899 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372163734 } ], "first_seen": 1372163734, "last_checked": 1372163734, "page_id": 463899, "revid": 1372163734, "written_on": "The Lancet", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31180-6", "pmid": "32450107", "record_id": 23529, "paper_title": "Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis", "cited": true, "section": "Surgisphere study on the use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine (2020)", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In May 2020, The Lancet published an observational retrospective cohort study by Mandeep R. Mehra of the Harvard Medical School and Sapan S. Desai of Surgisphere Corporation, which concluded that the malaria drugs hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine did not improve the condition of COVID-19 patients, and may have harmed some of them.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "which concluded that the malaria drugs hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine did not improve the condition of COVID-19 patients, and may have harmed some of them.", "reason": "This reports the study's efficacy and harm conclusions without a retraction warning in this paragraph; the study is notable, but its data were unreliable.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The authors of the study then asked The Lancet to retract the article, which was done on 3 June 2020.", "section": "Surgisphere study on the use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine (2020)", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "To improve quality control, the editors of The Lancet Group announced changes to the editorial policy in a comment titled \"Learning from a retraction\" which was published on 22 September 2020.", "section": "Surgisphere study on the use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine (2020)", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4f1fef1548e41126", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "thelancet.com", "marker": "[37]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 463899 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 234.6, "severity": 58.65, "rank": 33 }, { "id": "sha256:f835d8acf03cedce", "key": "RW-4106 / 2072670 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373558855 } ], "first_seen": 1373558855, "last_checked": 1373558855, "page_id": 2072670, "revid": 1373558855, "written_on": "Home sign", "doi": "10.1016/j.cognition.2010.08.017", "pmid": "23630971", "record_id": 4106, "paper_title": "Negation, questions, and structure building in a homesign system", "cited": true, "section": "Syntax", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Gestural markers for negation (side to side head shake) and wh-form questions (manual flip) show consistent meaning, use, and position.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Gestural markers for negation (side to side head shake) and wh-form questions (manual flip) show consistent meaning, use, and position.", "reason": "This directly states the paper's findings about negation and question markers; the Routledge chapter plausibly supports the same claim, and the publisher-error retraction calls for checking the replacement paper.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error by Journal/Publisher", "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:73230486fa96c167", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Franklin et al 2011", "marker": "[15]", "others": [ "Hill, Joseph C.; Lillo-Martin, Diane C.; Wood, Sandra K. (2018-12-12). \"Homesign systems\". Sign Languages. Routledge: 117–133. doi:10.4324/9780429020872-7. ISBN 978-0-429-02087-2. S2CID 239536813.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 2072670 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 223.13333333333333, "severity": 55.78333333333333, "rank": 34 }, { "id": "sha256:4a23124322bc0110", "key": "RW-4106 / 2072670 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373558855 } ], "first_seen": 1373558855, "last_checked": 1373558855, "page_id": 2072670, "revid": 1373558855, "written_on": "Home sign", "doi": "10.1016/j.cognition.2010.08.017", "pmid": "23630971", "record_id": 4106, "paper_title": "Negation, questions, and structure building in a homesign system", "cited": true, "section": "Cross-cultural comparisons", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Children using a home sign system do not have exposure to a structured language, and therefore do not replace the head shake with manual signs until language is acquired.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Children using a home sign system do not have exposure to a structured language, and therefore do not replace the head shake with manual signs until language is acquired.", "reason": "This uses the paper's account of headshake negation in homesign, although the causal claim about its replacement is not established by the supplied abstract; check the replacement paper given the publisher-error retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.8, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error by Journal/Publisher", "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:73230486fa96c167", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Franklin et al 2011", "marker": "[15]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 2072670 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 223.13333333333333, "severity": 55.78333333333333, "rank": 35 }, { "id": "sha256:58585fbefe6485ff", "key": "RW-30209 / 1118041 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378363484 } ], "first_seen": 1378363484, "last_checked": 1378363484, "page_id": 1118041, "revid": 1378363484, "written_on": "Dental implant", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003815.pub4", "pmid": "25048469", "record_id": 30209, "paper_title": "Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants (Pub 4)", "cited": true, "section": "History", "where": "list", "text": "Root form implants; the most common type of implant indicated for all uses. Within the root form type of implant, there are roughly 18 variants, all made of titanium but with different shapes and surface textures. There is limited evidence showing that implants with relatively smooth surfaces are less prone to peri-implantitis than implants with rougher surfaces and no evidence showing that any particular type of dental implant has superior long-term success.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "There is limited evidence showing that implants with relatively smooth surfaces are less prone to peri-implantitis than implants with rougher surfaces and no evidence showing that any particular type of dental implant has superior long-term success.", "reason": "Both comparisons repeat the review's conclusions as current evidence; the review was withdrawn as out of date, so an up-to-date source is needed.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Removed", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:bd12c25cf73c9a81", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[113]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1118041 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 222.96666666666667, "severity": 55.74166666666667, "rank": 36 }, { "id": "sha256:bcdeccedd9bb44e8", "key": "RW-30715 / 708662 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1363141528 } ], "first_seen": 1363141528, "last_checked": 1363141528, "page_id": 708662, "revid": 1363141528, "written_on": "Gluten-free diet", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003498.pub3", "pmid": "18425890", "record_id": 30715, "paper_title": "Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder (Pub 3)", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "There is no good evidence that gluten-free diets are an alternative medical treatment for people with autism.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "There is no good evidence that gluten-free diets are an alternative medical treatment for people with autism.", "reason": "This states the review's conclusion that evidence for dietary efficacy in autism is poor; the other reviews plausibly support it, but the withdrawn review is out of date.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a8c5c94bcbbfb813", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Millward2008", "marker": "[15]", "others": [ "Marí-Bauset S, Zazpe I, Mari-Sanchis A, Llopis-González A, Morales-Suárez-Varela M (December 2014). \"Evidence of the gluten-free and casein-free diet in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review\". Journal of Child Neurology. 29 (12): 1718–27. doi:10.1177/0883073814531330. hdl:10171/37087. PMID 24789114.", "Buie T (May 2013). \"The relationship of autism and gluten\". Clinical Therapeutics (Review). 35 (5): 578–83. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.04.011. PMID 23688532. At this time, the studies attempting to treat symptoms of autism with diet have not been sufficient to support the general institution of a gluten-free or other diet for all children with autism. ...There may be a subgroup of patients who might benefit from a gluten-free diet, but the symptom or testing profile of these candidates remains unclear." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 708662 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 204.5, "severity": 51.125, "rank": 37 }, { "id": "sha256:9551905ed84da9ae", "key": "RW-31677 / 30707 / #7", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002778.pub2", "pmid": "14973990", "record_id": 31677, "paper_title": "Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Devices", "where": "paragraph", "text": "However, there is weak evidence to suggest that the use of stabilization splints for the treatment of TMD may be beneficial for reducing pain severity, at rest and on palpation, when compared to no treatment\".", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "\"On the basis of our analysis we conclude that the literature seems to suggest that there is insufficient evidence either for or against the use of stabilization splint therapy over other active interventions for the treatment of TMD. However, there is weak evidence to suggest that the use of stabilization splints for the treatment of TMD may be beneficial for reducing pain severity, at rest and on palpation, when compared to no treatment\".", "reason": "The quotation presents the withdrawn review's evidence conclusions without a local warning; withdrawal as out of date calls for a current replacement review.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f78276d706555ef3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Al-Ani 2004", "marker": "[19]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 48.725, "rank": 38 }, { "id": "sha256:92e0e712784e627d", "key": "RW-31698 / 30707 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd004973.pub2", "pmid": "19821335", "record_id": 31698, "paper_title": "Arthrocentesis and lavage for treating temporomandibular joint disorders (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "There are many treatments available, although there is a general lack of evidence for any treatment in TMD, and no widely accepted treatment protocol.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "There are many treatments available, although there is a general lack of evidence for any treatment in TMD, and no widely accepted treatment protocol.", "reason": "This generalizes the review's finding of insufficient evidence for arthrocentesis and lavage to all TMD treatments; the review does not establish the full claim.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2b72202c20c5ad52", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Guo 2009", "marker": "[7]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 48.725, "rank": 39 }, { "id": "sha256:92e5bb230caed7fa", "key": "RW-31698 / 30707 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd004973.pub2", "pmid": "19821335", "record_id": 31698, "paper_title": "Arthrocentesis and lavage for treating temporomandibular joint disorders (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Surgery", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Invasive surgical procedures in TMD may cause symptoms to worsen.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Invasive surgical procedures in TMD may cause symptoms to worsen.", "reason": "The claim appears to draw on the review's adverse-event findings, but broadly worsening symptoms is not established by its reports of mild, transient discomfort or pain.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.77, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2b72202c20c5ad52", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Guo 2009", "marker": "[7]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 48.725, "rank": 40 }, { "id": "sha256:9e3a6f39d593111d", "key": "RW-31674 / 30707 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006541.pub2", "pmid": "20614447", "record_id": 31674, "paper_title": "Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Occlusal factors", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A causal relationship between occlusal factors and TMD was championed by Ramfjord in the 1960s.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "There is also no evidence for a causal link between orthodontic treatment and TMD.", "reason": "Although the footnote ends at the Ramfjord history sentence, this earlier sentence states the review's conclusion about the absence of evidence linking orthodontic intervention to TMD.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3c08bdc6fa89c865", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Luther 2010", "marker": "[17]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 48.725, "rank": 41 }, { "id": "sha256:52a6bf1559c2bd02", "key": "RW-31674 / 30707 / #7", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006541.pub2", "pmid": "20614447", "record_id": 31674, "paper_title": "Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Occlusal adjustment", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Based on the lack of data, orthodontic treatment cannot be recommended for the treatment or prevention of TMD.\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "\"There is no evidence to support or refute the use of orthodontic treatment for the treatment of TMD. In addition, there are no data which identify a link between active orthodontic intervention and the causation of TMD. Based on the lack of data, orthodontic treatment cannot be recommended for the treatment or prevention of TMD.\"", "reason": "The quotation presents the review's conclusions as evidence; withdrawal as out of date calls for a current replacement source rather than treating the conclusions as disproved.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3c08bdc6fa89c865", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Luther 2010", "marker": "[17]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 48.725, "rank": 42 }, { "id": "sha256:3c44b854b1b3ea74", "key": "RW-31688 / 30707 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008456.pub2", "pmid": "22071849", "record_id": 31688, "paper_title": "Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain (Pub 2)", "cited": false, "section": "Psychosocial and behavioral interventions", "where": "", "text": "Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been used in TMD and has been shown to be efficacious by meta analyses.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been used in TMD and has been shown to be efficacious by meta analyses.", "reason": "This repeats the review's pooled finding of CBT benefits in TMD, without its weak-evidence qualification; an editor should check whether this paragraph has independent meta-analysis sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c7e460b66231bc11", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 48.725, "rank": 43 }, { "id": "sha256:f0ad0928a4efea8f", "key": "RW-32587 / 196493 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369045299 } ], "first_seen": 1369045299, "last_checked": 1369045299, "page_id": 196493, "revid": 1369045299, "written_on": "Non-coding RNA", "doi": "10.2147/cmar.s210845", "pmid": "31239777", "record_id": 32587, "paper_title": "MicroRNA-876 is Sponged by Long Noncoding RNA LINC00707 and Directly Targets Metadherin to Inhibit Breast Cancer Malignancy", "cited": true, "section": "Cancer", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Linc00707 is upregulated and sponges miRNAs in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, gastric cancer or breast cancer, and thus promotes osteogenesis, contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression, promotes proliferation and metastasis, or indirectly regulates expression of proteins involved in cancer aggressiveness, respectively.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Linc00707 is upregulated and sponges miRNAs in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, gastric cancer or breast cancer, and thus promotes osteogenesis, contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression, promotes proliferation and metastasis, or indirectly regulates expression of proteins involved in cancer aggressiveness, respectively.", "reason": "The breast-cancer miRNA-sponging and downstream protein-regulation claims rest on the retracted LINC00707–miR-876–MTDH study; the other citations plausibly support parts of this combined sentence, including a different breast-cancer pathway.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Author Unresponsive", "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Third Party", "Paper Mill" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:11b46b894b6ec24b", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[81]", "others": [ "Jia B, Wang Z, Sun X, Chen J, Zhao J, Qiu X (February 2019). \"Long noncoding RNA LINC00707 sponges miR-370-3p to promote osteogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells through upregulating WNT2B\". Stem Cell Research & Therapy. 10 (1) 67. doi:10.1186/s13287-019-1161-9. PMC 6387535. PMID 30795799.", "Xie M, Ma T, Xue J, Ma H, Sun M, Zhang Z, et al. (February 2019). \"The long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 707 promotes proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer by interacting with mRNA stabilizing protein HuR\". Cancer Letters. 443: 67–79. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2018.11.032. PMID 30502359. S2CID 54611497.", "Yuan RX, Bao D, Zhang Y (May 2020). \"Linc00707 promotes cell proliferation, invasion, and migration via the miR-30c/CTHRC1 regulatory loop in breast cancer\". European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 24 (9): 4863–4872. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202005_21175. PMID 32432749. S2CID 218759508." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 196493 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 46.6, "severity": 46.6, "rank": 44 }, { "id": "sha256:c0ebe2f7655443f8", "key": "RW-34154 / 349114 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378076967 } ], "first_seen": 1378076967, "last_checked": 1378076967, "page_id": 349114, "revid": 1378076967, "written_on": "Maus", "doi": "10.1353/sho.2011.0038", "pmid": "", "record_id": 34154, "paper_title": "Art Spiegelman’s Maus: A Survivor’s Tale: A Bibliographic Essay", "cited": true, "section": "Critique", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Comics writer and critic Harvey Pekar and others saw Spiegelman's use of animals as potentially reinforcing stereotypes.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Comics writer and critic Harvey Pekar and others saw Spiegelman's use of animals as potentially reinforcing stereotypes.", "reason": "The sentence reports a critical interpretation, but the title alone does not establish whether this was a conclusion of Park's essay; Pekar's own cited criticism plausibly supports it independently.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Plagiarism of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3e76a9582d6ff37a", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "FOOTNOTEPark2011", "marker": "[182]", "others": [ "Pekar 1986, p. 55; Pekar 1990, pp. 32–33. Pekar, Harvey (December 1986). \"Maus and Other Topics\". The Comics Journal (113). Fantagraphics Books: 54–57. ISSN 0194-7869. Pekar, Harvey (April 1990). \"Blood and Thunder\". The Comics Journal. 302 (135). Fantagraphics Books: 27–34. Bibcode:1983Natur.302..784D. doi:10.1038/302784a0. ISSN 0194-7869." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 349114 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 727.7666666666667, "severity": 45.485416666666666, "rank": 45 }, { "id": "sha256:5a7ad309aa1c748d", "key": "RW-30653 / 19637986 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378039819 } ], "first_seen": 1378039819, "last_checked": 1378039819, "page_id": 19637986, "revid": 1378039819, "written_on": "Gingivitis", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008829.pub2", "pmid": "22161438", "record_id": 30653, "paper_title": "Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Prevention", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Gingivitis can be prevented through regular oral hygiene that includes daily brushing and flossing.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Gingivitis can be prevented through regular oral hygiene that includes daily brushing and flossing.", "reason": "The recommendation of flossing relies on the review's finding that adding flossing to brushing reduces gingivitis; the other oral-health source plausibly supports this advice, but the review was withdrawn as out of date.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:53be84b290b5a7fd", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[17]", "others": [ "\"How to Get Rid of Puffy Gums with Braces\". Orthodontics Australia. 2021-05-02. Retrieved 2021-07-21." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 19637986 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 177.33333333333334, "severity": 44.333333333333336, "rank": 46 }, { "id": "sha256:ec00e09d33456aec", "key": "RW-30653 / 19637986 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378039819 } ], "first_seen": 1378039819, "last_checked": 1378039819, "page_id": 19637986, "revid": 1378039819, "written_on": "Gingivitis", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008829.pub2", "pmid": "22161438", "record_id": 30653, "paper_title": "Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults (Pub 2)", "cited": false, "section": "Treatment", "where": "", "text": "The focus of treatment is to remove plaque. Therapy is aimed at the reduction of oral bacteria and may take the form of regular periodic visits to a dental professional, together with adequate oral hygiene home care. Thus, several of the methods used in the prevention of gingivitis can also be used for the treatment of manifest gingivitis, such as scaling, root planing, curettage, mouth washes containing chlorhexidine or hydrogen peroxide, and flossing. Interdental brushes also help remove any causative agents.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Thus, several of the methods used in the prevention of gingivitis can also be used for the treatment of manifest gingivitis, such as scaling, root planing, curettage, mouth washes containing chlorhexidine or hydrogen peroxide, and flossing.", "reason": "Including flossing as a treatment repeats the review's finding of reduced gingivitis and explicitly draws on the prevention advice that cites it; an editor should check whether this paragraph has an independent source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.83, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:53be84b290b5a7fd", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 19637986 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 177.33333333333334, "severity": 44.333333333333336, "rank": 47 }, { "id": "sha256:e7589be89f66f4cd", "key": "RW-30944 / 1128227 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369113052 } ], "first_seen": 1369113052, "last_checked": 1369113052, "page_id": 1128227, "revid": 1369113052, "written_on": "Amantadine", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008427", "pmid": "", "record_id": 30944, "paper_title": "Interventions for fatigue and weight loss in adults with advanced progressive illness", "cited": true, "section": "Fatigue in multiple sclerosis", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A follow-up 2012 Cochrane review stated that some amantadine-induced improvement in fatigue may occur in some people with MS.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A follow-up 2012 Cochrane review stated that some amantadine-induced improvement in fatigue may occur in some people with MS.", "reason": "The sentence attributes a fatigue benefit to the cited review, but its title alone does not establish this amantadine finding, and the stated year differs from the supplied paper's year.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:37d03100bda9d0b1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[26]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1128227 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 348.93333333333334, "severity": 43.61666666666667, "rank": 48 }, { "id": "sha256:43596f60809e7c36", "key": "RW-30651 / 147728 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377234121 } ], "first_seen": 1377234121, "last_checked": 1377234121, "page_id": 147728, "revid": 1377234121, "written_on": "Toothbrush", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd009857.pub2", "pmid": "", "record_id": 30651, "paper_title": "Interdental brushing for the prevention and control of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Interdental", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The use of interdental brushes in conjunction with tooth brushing has been shown to reduce both the amount of plaque and the incidence of gingivitis when compared to tooth brushing alone.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The use of interdental brushes in conjunction with tooth brushing has been shown to reduce both the amount of plaque and the incidence of gingivitis when compared to tooth brushing alone.", "reason": "The sentence presents an effectiveness finding within the review's scope as established; the review was withdrawn as out of date and replaced.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:cb999f5d7fe94be6", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":0", "marker": "[36]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 147728 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 169.63333333333333, "severity": 42.40833333333333, "rank": 49 }, { "id": "sha256:1ac5d8f80dfa9b88", "key": "RW-30651 / 147728 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377234121 } ], "first_seen": 1377234121, "last_checked": 1377234121, "page_id": 147728, "revid": 1377234121, "written_on": "Toothbrush", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd009857.pub2", "pmid": "", "record_id": 30651, "paper_title": "Interdental brushing for the prevention and control of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Interdental", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Although there is some evidence that after tooth brushing with a conventional tooth brush, interdental brushes remove more plaque than dental floss, a systematic review reported insufficient evidence to determine such an association.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "a systematic review reported insufficient evidence to determine such an association.", "reason": "This clause reports the cited review's conclusion about comparison with floss; the other source plausibly supports greater plaque removal, but not this insufficient-evidence conclusion.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:cb999f5d7fe94be6", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":0", "marker": "[36]", "others": [ "Gluch, Joan I. (2012). \"As an Adjunct to Tooth Brushing, Interdental Brushes (IDBs) are More Effective in Removing Plaque as Compared with Brushing Alone or the Combination Use of Tooth Brushing and Dental Floss\". Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice. 12 (2): 81–83. doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2012.03.016. ISSN 1532-3382. PMID 22726785." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 147728 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 169.63333333333333, "severity": 42.40833333333333, "rank": 50 }, { "id": "sha256:fa8a9f2c275b1ad2", "key": "RW-31159 / 3346025 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1340347277 } ], "first_seen": 1340347277, "last_checked": 1340347277, "page_id": 3346025, "revid": 1340347277, "written_on": "Gary Null", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002766.pub4", "pmid": "27140910", "record_id": 31159, "paper_title": "Therapeutic touch for healing acute wounds (Pub 4)", "cited": true, "section": "Career", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Null has been also a supporter of touch therapy and magnet therapy, both of which have been long determined to not provide any tangible health benefits.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "both of which have been long determined to not provide any tangible health benefits.", "reason": "The claim about touch therapy uses the review's finding of no robust evidence for acute-wound healing, but generalizes it to all health benefits; other cited sources plausibly support the broader assessment.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Unreliable Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:fd1a8726556fb96d", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "cochrane-acute", "marker": "[39]", "others": [ "Williams, Robyn (2000). Scary Monsters and Bright Ideas. UNSW Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-86840-707-4.", "Rosa, Linda; Rosa, E; Sarner, L; Barrett, S (April 1, 1998). \"A Close Look at Therapeutic Touch\". JAMA. 279 (13): 1005–1010. doi:10.1001/jama.279.13.1005. PMID 9533499.", "Ades TB, ed. (2009). \"Therapeutic Touch\". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). American Cancer Society. pp. 248–251. ISBN 978-0-944235-71-3.", "Trick or Treatment. Corgi. 2008. pp. 267–268.", "Russell, Jill; Rovere, Amy, eds. (2009). \"Magnetic therapy\". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary & Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). Atlanta, Ga.: American Cancer Society. ISBN 978-0-944235-71-3. See archived online version \"Magnetic Therapy\". November 1, 2008. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Electromagnetic therapy is a related field. See chapter in ACS book just referenced, and archived ACS webpage on that.", "Park, Robert L. (2000). Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 58–63. ISBN 0-19-513515-6. Not only are magnetic fields of no value in healing, you might characterize these as \"homeopathic\" magnetic fields." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 3346025 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 41.733333333333334, "severity": 41.733333333333334, "rank": 51 }, { "id": "sha256:a7b6d70fc311c80b", "key": "RW-31029 / 2038711 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370866766 } ], "first_seen": 1370866766, "last_checked": 1370866766, "page_id": 2038711, "revid": 1370866766, "written_on": "Trimetazidine", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003614.pub2", "pmid": "16235330", "record_id": 31029, "paper_title": "Trimetazidine for stable angina (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Adverse effects", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Trimetazidine has been treated as a drug with a high safety and tolerability profile.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Trimetazidine has been treated as a drug with a high safety and tolerability profile.", "reason": "This characterization draws on the review's tolerability findings, although it is broader than its cautious conclusion about fewer adverse-event dropouts; the outdated review needs replacement.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.92, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b8c58998b5c3896e", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Cochrane2017", "marker": "[32]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 2038711 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 146.6, "severity": 36.65, "rank": 52 }, { "id": "sha256:aefa956e4a7a7ac7", "key": "RW-31029 / 2038711 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370866766 } ], "first_seen": 1370866766, "last_checked": 1370866766, "page_id": 2038711, "revid": 1370866766, "written_on": "Trimetazidine", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003614.pub2", "pmid": "16235330", "record_id": 31029, "paper_title": "Trimetazidine for stable angina (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Adverse effects", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Long-term randomized, controlled trials comparing trimetazidine against standard antianginal agents using clinically important outcomes would be justifiable.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Information is scarce about trimetazidine's effect on mortality, cardiovascular events, or quality of life. Long-term randomized, controlled trials comparing trimetazidine against standard antianginal agents using clinically important outcomes would be justifiable.", "reason": "Both sentences reproduce the review's evidence-gap assessment and call for long-term comparative trials; withdrawal as out of date calls for a current source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b8c58998b5c3896e", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Cochrane2017", "marker": "[32]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 2038711 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 146.6, "severity": 36.65, "rank": 53 }, { "id": "sha256:e93a0c01af251085", "key": "RW-31029 / 2038711 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370866766 } ], "first_seen": 1370866766, "last_checked": 1370866766, "page_id": 2038711, "revid": 1370866766, "written_on": "Trimetazidine", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003614.pub2", "pmid": "16235330", "record_id": 31029, "paper_title": "Trimetazidine for stable angina (Pub 2)", "cited": false, "section": "Medical uses", "where": "", "text": "Controlled studies in patients with angina have shown that trimetazidine increases coronary flow reserve, delays the onset of exercise-induced ischemia, stabilizes blood pressure without significantly affecting heart rate, reduces the frequency of angina attacks, and decreases the need for symptomatic nitrate use.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Controlled studies in patients with angina have shown that trimetazidine increases coronary flow reserve, delays the onset of exercise-induced ischemia, stabilizes blood pressure without significantly affecting heart rate, reduces the frequency of angina attacks, and decreases the need for symptomatic nitrate use.", "reason": "The exercise-ischemia, angina-frequency and nitrate-use benefits repeat the review's results, but the paragraph includes additional claims and may have independent sources whose footnotes an editor must check.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.85, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b8c58998b5c3896e", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 2038711 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 146.6, "severity": 36.65, "rank": 54 }, { "id": "sha256:00907220b3c43151", "key": "RW-32379 / 683583 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372039004 } ], "first_seen": 1372039004, "last_checked": 1372039004, "page_id": 683583, "revid": 1372039004, "written_on": "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003222.pub2", "pmid": "18646088", "record_id": 32379, "paper_title": "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain (Pub 2)", "cited": false, "section": "Pain", "where": "", "text": "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a commonly used treatment approach to alleviate acute and chronic pain by reducing the sensitization of dorsal horn neurons, elevating levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glycine, and inhibiting glial activation. Many systematic reviews and meta-analyses assessing clinical trials looking at the efficacy of TENS for different sources of pain, however, have been inconclusive due to a lack of high-quality and unbiased evidence. Potential benefits of TENS treatment include its safety profile, relative affordability, ease of self-administration, and availability over-the-counter without a prescription. In principle, an adequate intensity of stimulation is necessary to achieve pain relief with TENS. An analysis of treatment fidelity—meaning that the delivery of TENS in a trial was in accordance with current clinical advice, such as using \"a strong but comfortable sensation\" and suitable, frequent treatment durations—showed that higher-fidelity trials tended to have a positive outcome. Repeated use of TENS at the same intensity and frequency settings may lead to analgesic tolerance, this effect may be reduced by varying stimulation frequency or increasing intensity. Recent clinical trials indicate that TENS may only be effective for a subset of patients, with approximately 44% of individuals experience a meaningful reduction in pain. Compared to pharmacological drug treatments, TENS can have a similar effectiveness in some patients while presenting a lower risk of adverse effects.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Many systematic reviews and meta-analyses assessing clinical trials looking at the efficacy of TENS for different sources of pain, however, have been inconclusive due to a lack of high-quality and unbiased evidence.", "reason": "This repeats the withdrawn review's conclusion that poor-quality evidence prevents confident assessments, although its broader scope suggests other reviews may support it; an editor should check the paragraph's own sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.7, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5b77607e1d6b6203", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 683583 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 136.13333333333333, "severity": 34.03333333333333, "rank": 55 }, { "id": "sha256:c1a5bf48cc96192e", "key": "RW-30653 / 487691 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376165893 } ], "first_seen": 1376165893, "last_checked": 1376165893, "page_id": 487691, "revid": 1376165893, "written_on": "Dental floss", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008829.pub2", "pmid": "22161438", "record_id": 30653, "paper_title": "Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Evidence", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A 2011 Cochrane Database systematic review identified \"some evidence from 12 studies that flossing in addition to tooth brushing reduces gingivitis compared to tooth brushing alone\", and \"weak, very unreliable evidence from 10 studies that flossing plus tooth brushing may be associated with a small reduction in plaque at 1 and 3 months.\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A 2011 Cochrane Database systematic review identified \"some evidence from 12 studies that flossing in addition to tooth brushing reduces gingivitis compared to tooth brushing alone\", and \"weak, very unreliable evidence from 10 studies that flossing plus tooth brushing may be associated with a small reduction in plaque at 1 and 3 months.\"", "reason": "This reports the withdrawn review's conclusions about gingivitis and plaque without noting its withdrawal; it was withdrawn as out of date and replaced, rather than for invalid findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6c92e72223592c6c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "sambunjak", "marker": "[17]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 487691 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 130.36666666666667, "severity": 32.59166666666667, "rank": 56 }, { "id": "sha256:3a089a94177fee1b", "key": "RW-500 / 16770101 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378516518 } ], "first_seen": 1378516518, "last_checked": 1378516518, "page_id": 16770101, "revid": 1378516518, "written_on": "Long non-coding RNA", "doi": "10.1126/science.1117705", "pmid": "16497925", "record_id": 500, "paper_title": "Noncoding RNAs of Trithorax Response Elements Recruit Drosophila Ash1 to Ultrabithorax", "cited": true, "section": "In epigenetic regulation", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In Drosophila, long ncRNAs induce the expression of the homeotic gene, Ubx, by recruiting and directing the chromatin modifying functions of the trithorax protein Ash1 to Hox regulatory elements.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In Drosophila, long ncRNAs induce the expression of the homeotic gene, Ubx, by recruiting and directing the chromatin modifying functions of the trithorax protein Ash1 to Hox regulatory elements.", "reason": "This states the paper's central Ash1 recruitment and Ubx activation finding as fact, with no other citation; the fabrication findings undermine that evidence.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:22657eb814928de1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "SanchezElsner_2006", "marker": "[105]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 16770101 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 31.3, "severity": 31.3, "rank": 57 }, { "id": "sha256:350ac9600cb06b7b", "key": "RW-32770 / 1010309 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376179398 } ], "first_seen": 1376179398, "last_checked": 1376179398, "page_id": 1010309, "revid": 1376179398, "written_on": "Bleomycin", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002916.pub2", "pmid": "14973997", "record_id": 32770, "paper_title": "Pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusions (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Other uses", "where": "paragraph", "text": "However, for scarring down the pleura, talc appears to be the better option although indwelling pleural catheters are at least as effective in reducing the symptoms of an effusion(such as dyspnea).", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "However, for scarring down the pleura, talc appears to be the better option", "reason": "The review concluded that talc was the most effective sclerosant; the accompanying 2018 treatment review plausibly supports this comparison, and the retracted review was replaced.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:1ab4ac3414d29226", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Ag2004", "marker": "[11]", "others": [ "Thomas R, Murray K, Lee YC (April 2018). \"Treatment Approaches for Malignant Pleural Effusion\". JAMA. 319 (14): 1507–1508. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.1323. PMID 29634827." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 1010309 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 62.1, "severity": 31.05, "rank": 58 }, { "id": "sha256:223afe643c7a5b5c", "key": "RW-32770 / 1010309 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376179398 } ], "first_seen": 1376179398, "last_checked": 1376179398, "page_id": 1010309, "revid": 1376179398, "written_on": "Bleomycin", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002916.pub2", "pmid": "14973997", "record_id": 32770, "paper_title": "Pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusions (Pub 2)", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Bleomycin is a medication primarily used to treat cancer. This includes Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, and cervical cancer among others. Typically used with other cancer medications, it can be given intravenously, by injection into a muscle or under the skin. It may also be administered inside the chest to help prevent the recurrence of a pleural effusion due to cancer; however, talc is better for this. It may sometimes be used to treat other difficult-to-treat skin lesions such as plantar warts in immunocompromised patients.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It may also be administered inside the chest to help prevent the recurrence of a pleural effusion due to cancer; however, talc is better for this.", "reason": "The lead repeats the talc-superiority conclusion cited to the retracted review under Other uses; an editor should check whether the lead has independent supporting sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:1ab4ac3414d29226", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1010309 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 62.1, "severity": 31.05, "rank": 59 }, { "id": "sha256:4296f3f68da43e6b", "key": "RW-492 / 16824033 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376392525 } ], "first_seen": 1376392525, "last_checked": 1376392525, "page_id": 16824033, "revid": 1376392525, "written_on": "Controversies related to ME/CFS", "doi": "10.1126/science.1179052", "pmid": "19815723", "record_id": 492, "paper_title": "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "cited": true, "section": "XMRV retrovirus", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2009, the journal Science published a study that identified the XMRV retrovirus in blood samples of a population of people with CFS.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2009, the journal Science published a study that identified the XMRV retrovirus in blood samples of a population of people with CFS.", "reason": "This reports the paper's claimed detection of XMRV without a retraction warning in this paragraph; the study is notable in the controversy, but its results were unreliable.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "XMRV, a virus claimed to be associated with CFS in a paper that was later retracted", "section": "XMRV retrovirus", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2011, the editor of Science formally retracted its XMRV paper while the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences similarly retracted a 2010 paper which had appeared to support the finding of a connection between XMRV and CFS.", "section": "XMRV retrovirus", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Studies eventually concluded that neither people nor the blood supply had been infected with the XMRV virus, and the origin of the virus was likely a lab contaminant in the supplies used by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process of the studies that found virus in blood.", "section": "XMRV retrovirus", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Contamination of Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8ec31e0c1470fb68", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Lombardi VC 585–9", "marker": "[35]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 16824033 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 123.4, "severity": 30.85, "rank": 60 }, { "id": "sha256:1da9e622b07e1c62", "key": "RW-8161 / 11568969 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375365469 } ], "first_seen": 1375365469, "last_checked": 1375365469, "page_id": 11568969, "revid": 1375365469, "written_on": "CrossFit", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0b013e318289e59f", "pmid": "23439334", "record_id": 8161, "paper_title": "CrossFit-Based High-Intensity Power Training Improves Maximal Aerobic Fitness and Body Composition", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Studies indicate that CrossFit can have positive effects on a number of physical fitness parameters and body composition, as well as on the mental state and social life of its participants. CrossFit has been criticized for causing more injuries than other sporting activities such as weightlifting, although a review article in the Journal of Sports Rehabilitation found that \"the risk of injury from participation in CrossFit is comparable to or lower than some common forms of exercise or strength training\". Its health benefits and injury rates are determined to be similar to other exercise programs. There are also concerns that its methodology may cause exertional rhabdomyolysis, a possible life-threatening condition also found in other sports, resulting from a breakdown of muscle from extreme exertion.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Studies indicate that CrossFit can have positive effects on a number of physical fitness parameters and body composition, as well as on the mental state and social life of its participants.", "reason": "The fitness and body-composition claims overlap the paper's main findings, although the mental and social claims do not; an editor must check whether this lead summary has independent sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In an erratum later published by the journal, it is stated that \"after the article was published, 10 of the 11 participants who did not complete the study have provided their reasons for not finishing, with only 2 mentioning injury or health conditions that prevented them from completing follow-up testing.\"", "section": "Lawsuit by CrossFit, Inc. against the NSCA", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The NSCA denies CrossFit, Inc.'s allegations but issued an erratum acknowledging that the injury data were incorrect.", "section": "Lawsuit by CrossFit, Inc. against the NSCA", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In September 2016, the District Court ruled in favor of CrossFit because the injury data were found to be false, but not that the NSCA was commercially motivated or that publishing the study was defamatory, as the NSCA no longer stood behind the study. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research eventually retracted the paper in its July 2017 issue.", "section": "Lawsuit by CrossFit, Inc. against the NSCA", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In May 2017, the Court issued 17 issues sanctions against the NSCA, writing that the organization did have a commercial motive to falsify the data, had published the false data knowingly to disparage CrossFit, and had misled the public with their erratum.", "section": "Lawsuit by CrossFit, Inc. against the NSCA", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ba8d4d15e714a175", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 11568969 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 475.3, "severity": 29.70625, "rank": 61 }, { "id": "sha256:5471c73c96a4f248", "key": "RW-30715 / 4071231 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376296858 } ], "first_seen": 1376296858, "last_checked": 1376296858, "page_id": 4071231, "revid": 1376296858, "written_on": "Causes of autism", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003498.pub3", "pmid": "18425890", "record_id": 30715, "paper_title": "Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder (Pub 3)", "cited": true, "section": "Endogenous opiate precursor theory", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It has been postulated that the resulting excess of opioids affects brain maturation and causes autistic symptoms including: behavioral difficulties, attention problems, and alterations in communicative capacity and social and cognitive functioning.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It has been postulated that the resulting excess of opioids affects brain maturation and causes autistic symptoms including: behavioral difficulties, attention problems, and alterations in communicative capacity and social and cognitive functioning.", "reason": "The text reports the opioid mechanism discussed in the review without noting its withdrawal; the other review plausibly supports this account of the hypothesis.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.87, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:97bb6eb8b04a39b3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Cochrane20082", "marker": "[118]", "others": [ "Shattock P, Whiteley P (April 2002). \"Biochemical aspects in autism spectrum disorders: updating the opioid-excess theory and presenting new opportunities for biomedical intervention\". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets (Review). 6 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1517/14728222.6.2.175. PMID 12223079. S2CID 40904799." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 4071231 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 117.03333333333333, "severity": 29.258333333333333, "rank": 62 }, { "id": "sha256:402038dce9304277", "key": "RW-30715 / 4071231 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376296858 } ], "first_seen": 1376296858, "last_checked": 1376296858, "page_id": 4071231, "revid": 1376296858, "written_on": "Causes of autism", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003498.pub3", "pmid": "18425890", "record_id": 30715, "paper_title": "Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder (Pub 3)", "cited": true, "section": "Endogenous opiate precursor theory", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Three studies have reported that urine samples of people with autism show an increased 24-hour peptide excretion.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Three studies have reported that urine samples of people with autism show an increased 24-hour peptide excretion.", "reason": "This reports abnormal urinary peptide measurements summarized in the withdrawn review, with no other citation on the sentence.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:97bb6eb8b04a39b3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Cochrane20082", "marker": "[118]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 4071231 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 117.03333333333333, "severity": 29.258333333333333, "rank": 63 }, { "id": "sha256:cd54f29deaf2fdfc", "key": "RW-30715 / 4071231 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376296858 } ], "first_seen": 1376296858, "last_checked": 1376296858, "page_id": 4071231, "revid": 1376296858, "written_on": "Causes of autism", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003498.pub3", "pmid": "18425890", "record_id": 30715, "paper_title": "Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder (Pub 3)", "cited": true, "section": "Endogenous opiate precursor theory", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Two studies showed an increased opioid levels in cerebrospinal fluid of people with autism.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Two studies showed an increased opioid levels in cerebrospinal fluid of people with autism.", "reason": "This reports cerebrospinal-fluid measurements summarized in the withdrawn review; withdrawal as out of date calls for an updated source rather than automatic removal.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:97bb6eb8b04a39b3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Cochrane20082", "marker": "[118]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 4071231 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 117.03333333333333, "severity": 29.258333333333333, "rank": 64 }, { "id": "sha256:92196b65e297b7c4", "key": "RW-30715 / 4071231 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376296858 } ], "first_seen": 1376296858, "last_checked": 1376296858, "page_id": 4071231, "revid": 1376296858, "written_on": "Causes of autism", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003498.pub3", "pmid": "18425890", "record_id": 30715, "paper_title": "Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder (Pub 3)", "cited": false, "section": "Gastrointestinal connection", "where": "", "text": "The \"leaky gut syndrome\" hypothesis developed by Andrew Wakefield, known for his fraudulent study on another cause of autism, is popular among parents of children with autism. It is based on the idea that defects in the intestinal barrier produce an excessive increase in intestinal permeability, allowing substances present in the intestine (including bacteria, environmental toxins, and food antigens) to pass into the blood. The data supporting this theory are limited and contradictory, since both increased intestinal permeability and normal permeability have been documented in people with autism. Studies with mice provide some support to this theory and suggest the importance of intestinal flora, demonstrating that the normalization of the intestinal barrier was associated with an improvement in some of the autism-like behaviors. Studies on subgroups of people with autism showed the presence of high plasma levels of zonulin, a protein that regulates permeability opening the \"pores\" of the intestinal wall, as well as intestinal dysbiosis (reduced levels of Bifidobacteria and increased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, Escherichia coli, Clostridia and Candida fungi that promote the production of proinflammatory cytokines, all of which produces excessive intestinal permeability. This allows passage of bacterial endotoxins from the gut into the bloodstream, stimulating liver cells to secrete tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), which modulates blood–brain barrier permeability. Studies on ASD people showed that TNFα cascades produce proinflammatory cytokines, leading to peripheral inflammation and activation of microglia in the brain, which indicates neuroinflammation. In addition, neuroactive opioid peptides from digested foods have been shown to leak into the bloodstream and permeate the blood–brain barrier, influencing neural cells and causing autistic symptoms. (See Endogenous opiate precursor theory)", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In addition, neuroactive opioid peptides from digested foods have been shown to leak into the bloodstream and permeate the blood–brain barrier, influencing neural cells and causing autistic symptoms.", "reason": "This repeats the food-derived opioid mechanism supported by the withdrawn review further down; an editor must check whether this paragraph has independent support.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.8, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:97bb6eb8b04a39b3", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 4071231 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 117.03333333333333, "severity": 29.258333333333333, "rank": 65 }, { "id": "sha256:47689c45fb67cbfb", "key": "RW-48648 / 92640 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378083612 } ], "first_seen": 1378083612, "last_checked": 1378083612, "page_id": 92640, "revid": 1378083612, "written_on": "Anaerobic organism", "doi": "10.1038/srep26051", "pmid": "27183876", "record_id": 48648, "paper_title": "Increased Gut Redox and Depletion of Anaerobic and Methanogenic Prokaryotes in Severe Acute Malnutrition", "cited": true, "section": "Culturing anaerobes", "where": "paragraph", "text": "On May the 6 2018, a French team evidenced a link between redox and gut anaerobes based on clinical studies of severe acute malnutrition.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "On May the 6 2018, a French team evidenced a link between redox and gut anaerobes based on clinical studies of severe acute malnutrition.", "reason": "This presents the paper's redox–gut anaerobe association as established; the separate retraction note does not qualify the claim within this paragraph.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "This study was later retracted over ethical oversight concerns.", "section": "Notes", "position": "note" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:79d14f99cc8af2a7", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[20]", "others": [ "Million, Matthieu; Raoult, Didier (December 2018). \"Linking gut redox to human microbiome\". Human Microbiome Journal. 10: 27–32. doi:10.1016/j.humic.2018.07.002.", "This study was later retracted over ethical oversight concerns." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 92640 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 114.16666666666667, "severity": 28.541666666666668, "rank": 66 }, { "id": "sha256:34c584c6fc7b30eb", "key": "RW-4036 / 59849415 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377289380 } ], "first_seen": 1377289380, "last_checked": 1377289380, "page_id": 59849415, "revid": 1377289380, "written_on": "Wakefield MMR-autism fraud", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "1998 The Lancet paper", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In February 1998, a group led by Andrew Wakefield published a paper in the British medical journal The Lancet, supported by a press conference at the Royal Free Hospital in London, where the research was carried out.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The paper described MMR vaccination as the \"apparent precipitating event\", tabulated the parents of eight of the twelve children as linking their developmental symptoms with MMR vaccination, suggested the connection between autism and the gastrointestinal pathologies was \"real\", and called for further research.", "reason": "The paragraph retells the paper's findings without locally identifying them as retracted or falsified; saying the association was not proved is not a retraction warning.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Fraudulent Lancet MMR vaccine-autism study", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper falsely claimed causative links between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and colitis, and between colitis and autism. The fraud involved data bias and manipulation, and two undisclosed conflicts of interest. It was exposed in a lengthy Sunday Times investigation by reporter Brian Deer, resulting in the paper's retraction in February 2010 and Wakefield's being discredited and struck off the UK medical register three months later. In the paper, Wakefield fabricated evidence to suggest a new \"syndrome\" existed, which he called \"autistic enterocolitis\".", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "a fraudulent research paper", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Based on Deer's evidence, the Lancet's editor-in-chief Richard Horton said Wakefield's paper should have never been published because its findings were \"entirely flawed\".", "section": "Conflict of interest", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The dispute over this would remain unresolved, however, until settled in the English High Court in March 2012, where a senior judge vindicated Deer. Quoting the text, Justice Mitting ruled, \"This statement was untrue and should not have been included in the paper.\"", "section": "No ethical approval", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Retraction of an interpretation", "section": "Retraction of an interpretation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In March 2004, immediately following the news of the conflict of interest allegations, ten of Wakefield's 12 coauthors retracted this interpretation, while insisting that the possibility of a distinctive gastrointestinal condition in children with autism merited further investigation.", "section": "Retraction of an interpretation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The Lancet paper was partially retracted in 2004 and fully retracted in 2010, when Lancet's editor-in-chief Richard Horton described it as \"utterly false\" and said that the journal had been deceived.", "section": "Retraction of an interpretation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In 2011, Deer provided further information on Wakefield's improper research practices to the British Medical Journal, which in a signed editorial described the original paper as fraudulent.", "section": "Retraction of an interpretation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The Sunday Times continued the investigation, and on 8 February 2009, Brian Deer reported that Wakefield had \"fixed\" results and \"manipulated\" patient data in the Lancet, creating the appearance of a link with autism. Wakefield falsely denied these allegations, and even filed a complaint with the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) over this article on 13 March 2009.", "section": "Manipulation of data", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In response to the GMC investigation and findings, the editors of the Lancet announced on 2 February 2010 that they \"fully retract this paper from the published record\". The Lancet's editor-in-chief Richard Horton described it as \"utterly false\" and said that the journal had been deceived.", "section": "UK General Medical Council inquiry", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In an April 2010 report in The BMJ, Deer expanded on the laboratory aspects of his findings recounting how normal clinical histopathology results generated by the Royal Free Hospital were later changed in the medical school to abnormal results, published in the Lancet.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On 5 January 2011, The BMJ published the first of a series of articles by Brian Deer, detailing how Wakefield and his colleagues had faked some of the data behind the 1998 Lancet article. By looking at the records and interviewing the parents, Deer found that for all 12 children in the Wakefield study, diagnoses had been tweaked or dates changed to fit the article's conclusion.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In an editorial accompanying Deer's 2011 series, The BMJ said, \"it has taken the diligent scepticism of one man, standing outside medicine and science, to show that the paper was in fact an elaborate fraud\", and asked:", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "A great deal of thought and effort must have gone into drafting the paper to achieve the results he wanted: the discrepancies all led in one direction; misreporting was gross.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The Lancet paper was a case series of 12 child patients; it reported a proposed \"new syndrome\" of enterocolitis and regressive autism and associated this with MMR as an \"apparent precipitating event\". But in fact:", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Three of nine children reported with regressive autism did not have autism diagnosed at all. Only one child clearly had regressive autism.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Despite the paper claiming that all 12 children were \"previously normal\", five had documented pre-existing developmental concerns.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Some children were reported to have experienced first behavioural symptoms within days of MMR, but the records documented these as starting some months after vaccination.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In nine cases, unremarkable colonic histopathology results—noting no or minimal fluctuations in inflammatory cell populations—were changed after a medical school \"research review\" to \"non-specific colitis\".", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The parents of eight children were reported as blaming MMR, but 11 families made this allegation at the hospital. The exclusion of three allegations—all giving times to onset of problems in months—helped to create the appearance of a 14 day temporal link.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In subsequent disclosures from the investigation, Deer obtained copies of unpublished gastrointestinal pathology reports on the children in the Lancet study that Wakefield had claimed showed \"non-specific colitis\" and \"autistic enterocolitis\". But expert analyses of these reports found bowel biopsies from the children to be overwhelmingly normal and with no evidence of any enterocolitis at all.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "One described the paper as \"fraudulent\" while another complained of \"outright fabrication\".", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Promotion of the claimed link, which continues in anti-vaccination propaganda despite being refuted, led to an increase in the incidence of measles and mumps, resulting in deaths and serious permanent injuries.", "section": "Aftermath", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Among commentators drawing on Deer's investigation, academic Peter N. Steinmetz summarizes six fabrications and falsifications in the paper itself and in Wakefield's response: findings of non-specific colitis; timing of MMR vaccine administration and first behavioral symptoms; findings of regressive autism; ethics consent statement; conflict of interest statement; and methods of patient referral.", "section": "Aftermath", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:965e879cad3d9d4e", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wakefield", "marker": "[1]", "others": [ "Moore Andrew (2006). \"Bad science in the headlines: Who takes responsibility when science is distorted in the mass media?\". EMBO Reports. 7 (12): 1193–1196. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400862. PMC 1794697. PMID 17139292.", "\"New Research Links Autism and Bowel Disease\" (PDF). Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine (Press release). 26 February 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2022 – via briandeer.com." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 59849415 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 105.13333333333334, "severity": 26.283333333333335, "rank": 67 }, { "id": "sha256:db0d924c9427b77f", "key": "RW-2268 / 8129870 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1329563606 } ], "first_seen": 1329563606, "last_checked": 1329563606, "page_id": 8129870, "revid": 1329563606, "written_on": "Alveolar macrophage", "doi": "10.1016/j.immuni.2006.02.008", "pmid": "16618605", "record_id": 2268, "paper_title": "Induction of a homeostatic circuit in lung tissue by microbial compounds", "cited": true, "section": "Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)", "where": "paragraph", "text": "TGF-β is a multifunctional cytokine that modulates a variety of biological processes such as cell growth, apoptosis, extracellular matrix synthesis, inflammation, and immune responses.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In normal conditions, alveolar macrophages adhere closely to alveolar epithelial cells, thus inducing the expression of the αvβ6 integrin.", "reason": "The citation can cover the preceding sentences; this opening claim states the epithelial–macrophage interaction underlying the paper's homeostatic circuit, whereas the footnote-ending sentence is general cytokine background.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.91, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:13f686ad8cf64056", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Takabayshi_2006", "marker": "[22]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 8129870 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 25.766666666666666, "severity": 25.766666666666666, "rank": 68 }, { "id": "sha256:a47a6e393cd317fd", "key": "RW-2268 / 8129870 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1329563606 } ], "first_seen": 1329563606, "last_checked": 1329563606, "page_id": 8129870, "revid": 1329563606, "written_on": "Alveolar macrophage", "doi": "10.1016/j.immuni.2006.02.008", "pmid": "16618605", "record_id": 2268, "paper_title": "Induction of a homeostatic circuit in lung tissue by microbial compounds", "cited": true, "section": "Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Once activated, TGFβ leads to the suppression of macrophage functionality (cytokine production and phagocytosis).", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Once activated, TGFβ leads to the suppression of macrophage functionality (cytokine production and phagocytosis).", "reason": "In this paragraph, macrophage suppression is presented as the inhibitory component of the lung circuit described in the abstract.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:13f686ad8cf64056", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Takabayshi_2006", "marker": "[22]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 8129870 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 25.766666666666666, "severity": 25.766666666666666, "rank": 69 }, { "id": "sha256:a47ab9b73c163124", "key": "RW-2268 / 8129870 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1329563606 } ], "first_seen": 1329563606, "last_checked": 1329563606, "page_id": 8129870, "revid": 1329563606, "written_on": "Alveolar macrophage", "doi": "10.1016/j.immuni.2006.02.008", "pmid": "16618605", "record_id": 2268, "paper_title": "Induction of a homeostatic circuit in lung tissue by microbial compounds", "cited": true, "section": "Activation", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Upon binding of PAMPs to TLRs, the TLR triggers inflammatory and defensive responses in the host cell, inducing actin polymerization in alveolar macrophages (a crucial component in endocytosis and motility).", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Upon binding of PAMPs to TLRs, the TLR triggers inflammatory and defensive responses in the host cell, inducing actin polymerization in alveolar macrophages (a crucial component in endocytosis and motility).", "reason": "The alveolar actin response introduces the microbial-triggered mechanism that releases macrophages from inhibition in the paper's circuit.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:13f686ad8cf64056", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Takabayshi_2006", "marker": "[22]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 8129870 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 25.766666666666666, "severity": 25.766666666666666, "rank": 70 }, { "id": "sha256:59bea6deb1e90e93", "key": "RW-2268 / 8129870 / #7", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1329563606 } ], "first_seen": 1329563606, "last_checked": 1329563606, "page_id": 8129870, "revid": 1329563606, "written_on": "Alveolar macrophage", "doi": "10.1016/j.immuni.2006.02.008", "pmid": "16618605", "record_id": 2268, "paper_title": "Induction of a homeostatic circuit in lung tissue by microbial compounds", "cited": true, "section": "Activation", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Actin polymerization in alveolar macrophages causes the suppression of integrin expression, which in turn causes the deactivation of TGF-β and the downregulation of the basal phosphorylation level of SMAD 2/3; subsequently leading to the activation and detachment of alveolar macrophages from the alveolar epithelial cells [15].", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Actin polymerization in alveolar macrophages causes the suppression of integrin expression, which in turn causes the deactivation of TGF-β and the downregulation of the basal phosphorylation level of SMAD 2/3; subsequently leading to the activation and detachment of alveolar macrophages from the alveolar epithelial cells [15].", "reason": "This directly states the paper's proposed mechanism for transiently circumventing epithelial TGFβ-mediated inhibition.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:13f686ad8cf64056", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Takabayshi_2006", "marker": "[22]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 8129870 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 25.766666666666666, "severity": 25.766666666666666, "rank": 71 }, { "id": "sha256:52dcd05783836972", "key": "RW-2268 / 8129870 / #8", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1329563606 } ], "first_seen": 1329563606, "last_checked": 1329563606, "page_id": 8129870, "revid": 1329563606, "written_on": "Alveolar macrophage", "doi": "10.1016/j.immuni.2006.02.008", "pmid": "16618605", "record_id": 2268, "paper_title": "Induction of a homeostatic circuit in lung tissue by microbial compounds", "cited": true, "section": "Activation", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Upon activation, macrophages become primed for phagocytosis and begin to secrete proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6).", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Upon activation, macrophages become primed for phagocytosis and begin to secrete proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6).", "reason": "In this paragraph, activation refers to the preceding paper-derived release from epithelial inhibition, making this the functional outcome of that mechanism.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.84, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:13f686ad8cf64056", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Takabayshi_2006", "marker": "[22]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 8129870 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 25.766666666666666, "severity": 25.766666666666666, "rank": 72 }, { "id": "sha256:b63ff8bbe5e69ca3", "key": "RW-2268 / 8129870 / #9", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1329563606 } ], "first_seen": 1329563606, "last_checked": 1329563606, "page_id": 8129870, "revid": 1329563606, "written_on": "Alveolar macrophage", "doi": "10.1016/j.immuni.2006.02.008", "pmid": "16618605", "record_id": 2268, "paper_title": "Induction of a homeostatic circuit in lung tissue by microbial compounds", "cited": true, "section": "Deactivation", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Gas exchange must be restored as quickly as possible to avoid collateral damage, so activated lymphocytes secrete IFNγ to stimulate the production of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 by macrophages.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Gas exchange must be restored as quickly as possible to avoid collateral damage, so activated lymphocytes secrete IFNγ to stimulate the production of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 by macrophages.", "reason": "The sentence presents macrophage metalloproteinase production as the initiating step of the paper's proposed restoration of tonic inhibition.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.92, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:13f686ad8cf64056", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Takabayshi_2006", "marker": "[22]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 8129870 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 25.766666666666666, "severity": 25.766666666666666, "rank": 73 }, { "id": "sha256:b6410f6669ddec90", "key": "RW-2268 / 8129870 / #10", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1329563606 } ], "first_seen": 1329563606, "last_checked": 1329563606, "page_id": 8129870, "revid": 1329563606, "written_on": "Alveolar macrophage", "doi": "10.1016/j.immuni.2006.02.008", "pmid": "16618605", "record_id": 2268, "paper_title": "Induction of a homeostatic circuit in lung tissue by microbial compounds", "cited": true, "section": "Deactivation", "where": "paragraph", "text": "MMP-9 activates latent TGF-β, reinducing expression of αvβ6 integrins on alveolar epithelial cells, thereby returning the alveolar macrophage to a resting state.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "MMP-9 activates latent TGF-β, reinducing expression of αvβ6 integrins on alveolar epithelial cells, thereby returning the alveolar macrophage to a resting state.", "reason": "This directly repeats the circuit's restoration mechanism; the contemporaneous commentary may depend on the retracted study, and the asthma review's support for the complete circuit is uncertain.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:13f686ad8cf64056", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Takabayshi_2006", "marker": "[22]", "others": [ "Lambrecht, BN (April 2006). \"\"Alveolar macrophage in the driver's seat\"\". Immunity. 24 (4): 366–8. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2006.03.008. PMID 16618595.", "Ohbayashi H, Shimokata K (April 2005). \"Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and airway remodeling in asthma\". Current Drug Targets. Inflammation and Allergy. 4 (2): 177–81. doi:10.2174/1568010053586246. PMID 15853739." ], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 8129870 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 25.766666666666666, "severity": 25.766666666666666, "rank": 74 }, { "id": "sha256:9c1123b311ed62d3", "key": "RW-30918 / 429616 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1335737669 } ], "first_seen": 1335737669, "last_checked": 1335737669, "page_id": 429616, "revid": 1335737669, "written_on": "Granisetron", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd004125.pub2", "pmid": "16856030", "record_id": 30918, "paper_title": "Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Post operative", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It is unclear if it is more or less effective than other agents such as droperidol, metoclopramide, or ondansetron.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A number of medications including granisetron appear to be effective in controlling post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV). It is unclear if it is more or less effective than other agents such as droperidol, metoclopramide, or ondansetron.", "reason": "Both the efficacy claim and uncertainty about comparative efficacy reflect the retracted review's findings; no other source is cited.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Retract and Replace", "Unreliable Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b4544a8a3e4db44a", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Carl2006", "marker": "[7]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 429616 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 25.7, "severity": 25.7, "rank": 75 }, { "id": "sha256:152d0c337df7980a", "key": "RW-72832 / 62720662 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378291880 } ], "first_seen": 1378291880, "last_checked": 1378291880, "page_id": 62720662, "revid": 1378291880, "written_on": "2022 in science", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-022-04841-8", "pmid": "35831603", "record_id": 72832, "paper_title": "Sub-second periodicity in a fast radio burst", "cited": true, "section": "July", "where": "list", "text": "The discovery of fast radio burst FRB 20191221A with an unusually long duration of three seconds is reported.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The discovery of fast radio burst FRB 20191221A with an unusually long duration of three seconds is reported.", "reason": "The discovery and roughly three-second duration are results reported in the retracted paper; the CNN report plausibly repeats them but may rely on the same study.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Data", "Error in Methods", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:893b19f19e658a54", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[351]", "others": [ "Strickland, Ashley (13 July 2022). \"Mysterious fast radio burst in space has a 'heartbeat' pattern\". CNN. Retrieved 22 August 2022." ], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 62720662 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 25.2, "severity": 25.2, "rank": 76 }, { "id": "sha256:c531caf1c001c1b8", "key": "RW-31688 / 5186108 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375134929 } ], "first_seen": 1375134929, "last_checked": 1375134929, "page_id": 5186108, "revid": 1375134929, "written_on": "Burning mouth syndrome", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008456.pub2", "pmid": "22071849", "record_id": 31688, "paper_title": "Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain (Pub 2)", "cited": false, "section": "Treatment", "where": "", "text": "Other treatments which have been used include atypical antipsychotics, histamine receptor antagonists, and dopamine agonists. Supplementation with vitamin complexes and cognitive behavioral therapy may be helpful in the management of burning mouth syndrome.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "cognitive behavioral therapy may be helpful in the management of burning mouth syndrome.", "reason": "This echoes the review's finding of possible benefit from cognitive behavioural therapy, although its pooled trials concerned temporomandibular disorder; an editor should check whether this paragraph has independent, BMS-specific support.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.72, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4b9ad4c544a638b0", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 5186108 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 97.76666666666667, "severity": 24.441666666666666, "rank": 77 }, { "id": "sha256:c29282e1e4f6f0fc", "key": "RW-1004 / 1962277 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376690909 } ], "first_seen": 1376690909, "last_checked": 1376690909, "page_id": 1962277, "revid": 1376690909, "written_on": "Hwang Woo-suk", "doi": "10.1126/science.1094515", "pmid": "14963337", "record_id": 1004, "paper_title": "Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst", "cited": true, "section": "Timeline", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In February 2004, Hwang and his team announced that they had successfully created an embryonic stem cell by the somatic cell nuclear transfer method, and published their paper in the March 12 issue of Science.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In February 2004, Hwang and his team announced that they had successfully created an embryonic stem cell by the somatic cell nuclear transfer method, and published their paper in the March 12 issue of Science.", "reason": "This reports the paper's claimed derivation of cloned human stem cells without telling readers in this paragraph that the result was fabricated or retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, he became infamous around November 2005 for fabricating a series of stem cell experiments that were published in high-profile journals in a case known as the Hwang affair.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Shortly after this, data from his human cloning experiments was revealed to have been falsified.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much of his stem cell research had been faked.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On the same day, CNN reported that the scientist in 2006 had admitted faking his findings after questions of impropriety had emerged.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The university announced on January 10, 2006, that Hwang's 2004 and 2005 papers in Science were both fabricated. Following on the confirmation of scientific misconduct, on January 11, Science unconditionally retracted both of Hwang's papers.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel stated that Hwang's 2004 Science paper was also fabricated", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel, in conclusion, stated that Hwang's team intentionally fabricated the data in both the 2004 and the 2005 papers, as described by Myung Hee Chung (Head of Seoul National University's investigation) and that it was an act of \"deception of the scientific community and the public at large\".", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "However, further examination of the cells' chromosomes shows the same indicators of parthenogenesis in those extracted stem cells as are found in the mice created by Tokyo scientists in 2004. Although Hwang deceived the world about being the first to create artificially cloned human embryos, he did contribute a major breakthrough to the field of stem cell research.", "section": "Parthenogenesis", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "when the fabricated cloning results were announced", "section": "Parthenogenesis", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After most of Hwang's claims were confirmed to be false on January 10, 2006, some lawmakers revealed that Hwang had made several campaign donations to them and other lawmakers.", "section": "Supporting lawmakers group", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:88773be28441b859", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[17]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 1962277 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 87.8, "severity": 21.95, "rank": 78 }, { "id": "sha256:ce32fea01589d23e", "key": "RW-1004 / 1962277 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376690909 } ], "first_seen": 1376690909, "last_checked": 1376690909, "page_id": 1962277, "revid": 1376690909, "written_on": "Hwang Woo-suk", "doi": "10.1126/science.1094515", "pmid": "14963337", "record_id": 1004, "paper_title": "Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst", "cited": false, "section": "Timeline", "where": "", "text": "Hwang's team announced an even greater achievement a year later in May 2005, and claimed they had created 11 human embryonic stem cells using 185 eggs. His work, published in the June 17 issue of Science, was instantly hailed as a breakthrough in biotechnology because the cells were allegedly created with somatic cells from patients of different age and gender, while the stem cell of 2004 was created with eggs and somatic cells from a single female donor. This meant every patient could receive custom-made treatment with no immune reactions. In addition, Hwang's claim meant that his team had boosted their success rate by 14 times and that this technology could be medically viable.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "while the stem cell of 2004 was created with eggs and somatic cells from a single female donor.", "reason": "This comparison repeats the 2004 paper's claimed stem-cell derivation as fact; any independent support in this paragraph needs checking.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, he became infamous around November 2005 for fabricating a series of stem cell experiments that were published in high-profile journals in a case known as the Hwang affair.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Shortly after this, data from his human cloning experiments was revealed to have been falsified.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much of his stem cell research had been faked.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On the same day, CNN reported that the scientist in 2006 had admitted faking his findings after questions of impropriety had emerged.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The university announced on January 10, 2006, that Hwang's 2004 and 2005 papers in Science were both fabricated. Following on the confirmation of scientific misconduct, on January 11, Science unconditionally retracted both of Hwang's papers.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel stated that Hwang's 2004 Science paper was also fabricated", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel, in conclusion, stated that Hwang's team intentionally fabricated the data in both the 2004 and the 2005 papers, as described by Myung Hee Chung (Head of Seoul National University's investigation) and that it was an act of \"deception of the scientific community and the public at large\".", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "However, further examination of the cells' chromosomes shows the same indicators of parthenogenesis in those extracted stem cells as are found in the mice created by Tokyo scientists in 2004. Although Hwang deceived the world about being the first to create artificially cloned human embryos, he did contribute a major breakthrough to the field of stem cell research.", "section": "Parthenogenesis", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "when the fabricated cloning results were announced", "section": "Parthenogenesis", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After most of Hwang's claims were confirmed to be false on January 10, 2006, some lawmakers revealed that Hwang had made several campaign donations to them and other lawmakers.", "section": "Supporting lawmakers group", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:88773be28441b859", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1962277 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 87.8, "severity": 21.95, "rank": 79 }, { "id": "sha256:51cefe2529afc5f5", "key": "RW-1004 / 1962277 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376690909 } ], "first_seen": 1376690909, "last_checked": 1376690909, "page_id": 1962277, "revid": 1376690909, "written_on": "Hwang Woo-suk", "doi": "10.1126/science.1094515", "pmid": "14963337", "record_id": 1004, "paper_title": "Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst", "cited": false, "section": "Timeline", "where": "", "text": "Hwang made further headlines in May 2005 when he criticized U.S. President George W. Bush's policy on embryonic stem cell research. Also, Time magazine named Hwang one of its \"People Who Mattered 2004\", stating that Hwang \"has already proved that human cloning is no longer science fiction, but a fact of life.\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Also, Time magazine named Hwang one of its \"People Who Mattered 2004\", stating that Hwang \"has already proved that human cloning is no longer science fiction, but a fact of life.\"", "reason": "The quoted endorsement treats the 2004 cloning claim as established; Time supplies the historical quotation, not independent validation of the result, and local sources need checking.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.93, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, he became infamous around November 2005 for fabricating a series of stem cell experiments that were published in high-profile journals in a case known as the Hwang affair.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Shortly after this, data from his human cloning experiments was revealed to have been falsified.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much of his stem cell research had been faked.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On the same day, CNN reported that the scientist in 2006 had admitted faking his findings after questions of impropriety had emerged.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The university announced on January 10, 2006, that Hwang's 2004 and 2005 papers in Science were both fabricated. Following on the confirmation of scientific misconduct, on January 11, Science unconditionally retracted both of Hwang's papers.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel stated that Hwang's 2004 Science paper was also fabricated", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel, in conclusion, stated that Hwang's team intentionally fabricated the data in both the 2004 and the 2005 papers, as described by Myung Hee Chung (Head of Seoul National University's investigation) and that it was an act of \"deception of the scientific community and the public at large\".", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "However, further examination of the cells' chromosomes shows the same indicators of parthenogenesis in those extracted stem cells as are found in the mice created by Tokyo scientists in 2004. Although Hwang deceived the world about being the first to create artificially cloned human embryos, he did contribute a major breakthrough to the field of stem cell research.", "section": "Parthenogenesis", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "when the fabricated cloning results were announced", "section": "Parthenogenesis", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After most of Hwang's claims were confirmed to be false on January 10, 2006, some lawmakers revealed that Hwang had made several campaign donations to them and other lawmakers.", "section": "Supporting lawmakers group", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:88773be28441b859", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1962277 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 87.8, "severity": 21.95, "rank": 80 }, { "id": "sha256:9c52021610abc02b", "key": "RW-1004 / 1962277 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376690909 } ], "first_seen": 1376690909, "last_checked": 1376690909, "page_id": 1962277, "revid": 1376690909, "written_on": "Hwang Woo-suk", "doi": "10.1126/science.1094515", "pmid": "14963337", "record_id": 1004, "paper_title": "Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst", "cited": false, "section": "Controversies", "where": "", "text": "His team, which cloned the first human embryo to use for research, said they had used the same technology to create batches of embryonic stem cells from nine patients. According to Hwang, the result was much more efficient than they had hoped. Hwang's integrity as a researcher was again put in doubt when it was revealed that PD Su-cheop had scheduled a follow-up report questioning his achievement published in Science in June 2005, which stated he had cloned 11 lines of embryonic stem cells. This caused furious backlash among many South Koreans, and the reaction only intensified when it was discovered that Kim Sun-Jong, one of Hwang's researchers from MizMedi, had been coerced by illegal means to testify against Hwang. As a result, the scheduled broadcast was canceled and the network made a public apology to the nation, everyone more or less operating under the assumption that the show was at fault and not Hwang. Yet, other news outlets began to question Hwang's claims.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "His team, which cloned the first human embryo to use for research, said they had used the same technology to create batches of embryonic stem cells from nine patients.", "reason": "The introductory clause treats the earlier human-cloning achievement underlying the 2004 paper as fact; the paragraph questions later work but does not refute this clause, so local sources need checking.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, he became infamous around November 2005 for fabricating a series of stem cell experiments that were published in high-profile journals in a case known as the Hwang affair.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Shortly after this, data from his human cloning experiments was revealed to have been falsified.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much of his stem cell research had been faked.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On the same day, CNN reported that the scientist in 2006 had admitted faking his findings after questions of impropriety had emerged.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The university announced on January 10, 2006, that Hwang's 2004 and 2005 papers in Science were both fabricated. Following on the confirmation of scientific misconduct, on January 11, Science unconditionally retracted both of Hwang's papers.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The panel stated that Hwang's 2004 Science paper was also fabricated", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The panel, in conclusion, stated that Hwang's team intentionally fabricated the data in both the 2004 and the 2005 papers, as described by Myung Hee Chung (Head of Seoul National University's investigation) and that it was an act of \"deception of the scientific community and the public at large\".", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "However, further examination of the cells' chromosomes shows the same indicators of parthenogenesis in those extracted stem cells as are found in the mice created by Tokyo scientists in 2004. Although Hwang deceived the world about being the first to create artificially cloned human embryos, he did contribute a major breakthrough to the field of stem cell research.", "section": "Parthenogenesis", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "when the fabricated cloning results were announced", "section": "Parthenogenesis", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After most of Hwang's claims were confirmed to be false on January 10, 2006, some lawmakers revealed that Hwang had made several campaign donations to them and other lawmakers.", "section": "Supporting lawmakers group", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:88773be28441b859", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1962277 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 87.8, "severity": 21.95, "rank": 81 }, { "id": "sha256:73d2ad4dcf4f6b98", "key": "RW-1004 / 1962277 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376690909 } ], "first_seen": 1376690909, "last_checked": 1376690909, "page_id": 1962277, "revid": 1376690909, "written_on": "Hwang Woo-suk", "doi": "10.1126/science.1094515", "pmid": "14963337", "record_id": 1004, "paper_title": "Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst", "cited": false, "section": "Controversies", "where": "", "text": "Some scientists have started questioning Hwang's earlier work published in Science in February 2004, in which he claimed to have cloned embryonic stem cells. Maria Biotech head Park Se-pill said, \"Up until now, I have believed Hwang did derive cloned embryonic stem cells although he admitted to misconduct in his follow-up paper on patient-specific stem cells...Now, I am not sure whether the cloned stem cell really existed.\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Some scientists have started questioning Hwang's earlier work published in Science in February 2004, in which he claimed to have cloned embryonic stem cells.", "reason": "This retells the 2004 finding with expressions of doubt, but does not state that it was refuted or retracted; sources for the historical account need checking.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.86, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, he became infamous around November 2005 for fabricating a series of stem cell experiments that were published in high-profile journals in a case known as the Hwang affair.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Shortly after this, data from his human cloning experiments was revealed to have been falsified.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much of his stem cell research had been faked.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On the same day, CNN reported that the scientist in 2006 had admitted faking his findings after questions of impropriety had emerged.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The university announced on January 10, 2006, that Hwang's 2004 and 2005 papers in Science were both fabricated. Following on the confirmation of scientific misconduct, on January 11, Science unconditionally retracted both of Hwang's papers.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The panel stated that Hwang's 2004 Science paper was also fabricated", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The panel, in conclusion, stated that Hwang's team intentionally fabricated the data in both the 2004 and the 2005 papers, as described by Myung Hee Chung (Head of Seoul National University's investigation) and that it was an act of \"deception of the scientific community and the public at large\".", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "However, further examination of the cells' chromosomes shows the same indicators of parthenogenesis in those extracted stem cells as are found in the mice created by Tokyo scientists in 2004. Although Hwang deceived the world about being the first to create artificially cloned human embryos, he did contribute a major breakthrough to the field of stem cell research.", "section": "Parthenogenesis", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "when the fabricated cloning results were announced", "section": "Parthenogenesis", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After most of Hwang's claims were confirmed to be false on January 10, 2006, some lawmakers revealed that Hwang had made several campaign donations to them and other lawmakers.", "section": "Supporting lawmakers group", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:88773be28441b859", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1962277 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 87.8, "severity": 21.95, "rank": 82 }, { "id": "sha256:4046b0a83512ee65", "key": "RW-1007 / 1962277 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376690909 } ], "first_seen": 1376690909, "last_checked": 1376690909, "page_id": 1962277, "revid": 1376690909, "written_on": "Hwang Woo-suk", "doi": "10.1126/science.1112286", "pmid": "15905366", "record_id": 1007, "paper_title": "Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts", "cited": true, "section": "Timeline", "where": "paragraph", "text": "His work, published in the June 17 issue of Science, was instantly hailed as a breakthrough in biotechnology because the cells were allegedly created with somatic cells from patients of different age and gender, while the stem cell of 2004 was created with eggs and somatic cells from a single female donor.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This meant every patient could receive custom-made treatment with no immune reactions. In addition, Hwang's claim meant that his team had boosted their success rate by 14 times and that this technology could be medically viable.", "reason": "The paragraph uses the fabricated patient-specific cell lines as evidence for immune compatibility, improved efficiency and medical viability, despite describing the initial results as alleged.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, he became infamous around November 2005 for fabricating a series of stem cell experiments that were published in high-profile journals in a case known as the Hwang affair.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Shortly after this, data from his human cloning experiments was revealed to have been falsified.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much of his stem cell research had been faked.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On the same day, CNN reported that the scientist in 2006 had admitted faking his findings after questions of impropriety had emerged.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In mid-December, co-author of Hwang's papers came forward, telling the media that Hwang had confessed to fabricating evidence for nine of the eleven cell lines.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On December 29, 2005, the university determined that all 11 of Hwang's stem cell lines were fabricated. The university announced on January 10, 2006, that Hwang's 2004 and 2005 papers in Science were both fabricated. Following on the confirmation of scientific misconduct, on January 11, Science unconditionally retracted both of Hwang's papers.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On January 20, 2006, Hwang maintained that two of his 11 forged stem cell lines had been maliciously switched for cells from regular, not cloned, embryos.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Close scrutiny revealed that several of the photos of purportedly different cells were in fact photos of the same cell.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Researchers raised questions about striking similarities between the DNA profiles of the cloned cells. Then collaborator Gerald Schatten asked Science to remove his name from the paper, stating as a reason that there were \"allegations from someone involved with the experiments that certain elements of the report may be fabricated.\"", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The scandal took a dramatic turn on December 15, when Roh Sung-il, who had collaborated on the disputed paper, stated to media outlets that nine of those eleven lines had been faked; specifically, DNA tests illustrated that those nine lines shared identical DNA, implying that they had come from the same source. Roh stated that \"Professor Hwang admitted to fabrication\", and that he, Hwang, and another co-author had asked Science to withdraw the paper.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "He, however, acknowledged the falsifications of research data in the paper, attributing them to unrecoverable \"artificial mistakes\".", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "He maintained that at least nine of the eleven stem cell lines were fakes and that Hwang was simply untrustworthy.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Roh also told MBC television that Hwang had pressured a former scientist at his lab to fake data to make it look like there were 11 stem cell colonies. In a separate report, a former researcher told MBC that Hwang ordered him to fabricate photos to make it appear there were 11 separate colonies from only three.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "although he admitted to misconduct in his follow-up paper on patient-specific stem cells", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On December 23, the panel announced its initial finding that Hwang had intentionally fabricated stem cell research results creating nine fake cell lines out of eleven, and added that the validity of two remaining cell lines is yet to be confirmed.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Hwang's claim of having used only 185 eggs to create stem cell lines was also denied by the panel, which indicated that more eggs may have been used in the research process.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel announced additional findings on December 29, and confirmed that no patient-matched embryonic stem cells existed, and that Hwang's team did not have the scientific data to prove any of the stem cells had ever been made.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel found out that, contrary to Hwang's claim of having used 185 eggs for his team's 2005 paper, at least 273 eggs were shown to have been used according to research records kept in Hwang's lab.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "such a claim was incomprehensible when there were no data to prove any of the stem cells were ever made to begin with.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel, in conclusion, stated that Hwang's team intentionally fabricated the data in both the 2004 and the 2005 papers, as described by Myung Hee Chung (Head of Seoul National University's investigation) and that it was an act of \"deception of the scientific community and the public at large\".", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Also in 2005, Hwang received one billion won each in research funds from SK Group and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation based on his fabricated stem cell research results.", "section": "Indictment of Hwang and collaborators", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After most of Hwang's claims were confirmed to be false on January 10, 2006, some lawmakers revealed that Hwang had made several campaign donations to them and other lawmakers.", "section": "Supporting lawmakers group", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:fac6585ed813a8fa", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[18]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 1962277 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 87.8, "severity": 21.95, "rank": 83 }, { "id": "sha256:a2e1f42c051690d8", "key": "RW-1007 / 1962277 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376690909 } ], "first_seen": 1376690909, "last_checked": 1376690909, "page_id": 1962277, "revid": 1376690909, "written_on": "Hwang Woo-suk", "doi": "10.1126/science.1112286", "pmid": "15905366", "record_id": 1007, "paper_title": "Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts", "cited": false, "section": "Controversies", "where": "", "text": "His team, which cloned the first human embryo to use for research, said they had used the same technology to create batches of embryonic stem cells from nine patients. According to Hwang, the result was much more efficient than they had hoped. Hwang's integrity as a researcher was again put in doubt when it was revealed that PD Su-cheop had scheduled a follow-up report questioning his achievement published in Science in June 2005, which stated he had cloned 11 lines of embryonic stem cells. This caused furious backlash among many South Koreans, and the reaction only intensified when it was discovered that Kim Sun-Jong, one of Hwang's researchers from MizMedi, had been coerced by illegal means to testify against Hwang. As a result, the scheduled broadcast was canceled and the network made a public apology to the nation, everyone more or less operating under the assumption that the show was at fault and not Hwang. Yet, other news outlets began to question Hwang's claims.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "His team, which cloned the first human embryo to use for research, said they had used the same technology to create batches of embryonic stem cells from nine patients. According to Hwang, the result was much more efficient than they had hoped.", "reason": "This retells the targeted paper's patient-specific stem-cell and efficiency claims without explicitly identifying them as fabricated in this paragraph; any independent historical sourcing needs checking.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, he became infamous around November 2005 for fabricating a series of stem cell experiments that were published in high-profile journals in a case known as the Hwang affair.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Shortly after this, data from his human cloning experiments was revealed to have been falsified.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much of his stem cell research had been faked.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On the same day, CNN reported that the scientist in 2006 had admitted faking his findings after questions of impropriety had emerged.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In mid-December, co-author of Hwang's papers came forward, telling the media that Hwang had confessed to fabricating evidence for nine of the eleven cell lines.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "On December 29, 2005, the university determined that all 11 of Hwang's stem cell lines were fabricated. The university announced on January 10, 2006, that Hwang's 2004 and 2005 papers in Science were both fabricated. Following on the confirmation of scientific misconduct, on January 11, Science unconditionally retracted both of Hwang's papers.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "On January 20, 2006, Hwang maintained that two of his 11 forged stem cell lines had been maliciously switched for cells from regular, not cloned, embryos.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Close scrutiny revealed that several of the photos of purportedly different cells were in fact photos of the same cell.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Researchers raised questions about striking similarities between the DNA profiles of the cloned cells. Then collaborator Gerald Schatten asked Science to remove his name from the paper, stating as a reason that there were \"allegations from someone involved with the experiments that certain elements of the report may be fabricated.\"", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The scandal took a dramatic turn on December 15, when Roh Sung-il, who had collaborated on the disputed paper, stated to media outlets that nine of those eleven lines had been faked; specifically, DNA tests illustrated that those nine lines shared identical DNA, implying that they had come from the same source. Roh stated that \"Professor Hwang admitted to fabrication\", and that he, Hwang, and another co-author had asked Science to withdraw the paper.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "He, however, acknowledged the falsifications of research data in the paper, attributing them to unrecoverable \"artificial mistakes\".", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "He maintained that at least nine of the eleven stem cell lines were fakes and that Hwang was simply untrustworthy.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Roh also told MBC television that Hwang had pressured a former scientist at his lab to fake data to make it look like there were 11 stem cell colonies. In a separate report, a former researcher told MBC that Hwang ordered him to fabricate photos to make it appear there were 11 separate colonies from only three.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "although he admitted to misconduct in his follow-up paper on patient-specific stem cells", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On December 23, the panel announced its initial finding that Hwang had intentionally fabricated stem cell research results creating nine fake cell lines out of eleven, and added that the validity of two remaining cell lines is yet to be confirmed.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Hwang's claim of having used only 185 eggs to create stem cell lines was also denied by the panel, which indicated that more eggs may have been used in the research process.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The panel announced additional findings on December 29, and confirmed that no patient-matched embryonic stem cells existed, and that Hwang's team did not have the scientific data to prove any of the stem cells had ever been made.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The panel found out that, contrary to Hwang's claim of having used 185 eggs for his team's 2005 paper, at least 273 eggs were shown to have been used according to research records kept in Hwang's lab.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "such a claim was incomprehensible when there were no data to prove any of the stem cells were ever made to begin with.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The panel, in conclusion, stated that Hwang's team intentionally fabricated the data in both the 2004 and the 2005 papers, as described by Myung Hee Chung (Head of Seoul National University's investigation) and that it was an act of \"deception of the scientific community and the public at large\".", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Also in 2005, Hwang received one billion won each in research funds from SK Group and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation based on his fabricated stem cell research results.", "section": "Indictment of Hwang and collaborators", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "After most of Hwang's claims were confirmed to be false on January 10, 2006, some lawmakers revealed that Hwang had made several campaign donations to them and other lawmakers.", "section": "Supporting lawmakers group", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:fac6585ed813a8fa", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1962277 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 87.8, "severity": 21.95, "rank": 84 }, { "id": "sha256:4c5c0a756a707b47", "key": "RW-1007 / 1962277 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376690909 } ], "first_seen": 1376690909, "last_checked": 1376690909, "page_id": 1962277, "revid": 1376690909, "written_on": "Hwang Woo-suk", "doi": "10.1126/science.1112286", "pmid": "15905366", "record_id": 1007, "paper_title": "Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts", "cited": false, "section": "Resignation and the official dismissal", "where": "", "text": "On December 23, 2005, Hwang apologized for \"creating a shock and a disappointment\" and announced that he was resigning his position as professor at the university. However, Hwang maintained that patient-matched stem cell technology remained in South Korea, and his countrymen would see it.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "However, Hwang maintained that patient-matched stem cell technology remained in South Korea, and his countrymen would see it.", "reason": "This repeats Hwang's assertion that the patient-matched technology underlying the 2005 paper existed, without an explicit local refutation; an editor should check the sources for this historical statement.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.86, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, he became infamous around November 2005 for fabricating a series of stem cell experiments that were published in high-profile journals in a case known as the Hwang affair.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Shortly after this, data from his human cloning experiments was revealed to have been falsified.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much of his stem cell research had been faked.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On the same day, CNN reported that the scientist in 2006 had admitted faking his findings after questions of impropriety had emerged.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In mid-December, co-author of Hwang's papers came forward, telling the media that Hwang had confessed to fabricating evidence for nine of the eleven cell lines.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "On December 29, 2005, the university determined that all 11 of Hwang's stem cell lines were fabricated. The university announced on January 10, 2006, that Hwang's 2004 and 2005 papers in Science were both fabricated. Following on the confirmation of scientific misconduct, on January 11, Science unconditionally retracted both of Hwang's papers.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "On January 20, 2006, Hwang maintained that two of his 11 forged stem cell lines had been maliciously switched for cells from regular, not cloned, embryos.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Close scrutiny revealed that several of the photos of purportedly different cells were in fact photos of the same cell.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Researchers raised questions about striking similarities between the DNA profiles of the cloned cells. Then collaborator Gerald Schatten asked Science to remove his name from the paper, stating as a reason that there were \"allegations from someone involved with the experiments that certain elements of the report may be fabricated.\"", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The scandal took a dramatic turn on December 15, when Roh Sung-il, who had collaborated on the disputed paper, stated to media outlets that nine of those eleven lines had been faked; specifically, DNA tests illustrated that those nine lines shared identical DNA, implying that they had come from the same source. Roh stated that \"Professor Hwang admitted to fabrication\", and that he, Hwang, and another co-author had asked Science to withdraw the paper.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "He, however, acknowledged the falsifications of research data in the paper, attributing them to unrecoverable \"artificial mistakes\".", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "He maintained that at least nine of the eleven stem cell lines were fakes and that Hwang was simply untrustworthy.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Roh also told MBC television that Hwang had pressured a former scientist at his lab to fake data to make it look like there were 11 stem cell colonies. In a separate report, a former researcher told MBC that Hwang ordered him to fabricate photos to make it appear there were 11 separate colonies from only three.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "although he admitted to misconduct in his follow-up paper on patient-specific stem cells", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On December 23, the panel announced its initial finding that Hwang had intentionally fabricated stem cell research results creating nine fake cell lines out of eleven, and added that the validity of two remaining cell lines is yet to be confirmed.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Hwang's claim of having used only 185 eggs to create stem cell lines was also denied by the panel, which indicated that more eggs may have been used in the research process.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The panel announced additional findings on December 29, and confirmed that no patient-matched embryonic stem cells existed, and that Hwang's team did not have the scientific data to prove any of the stem cells had ever been made.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The panel found out that, contrary to Hwang's claim of having used 185 eggs for his team's 2005 paper, at least 273 eggs were shown to have been used according to research records kept in Hwang's lab.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "such a claim was incomprehensible when there were no data to prove any of the stem cells were ever made to begin with.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The panel, in conclusion, stated that Hwang's team intentionally fabricated the data in both the 2004 and the 2005 papers, as described by Myung Hee Chung (Head of Seoul National University's investigation) and that it was an act of \"deception of the scientific community and the public at large\".", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Also in 2005, Hwang received one billion won each in research funds from SK Group and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation based on his fabricated stem cell research results.", "section": "Indictment of Hwang and collaborators", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "After most of Hwang's claims were confirmed to be false on January 10, 2006, some lawmakers revealed that Hwang had made several campaign donations to them and other lawmakers.", "section": "Supporting lawmakers group", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:fac6585ed813a8fa", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1962277 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 87.8, "severity": 21.95, "rank": 85 }, { "id": "sha256:38a3f92d9b36ee6f", "key": "RW-72708 / 906156 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378382087 } ], "first_seen": 1378382087, "last_checked": 1378382087, "page_id": 906156, "revid": 1378382087, "written_on": "Hydrogen economy", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.02.086", "pmid": "", "record_id": 72708, "paper_title": "Sustainable hydrogen energy in aviation – A narrative review", "cited": true, "section": "Transport", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Other applications are more speculative, including possible hydrogen planes.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Other applications are more speculative, including possible hydrogen planes.", "reason": "The title establishes relevance to hydrogen aviation, but without an abstract it is unclear whether the review supports characterizing hydrogen planes as speculative; the Economist article plausibly supports this claim.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.85, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Computer-Aided Content or Computer-Generated Content", "Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4fec152f1130fd88", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[80]", "others": [ "\"Is the time now ripe for planes to run on hydrogen?\". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2024-02-17." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 906156 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 86.03333333333333, "severity": 21.508333333333333, "rank": 86 }, { "id": "sha256:f96626b1dfcf021e", "key": "RW-33410 / 21053494 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371333387 } ], "first_seen": 1371333387, "last_checked": 1371333387, "page_id": 21053494, "revid": 1371333387, "written_on": "Meningococcal vaccine", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd001834.pub2", "pmid": "16855979", "record_id": 33410, "paper_title": "Conjugate vaccines for preventing meningococcal C meningitis and septicaemia (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "They result in a decrease in meningitis and sepsis among populations where they are widely used.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "They result in a decrease in meningitis and sepsis among populations where they are widely used.", "reason": "This states the review’s finding of reduced disease following widespread conjugate vaccination; the other review plausibly supports prevention of meningitis but not clearly sepsis.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b4e2b18dbff92d1c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[18]", "others": [ "Patel M, Lee CK (January 2005). \"Polysaccharide vaccines for preventing serogroup A meningococcal meningitis\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (1) CD001093. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001093.pub2. PMC 11852230. PMID 15674874. CD001093." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 21053494 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 81.33333333333333, "severity": 20.333333333333332, "rank": 87 }, { "id": "sha256:9dd96c3c53be69ee", "key": "RW-30807 / 64076718 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378243759 } ], "first_seen": 1378243759, "last_checked": 1378243759, "page_id": 64076718, "revid": 1378243759, "written_on": "Idiopathic chronic fatigue", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006348.pub2", "pmid": "19821361", "record_id": 30807, "paper_title": "Traditional Chinese medicinal herbs for the treatment of idiopathic chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome (pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Alternative and complementary treatments", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Only limited trials had been conducted for alternative and complementary treatments; there is no clear evidence of these treatments being effective for ICF due to a lack of randomized controlled trials.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Only limited trials had been conducted for alternative and complementary treatments; there is no clear evidence of these treatments being effective for ICF due to a lack of randomized controlled trials.", "reason": "This presents the review's lack of eligible randomized trials as evidence, while extending its scope beyond Chinese herbal products; the temporary removal supplies no finding-specific reason for rejecting the conclusion, but an unretracted source is needed.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Temporary Removal" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0316279a7c645127", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Cochrane", "marker": "[24]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 64076718 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 40.53333333333333, "severity": 20.266666666666666, "rank": 88 }, { "id": "sha256:fa1c7c121f4d2cce", "key": "RW-33526 / 302755 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1319165533 } ], "first_seen": 1319165533, "last_checked": 1319165533, "page_id": 302755, "revid": 1319165533, "written_on": "Acute bronchitis", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd001958.pub2", "pmid": "17054150", "record_id": 33526, "paper_title": "Haemophilus influenzae oral whole cell vaccination for preventing acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Prevention", "where": "paragraph", "text": "An oral whole cell nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae vaccine given in the fall has demonstrated short term effectiveness in reducing the frequency and severity of the disease during the winter.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "An oral whole cell nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae vaccine given in the fall has demonstrated short term effectiveness in reducing the frequency and severity of the disease during the winter.", "reason": "This states the withdrawn review's vaccine finding as established effectiveness; the review concerned exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and expressed its conclusion tentatively.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:1b065bf899f2247e", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[22]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 302755 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 79.7, "severity": 19.925, "rank": 89 }, { "id": "sha256:b262536cf5a43333", "key": "RW-39893 / 3202774 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376082553 } ], "first_seen": 1376082553, "last_checked": 1376082553, "page_id": 3202774, "revid": 1376082553, "written_on": "Neural tube defect", "doi": "10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30444-8", "pmid": "25375307", "record_id": 39893, "paper_title": "Prenatal Screening, Diagnosis, and Pregnancy Management of Fetal Neural Tube Defects", "cited": true, "section": "Diagnosis", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Second trimester ultrasound is recommended as the primary screening tool for NTDs, and MSAFP as a secondary screening tool.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Second trimester ultrasound is recommended as the primary screening tool for NTDs, and MSAFP as a secondary screening tool.", "reason": "This screening recommendation relies on the withdrawn guideline; because it was withdrawn as outdated, a current guideline is needed.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6f49bad65af6d069", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":0", "marker": "[48]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 3202774 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 78.4, "severity": 19.6, "rank": 90 }, { "id": "sha256:aa1be1c66cce7c59", "key": "RW-39893 / 3202774 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376082553 } ], "first_seen": 1376082553, "last_checked": 1376082553, "page_id": 3202774, "revid": 1376082553, "written_on": "Neural tube defect", "doi": "10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30444-8", "pmid": "25375307", "record_id": 39893, "paper_title": "Prenatal Screening, Diagnosis, and Pregnancy Management of Fetal Neural Tube Defects", "cited": true, "section": "Diagnosis", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This is due to increased safety, increased sensitivity and decreased false positive rate of ultrasound as compared to MSAFP.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This is due to increased safety, increased sensitivity and decreased false positive rate of ultrasound as compared to MSAFP.", "reason": "The comparative claims justify the screening recommendation using the outdated guideline and need verification against a current source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6f49bad65af6d069", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":0", "marker": "[48]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 3202774 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 78.4, "severity": 19.6, "rank": 91 }, { "id": "sha256:1f5a8a68d6742ac3", "key": "RW-33038 / 11683572 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373095815 } ], "first_seen": 1373095815, "last_checked": 1373095815, "page_id": 11683572, "revid": 1373095815, "written_on": "Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd005194.pub2", "pmid": "16856084", "record_id": 33038, "paper_title": "Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine mono‐dependence management in outpatient settings (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Medications", "where": "list", "text": "Flumazenil has been found to stimulate the reversal of tolerance and the normalization of receptor function. However, further research is needed in the form of randomised trials to demonstrate its role in the treatment of benzodiazepine withdrawal. Flumazenil stimulates the up-regulation and reverses the uncoupling of benzodiazepine receptors to the GABAA receptor, thereby reversing tolerance and reducing withdrawal symptoms and relapse rates. Because of limited research and experience compared to the possible risks involved, the flumazenil detoxification method is controversial and can only be done as an inpatient procedure under medical supervision.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "However, further research is needed in the form of randomised trials to demonstrate its role in the treatment of benzodiazepine withdrawal.", "reason": "This research recommendation may draw on the review's call for further studies of benzodiazepine receptor modulators, but its abstract does not specifically assess flumazenil.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.78, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:34525daadf8d9c26", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "Denis-2006", "marker": "[89]", "others": [ "Gerra, G.; Zaimovic, A.; Giusti, F.; Moi, G.; Brewer, C. (2002). \"Intravenous flumazenil versus oxazepam tapering in the treatment of benzodiazepine withdrawal: A randomized, placebo-controlled study\". Addiction Biology. 7 (4): 385–95. doi:10.1080/1355621021000005973. PMID 14578014. S2CID 21255719.", "Little, H.J. (1991). \"The benzodiazepines: Anxiolytic and withdrawal effects\". Neuropeptides. 19: 11–4. doi:10.1016/0143-4179(91)90077-V. PMID 1679209. S2CID 13734753." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 11683572 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 296.7, "severity": 18.54375, "rank": 92 }, { "id": "sha256:a935d5d7a350caf1", "key": "RW-28634 / 523104 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373839279 } ], "first_seen": 1373839279, "last_checked": 1373839279, "page_id": 523104, "revid": 1373839279, "written_on": "Managerial economics", "doi": "10.1093/restud/rdy054", "pmid": "", "record_id": 28634, "paper_title": "Attribution Bias in Consumer Choice", "cited": true, "section": "State-dependent preferences", "where": "list", "text": "Attribution bias occurs when consumers consider past experiences in deciding whether to repeat a previously performed consumption activity. This bias can lead to systematic errors in economic decisions.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Attribution bias occurs when consumers consider past experiences in deciding whether to repeat a previously performed consumption activity. This bias can lead to systematic errors in economic decisions.", "reason": "The item presents the paper's apparent subject—attribution bias in consumer choice and its consequences—as fact; replacement is appropriate because the retraction concerns publisher duplication, not invalid findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.87, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Content through Error by Journal/Publisher" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:883810c4ffdf53b5", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "Haggag 2136–2183", "marker": "[53]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 523104 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 72.6, "severity": 18.15, "rank": 93 }, { "id": "sha256:72bb976b4d400eeb", "key": "RW-47382 / 59753398 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374093906 } ], "first_seen": 1374093906, "last_checked": 1374093906, "page_id": 59753398, "revid": 1374093906, "written_on": "Stegodyphus dumicola", "doi": "10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.001", "pmid": "", "record_id": 47382, "paper_title": "Personality and morphology shape task participation, collective foraging and escape behaviour in the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola", "cited": true, "section": "Prey capture technique", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Smaller spiders tend to have a bold personality.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The Stegodyphus dumicola have been found to follow a “shy” and a “bold” personality, where shy spiders are latent and do not respond to prey capture stimuli, and bold spiders are active and seek to forage. Smaller spiders tend to have a bold personality.", "reason": "These personality, morphology and foraging associations match the paper's stated topic; the dispersal-genetics citation does not plausibly support these specific associations.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Data", "Salami Slicing" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:321a90c830eeff8c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "refname1", "marker": "[4]", "others": [ "Smith, D.R.; Su, Y.; Berger-Tal, R; Lubin, Y (2016), \"Population genetic evidence for sex-specific dispersal in an inbred social spider\", Ecology and Evolution, 6 (15): 5479–5490, Bibcode:2016EcoEv...6.5479S, doi:10.1002/ece3.2200, PMC 4984519, PMID 27551398" ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 59753398 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 16.7, "severity": 16.7, "rank": 94 }, { "id": "sha256:ff6da708c16c4385", "key": "RW-47382 / 59753398 / #7", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374093906 } ], "first_seen": 1374093906, "last_checked": 1374093906, "page_id": 59753398, "revid": 1374093906, "written_on": "Stegodyphus dumicola", "doi": "10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.001", "pmid": "", "record_id": 47382, "paper_title": "Personality and morphology shape task participation, collective foraging and escape behaviour in the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola", "cited": true, "section": "Social behavior", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Foraging behavior has been observed to be equally divided amongst members of the colony.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Foraging behavior has been observed to be equally divided amongst members of the colony.", "reason": "This reports an observation about task participation and collective foraging, directly matching the paper's topic.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.87, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Data", "Salami Slicing" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:321a90c830eeff8c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "refname1", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 59753398 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 16.7, "severity": 16.7, "rank": 95 }, { "id": "sha256:001004e6470274c4", "key": "RW-47382 / 59753398 / #8", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374093906 } ], "first_seen": 1374093906, "last_checked": 1374093906, "page_id": 59753398, "revid": 1374093906, "written_on": "Stegodyphus dumicola", "doi": "10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.001", "pmid": "", "record_id": 47382, "paper_title": "Personality and morphology shape task participation, collective foraging and escape behaviour in the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola", "cited": true, "section": "Social behavior", "where": "paragraph", "text": "If a group was made up of spiders that were morphologically diverse (varying prosoma width), they also mounted a faster attack.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Group foraging behavior varies between colonies of different size and composition. It is more likely that smaller colonies will initiate attack early and begin an attack more quickly than larger colonies. In scientific studies, when a group had a wide range of spider behavior, level of boldness, or personality types, the group was found to initiate a response more quickly to prey. If a group was made up of spiders that were morphologically diverse (varying prosoma width), they also mounted a faster attack.", "reason": "The paragraph reports colony-level foraging effects of group size, personality and morphology, matching the cited paper; duplication and salami slicing warrant seeking a non-retracted source rather than assuming the results false.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Data", "Salami Slicing" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:321a90c830eeff8c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "refname1", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 59753398 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 16.7, "severity": 16.7, "rank": 96 }, { "id": "sha256:3f350a667c21ae1a", "key": "RW-47382 / 59753398 / #9", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374093906 } ], "first_seen": 1374093906, "last_checked": 1374093906, "page_id": 59753398, "revid": 1374093906, "written_on": "Stegodyphus dumicola", "doi": "10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.001", "pmid": "", "record_id": 47382, "paper_title": "Personality and morphology shape task participation, collective foraging and escape behaviour in the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola", "cited": false, "section": "Predatory feeding", "where": "", "text": "Larger spiders are more likely to take part in cooperative prey capture. During capture, many females will engage with the prey at the same time, injecting their digestive juices into the prey through extra-oral digestion. These digestive enzymes break down the prey into a liquid for other spiders to share, or for females to regurgitate to spiderlings.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Larger spiders are more likely to take part in cooperative prey capture.", "reason": "This repeats the morphology–task-participation relationship central to the paper's title; an editor should check whether this paragraph has an independent source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.78, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Data", "Salami Slicing" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:321a90c830eeff8c", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 59753398 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 16.7, "severity": 16.7, "rank": 97 }, { "id": "sha256:30f0b33371e72dc7", "key": "RW-492 / 27419466 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360216434 } ], "first_seen": 1360216434, "last_checked": 1360216434, "page_id": 27419466, "revid": 1360216434, "written_on": "Judy Mikovits", "doi": "10.1126/science.1179052", "pmid": "19815723", "record_id": 492, "paper_title": "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "cited": true, "section": "XMRV and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2009, Mikovits and co-workers reported in the journal Science that they had detected XMRV DNA in CFS patients and control subjects.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2009, Mikovits and co-workers reported in the journal Science that they had detected XMRV DNA in CFS patients and control subjects.", "reason": "This reports the retracted paper's detection finding; the subsequent negative results and contamination concerns do not explicitly identify it as retracted or definitively refuted in this paragraph.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.91, "warnings": [ { "quote": "has made discredited medical claims, such as that murine endogenous retroviruses are found in blood samples of most patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "However, following widespread criticism, the paper was retracted on December 22, 2011, by the journal Science.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Two of the original authors of this paper subsequently reanalyzed the samples used in the research and found that the samples were contaminated with XMRV plasmid DNA, leading them to publish a partial retraction of their original results. In December 2011, after a request by Silverman, the editors of Science retracted the paper in its entirety.", "section": "XMRV and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Contamination of Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:7b689c07130b6321", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid19815723", "marker": "[15]", "others": [ "Callaway, Ewen (March 14, 2011). \"Virology: Fighting for a cause\". Nature. 471 (7338): 282–85. Bibcode:2011Natur.471..282C. doi:10.1038/471282a. PMID 21412308." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 27419466 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 64.06666666666666, "severity": 16.016666666666666, "rank": 98 }, { "id": "sha256:ebc20c776e57e3e7", "key": "RW-1004 / 73655972 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358851083 } ], "first_seen": 1358851083, "last_checked": 1358851083, "page_id": 73655972, "revid": 1358851083, "written_on": "Hwang affair", "doi": "10.1126/science.1094515", "pmid": "14963337", "record_id": 1004, "paper_title": "Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst", "cited": true, "section": "2004 human cell cloning", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The research, published in the 12 March 2004 issue of Science, was reported as \"Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst.\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Hwang's team had developed an improved method of somatic cell nuclear transfer, in which they could transfer the nuclei of somatic (non-reproductive) cells into egg cells that had their nuclei removed.", "reason": "Although the footnote marks publication information, the paragraph presents the paper's purported successful nuclear-transfer procedure as fact without a local retraction warning.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The SNU immediately investigated the research work and found that both the 2004 and 2005 papers contained fabricated results. Hwang was compelled to resign from the university, and publicly confessed in January 2006 that the research papers were based on fabricated data. Science immediately retracted the two papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In April 2023, Canadian Youtuber BobbyBroccoli released a two-part docu-series entitled \"The Man who faked human cloning\" and \"How to catch a criminal cloner\" on Youtube and on the streaming service Nebula.", "section": "Documentary", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:cfb945ab1715e4a8", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":5", "marker": "[22]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 73655972 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 57.36666666666667, "severity": 14.341666666666667, "rank": 99 }, { "id": "sha256:97c662f23b26fdac", "key": "RW-1004 / 73655972 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358851083 } ], "first_seen": 1358851083, "last_checked": 1358851083, "page_id": 73655972, "revid": 1358851083, "written_on": "Hwang affair", "doi": "10.1126/science.1094515", "pmid": "14963337", "record_id": 1004, "paper_title": "Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst", "cited": true, "section": "2004 human cell cloning", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The report concluded: \"This study shows the feasibility of generating human ES [embryonic stem] cells from a somatic cell isolated from a living person.\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The report concluded: \"This study shows the feasibility of generating human ES [embryonic stem] cells from a somatic cell isolated from a living person.\" It was the first instance of cloning of adult human cells and human embryonic stem cells.", "reason": "The paragraph quotes the fabricated study's conclusion and then endorses its claimed cloning achievement as fact.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The SNU immediately investigated the research work and found that both the 2004 and 2005 papers contained fabricated results. Hwang was compelled to resign from the university, and publicly confessed in January 2006 that the research papers were based on fabricated data. Science immediately retracted the two papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In April 2023, Canadian Youtuber BobbyBroccoli released a two-part docu-series entitled \"The Man who faked human cloning\" and \"How to catch a criminal cloner\" on Youtube and on the streaming service Nebula.", "section": "Documentary", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:cfb945ab1715e4a8", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":5", "marker": "[22]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 73655972 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 57.36666666666667, "severity": 14.341666666666667, "rank": 100 }, { "id": "sha256:d619e030315688ad", "key": "RW-1004 / 73655972 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358851083 } ], "first_seen": 1358851083, "last_checked": 1358851083, "page_id": 73655972, "revid": 1358851083, "written_on": "Hwang affair", "doi": "10.1126/science.1094515", "pmid": "14963337", "record_id": 1004, "paper_title": "Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst", "cited": true, "section": "Scientific flaws", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In the 2004 report, Hwang's team remarked that \"we cannot completely exclude the possibility that the cells had a parthenogenetic origin.\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In the 2004 report, Hwang's team remarked that \"we cannot completely exclude the possibility that the cells had a parthenogenetic origin.\"", "reason": "This reports the study's interpretation of its purported cells; neither the caveat nor the section heading tells readers that the results were fabricated or retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.86, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The SNU immediately investigated the research work and found that both the 2004 and 2005 papers contained fabricated results. Hwang was compelled to resign from the university, and publicly confessed in January 2006 that the research papers were based on fabricated data. Science immediately retracted the two papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In April 2023, Canadian Youtuber BobbyBroccoli released a two-part docu-series entitled \"The Man who faked human cloning\" and \"How to catch a criminal cloner\" on Youtube and on the streaming service Nebula.", "section": "Documentary", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:cfb945ab1715e4a8", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":5", "marker": "[22]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 73655972 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 57.36666666666667, "severity": 14.341666666666667, "rank": 101 }, { "id": "sha256:ae2066f7fe2cfb35", "key": "RW-1004 / 73655972 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358851083 } ], "first_seen": 1358851083, "last_checked": 1358851083, "page_id": 73655972, "revid": 1358851083, "written_on": "Hwang affair", "doi": "10.1126/science.1094515", "pmid": "14963337", "record_id": 1004, "paper_title": "Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "The Hwang affair, or Hwang scandal, or Hwanggate, is a case of scientific misconduct and ethical issues surrounding a South Korean biologist, Hwang Woo-suk, who claimed to have created the first human embryonic stem cells by cloning in 2004. Hwang and his research team at the Seoul National University reported in the journal Science that they successfully developed a somatic cell nuclear transfer method with which they made the stem cells. In 2005, they published again in Science the successful cloning of 11 person-specific stem cells using 185 human eggs. The research was hailed as \"a ground-breaking paper\" in science. Hwang was elevated as \"the pride of Korea\", \"national hero\" [of Korea], and a \"supreme scientist\", to international praise and fame. Recognitions and honours immediately followed, including South Korea's Presidential Award in Science and Technology, and Time magazine listing him among the \"People Who Mattered 2004\" and the most influential people \"The 2004 Time 100\".", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Hwang and his research team at the Seoul National University reported in the journal Science that they successfully developed a somatic cell nuclear transfer method with which they made the stem cells.", "reason": "This lead summary repeats the 2004 paper's central finding without explicitly refuting it in this paragraph; an editor should check whether its own sources adequately contextualize the reported claim.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.93, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The SNU immediately investigated the research work and found that both the 2004 and 2005 papers contained fabricated results. Hwang was compelled to resign from the university, and publicly confessed in January 2006 that the research papers were based on fabricated data. Science immediately retracted the two papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In April 2023, Canadian Youtuber BobbyBroccoli released a two-part docu-series entitled \"The Man who faked human cloning\" and \"How to catch a criminal cloner\" on Youtube and on the streaming service Nebula.", "section": "Documentary", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:cfb945ab1715e4a8", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 73655972 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 57.36666666666667, "severity": 14.341666666666667, "rank": 102 }, { "id": "sha256:7f31feffb442535f", "key": "RW-1004 / 73655972 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358851083 } ], "first_seen": 1358851083, "last_checked": 1358851083, "page_id": 73655972, "revid": 1358851083, "written_on": "Hwang affair", "doi": "10.1126/science.1094515", "pmid": "14963337", "record_id": 1004, "paper_title": "Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst", "cited": false, "section": "2004 human cell cloning", "where": "", "text": "Hwang publicly reported the research at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Seattle on 16 February 2004. He specified that they used 242 eggs from 16 unpaid volunteers, creating about 100 cells from which 30 embryos were developed. Since the embryos had adult DNA, the resulting stem cells became clones of the adult somatic cells. From the embryos, the stem cells were collected and grafted into mice in which they could grow into various body parts including muscle, bone, cartilage and connective tissues. The method ensured that immune rejection would be avoided so that it could be used for the treatment of genetic disorders. As Hwang explained: \"Our approach opens the door for the use of these specially developed cells in transplantation medicine.\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Since the embryos had adult DNA, the resulting stem cells became clones of the adult somatic cells. From the embryos, the stem cells were collected and grafted into mice in which they could grow into various body parts including muscle, bone, cartilage and connective tissues. The method ensured that immune rejection would be avoided so that it could be used for the treatment of genetic disorders.", "reason": "This adjacent paragraph repeats the paper's claimed genetic identity and differentiation results and draws a therapeutic conclusion; its own footnotes need checking for independent support and historical framing.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The SNU immediately investigated the research work and found that both the 2004 and 2005 papers contained fabricated results. Hwang was compelled to resign from the university, and publicly confessed in January 2006 that the research papers were based on fabricated data. Science immediately retracted the two papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In April 2023, Canadian Youtuber BobbyBroccoli released a two-part docu-series entitled \"The Man who faked human cloning\" and \"How to catch a criminal cloner\" on Youtube and on the streaming service Nebula.", "section": "Documentary", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:cfb945ab1715e4a8", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 73655972 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 57.36666666666667, "severity": 14.341666666666667, "rank": 103 }, { "id": "sha256:144294b285f4202c", "key": "RW-1007 / 73655972 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358851083 } ], "first_seen": 1358851083, "last_checked": 1358851083, "page_id": 73655972, "revid": 1358851083, "written_on": "Hwang affair", "doi": "10.1126/science.1112286", "pmid": "15905366", "record_id": 1007, "paper_title": "Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts", "cited": true, "section": "2005 human cell cloning", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Hwang's team reported another successful cloning of human cells in the 17 June 2005 issue of Science, in this case, embryonic stem cells derived from skin cells.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Hwang's team reported another successful cloning of human cells in the 17 June 2005 issue of Science, in this case, embryonic stem cells derived from skin cells. Their study claimed the creation of 11 different stem cell lines that were the exact match of DNA in people having a variety of diseases.", "reason": "These sentences report the fabricated cloning and patient-matched stem-cell results without a local retraction or refutation warning.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The SNU immediately investigated the research work and found that both the 2004 and 2005 papers contained fabricated results. Hwang was compelled to resign from the university, and publicly confessed in January 2006 that the research papers were based on fabricated data. Science immediately retracted the two papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "\"The Man who faked human cloning\"", "section": "Documentary", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:005e01fb02fe4728", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":02", "marker": "[27]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 73655972 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 57.36666666666667, "severity": 14.341666666666667, "rank": 104 }, { "id": "sha256:caa84f0581cc292d", "key": "RW-1007 / 73655972 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358851083 } ], "first_seen": 1358851083, "last_checked": 1358851083, "page_id": 73655972, "revid": 1358851083, "written_on": "Hwang affair", "doi": "10.1126/science.1112286", "pmid": "15905366", "record_id": 1007, "paper_title": "Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts", "cited": true, "section": "2005 human cell cloning", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The report explicitly stated that: \"Patients voluntarily donated oocytes and somatic cells for therapeutic cloning research and relevant applications but not for reproductive cloning ... no financial reimbursement in any form was paid.\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The experiment used 185 eggs from 18 donors. The report explicitly stated that: \"Patients voluntarily donated oocytes and somatic cells for therapeutic cloning research and relevant applications but not for reproductive cloning ... no financial reimbursement in any form was paid.\"", "reason": "The experimental counts and donation claims rest on the retracted report; this historical account does not locally explain its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The SNU immediately investigated the research work and found that both the 2004 and 2005 papers contained fabricated results. Hwang was compelled to resign from the university, and publicly confessed in January 2006 that the research papers were based on fabricated data. Science immediately retracted the two papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "\"The Man who faked human cloning\"", "section": "Documentary", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:005e01fb02fe4728", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":02", "marker": "[27]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 73655972 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 57.36666666666667, "severity": 14.341666666666667, "rank": 105 }, { "id": "sha256:99fe64f5a44b2b13", "key": "RW-1007 / 73655972 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358851083 } ], "first_seen": 1358851083, "last_checked": 1358851083, "page_id": 73655972, "revid": 1358851083, "written_on": "Hwang affair", "doi": "10.1126/science.1112286", "pmid": "15905366", "record_id": 1007, "paper_title": "Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "The Hwang affair, or Hwang scandal, or Hwanggate, is a case of scientific misconduct and ethical issues surrounding a South Korean biologist, Hwang Woo-suk, who claimed to have created the first human embryonic stem cells by cloning in 2004. Hwang and his research team at the Seoul National University reported in the journal Science that they successfully developed a somatic cell nuclear transfer method with which they made the stem cells. In 2005, they published again in Science the successful cloning of 11 person-specific stem cells using 185 human eggs. The research was hailed as \"a ground-breaking paper\" in science. Hwang was elevated as \"the pride of Korea\", \"national hero\" [of Korea], and a \"supreme scientist\", to international praise and fame. Recognitions and honours immediately followed, including South Korea's Presidential Award in Science and Technology, and Time magazine listing him among the \"People Who Mattered 2004\" and the most influential people \"The 2004 Time 100\".", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2005, they published again in Science the successful cloning of 11 person-specific stem cells using 185 human eggs.", "reason": "The lead repeats the retracted paper's distinctive stem-cell count and egg count without citing it here; an editor should check whether any local source independently contextualizes these claims.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The SNU immediately investigated the research work and found that both the 2004 and 2005 papers contained fabricated results. Hwang was compelled to resign from the university, and publicly confessed in January 2006 that the research papers were based on fabricated data. Science immediately retracted the two papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "\"The Man who faked human cloning\"", "section": "Documentary", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:005e01fb02fe4728", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 73655972 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 57.36666666666667, "severity": 14.341666666666667, "rank": 106 }, { "id": "sha256:ceb7a32572c2768f", "key": "RW-30653 / 63116845 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374331478 } ], "first_seen": 1374331478, "last_checked": 1374331478, "page_id": 63116845, "revid": 1374331478, "written_on": "Interdental cleaning", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008829.pub2", "pmid": "22161438", "record_id": 30653, "paper_title": "Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The combined use of tooth brushing and mechanical and manual interdental cleaning devices has been proven to reduce the prevalence of caries and periodontal diseases.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The combined use of tooth brushing and mechanical and manual interdental cleaning devices has been proven to reduce the prevalence of caries and periodontal diseases.", "reason": "The claim uses the withdrawn review as evidence of disease prevention, although it found reduced gingivitis and no trials reporting caries outcomes; the other systematic review plausibly supports the caries component.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0dd03acb8420d2c5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[2]", "others": [ "Hujoel, P.P.; Cunha-Cruz, J.; Banting, D.W.; Loesche, W.J. (2006). \"Dental Flossing and Interproximal Caries: a Systematic Review\". Journal of Dental Research. 85 (4): 298–305. doi:10.1177/154405910608500404. ISSN 0022-0345. PMID 16567548. S2CID 53789465." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 63116845 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 55.8, "severity": 13.95, "rank": 107 }, { "id": "sha256:b04972a2815b6038", "key": "RW-30653 / 63116845 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374331478 } ], "first_seen": 1374331478, "last_checked": 1374331478, "page_id": 63116845, "revid": 1374331478, "written_on": "Interdental cleaning", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008829.pub2", "pmid": "22161438", "record_id": 30653, "paper_title": "Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults (Pub 2)", "cited": false, "section": "Floss", "where": "", "text": "Floss is one of the most commonly used interdental cleaners. It is traditionally made of waxed nylon wrapped up in a plastic box. Since dental floss is able to remove some inter-proximal plaque, frequent regular dental flossing will reduce inter-proximal caries and periodontal disease risks. Results of a high-level of evidence meta-analysis recently found that floss may not be the most effective method for interdental cleaning, contrary to common belief at the time. Especially for individuals lacking dexterity or compliance, waterjet irrigators and interdental brushes were found to be significantly more effective than flossing.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Since dental floss is able to remove some inter-proximal plaque, frequent regular dental flossing will reduce inter-proximal caries and periodontal disease risks.", "reason": "This repeats the flossing-related plaque and disease-prevention claim supported by the withdrawn review in the lead, extending beyond its findings; an editor must check whether this paragraph has independent supporting sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.85, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0dd03acb8420d2c5", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 63116845 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 55.8, "severity": 13.95, "rank": 108 }, { "id": "sha256:a714dfb8de4e2e2e", "key": "RW-30825 / 18427821 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1322165958 } ], "first_seen": 1322165958, "last_checked": 1322165958, "page_id": 18427821, "revid": 1322165958, "written_on": "Facial trauma", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd007158.pub2", "pmid": "19160326", "record_id": 30825, "paper_title": "Resorbable versus titanium plates for facial fractures (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Treatment", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Resorbable materials are also available; these are biologically degraded and removed over time but there is no evidence supporting their use over conventional Titanium plates.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Resorbable materials are also available; these are biologically degraded and removed over time but there is no evidence supporting their use over conventional Titanium plates.", "reason": "The statement about lack of evidence rests on the review's conclusion of insufficient comparative evidence; the review was withdrawn as out of date and replaced.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:86820a07f89a4a47", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[24]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 18427821 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 55.43333333333333, "severity": 13.858333333333333, "rank": 109 }, { "id": "sha256:a077289fff9fbe28", "key": "RW-33569 / 71581 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1359690341 } ], "first_seen": 1359690341, "last_checked": 1359690341, "page_id": 71581, "revid": 1359690341, "written_on": "Ribavirin", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd000181.pub3", "pmid": "17253446", "record_id": 33569, "paper_title": "Ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children (Pub 3)", "cited": true, "section": "Viral hemorrhagic fever", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It is noted by the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) that \"Ribavirin has poor in vitro and in vivo activity against the filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg) and the flaviviruses (dengue, yellow fever, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, and Kyasanur forest disease)\" The aerosol form has been used in the past to treat respiratory syncytial virus-related diseases in children, although the evidence to support this is rather weak.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The aerosol form has been used in the past to treat respiratory syncytial virus-related diseases in children, although the evidence to support this is rather weak.", "reason": "The assessment of weak evidence for pediatric RSV treatment reflects this review's conclusion that trials lacked power; the paper was withdrawn as out of date.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a3bc20430814eebe", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[24]", "others": [ "Goeijenbier M, van Kampen JJ, Reusken CB, Koopmans MP, van Gorp EC (November 2014). \"Ebola virus disease: a review on epidemiology, symptoms, treatment and pathogenesis\". The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 72 (9): 442–448. PMID 25387613. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.", "Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook. United States Government Printing Office. 2011. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-16-090015-0." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 71581 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 53.86666666666667, "severity": 13.466666666666667, "rank": 110 }, { "id": "sha256:6618ac9ee7a3f999", "key": "RW-30209 / 59781843 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377614465 } ], "first_seen": 1377614465, "last_checked": 1377614465, "page_id": 59781843, "revid": 1377614465, "written_on": "History of dental treatments", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003815.pub4", "pmid": "25048469", "record_id": 30209, "paper_title": "Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants (Pub 4)", "cited": true, "section": "Dental implants", "where": "list", "text": "Root form implants; the most common type of implant indicated for all uses. Within the root form type of implant, there are roughly 18 variants, all made of titanium but with different shapes and surface textures. There is limited evidence showing that implants with relatively smooth surfaces are less prone to peri-implantitis than implants with rougher surfaces and no evidence showing that any particular type of dental implant has superior long-term success.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "There is limited evidence showing that implants with relatively smooth surfaces are less prone to peri-implantitis than implants with rougher surfaces and no evidence showing that any particular type of dental implant has superior long-term success.", "reason": "The sentence repeats the review's conclusions about surface roughness, peri-implantitis and long-term success; the review was withdrawn as out of date.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Removed", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:1cfbf3564aad5faa", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[21]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 59781843 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 49.2, "severity": 12.3, "rank": 111 }, { "id": "sha256:deaf196f05c04b00", "key": "RW-1000 / 1551873 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374757828 } ], "first_seen": 1374757828, "last_checked": 1374757828, "page_id": 1551873, "revid": 1374757828, "written_on": "ABC transporter", "doi": "10.1126/science.1107733", "pmid": "15890884", "record_id": 1000, "paper_title": "Structure of the ABC transporter MsbA in complex with ADP vanadate and lipopolysaccharide", "cited": false, "section": "MsbA", "where": "", "text": "MsbA (3.A.1.106.1) is a multi-drug resistant (MDR) ABC transporter and possibly a lipid flippase. It is an ATPase that transports lipid A, the hydrophobic moiety of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a glucosamine-based saccharolipid that makes up the outer monolayer of the outer membranes of most gram-negative bacteria. Lipid A is an endotoxin and so loss of MsbA from the cell membrane or mutations that disrupt transport results in the accumulation of lipid A in the inner cell membrane resulting to cell death. It is a close bacterial homolog of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) by protein sequence homology and has overlapping substrate specificities with the MDR-ABC transporter LmrA from Lactococcus lactis. MsbA from E. coli is 36% identical to the NH2-terminal half of human MDR1, suggesting a common mechanism for transport of amphiphatic and hydrophobic substrates. The MsbA gene encodes a half transporter that contains a transmembrane domain (TMD) fused with a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD). It is assembled as a homodimer with a total molecular mass of 129.2 kD. MsbA contains 6 TMDs on the periplasmic side, an NBD located on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane, and an intracellular domain (ICD), bridging the TMD and NBD. This conserved helix extending from the TMD segments into or near the active site of the NBD is largely responsible for crosstalk between TMD and NBD. In particular, ICD1 serves as a conserved pivot about which the NBD can rotate, therefore allowing the NBD to disassociate and dimerize during ATP binding and hydrolysis.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In particular, ICD1 serves as a conserved pivot about which the NBD can rotate, therefore allowing the NBD to disassociate and dimerize during ATP binding and hydrolysis.", "reason": "This specific structural communication mechanism appears to rest on the paper's proposed coupling between nucleotide-binding and transmembrane domains; an editor must check whether this paragraph has independent support.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.76, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Previously published (and now retracted) X-ray structures of MsbA were inconsistent with the bacterial homolog Sav1866. The structures were reexamined and found to have an error in the assignment of the hand resulting to incorrect models of MsbA.", "section": "MsbA", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:70d63abba2f4c9d1", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1551873 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 47.06666666666667, "severity": 11.766666666666667, "rank": 112 }, { "id": "sha256:a0766d21767eec7f", "key": "RW-1000 / 1551873 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374757828 } ], "first_seen": 1374757828, "last_checked": 1374757828, "page_id": 1551873, "revid": 1374757828, "written_on": "ABC transporter", "doi": "10.1126/science.1107733", "pmid": "15890884", "record_id": 1000, "paper_title": "Structure of the ABC transporter MsbA in complex with ADP vanadate and lipopolysaccharide", "cited": false, "section": "Mechanism of transport for exporters", "where": "", "text": "ABC exporters have a transport mechanism that is consistent with both the alternating-access model and ATP-switch model. In the apo states of exporters, the conformation is inward-facing and the TMDs and NBDs are relatively far apart to accommodate amphiphilic or hydrophobic substrates. For MsbA, in particular, the size of the chamber is large enough to accommodate the sugar groups from lipopolysaccharides (LPS). As has been suggested by several groups, binding of substrate initiates the transport cycle. The \"power stroke\", that is, ATP binding that induces NBD dimerization and formation of the ATP sandwich, drives the conformational changes in the TMDs. In MsbA, the sugar head groups are sequestered within the chamber during the \"power stroke\". The cavity is lined with charged and polar residues that are likely solvated creating an energetically unfavorable environment for hydrophobic substrates and energetically favorable for polar moieties in amphiphilic compounds or sugar groups from LPS. Since the lipid cannot be stable for a long time in the chamber environment, lipid A and other hydrophobic molecules may \"flip\" into an energetically more favorable position within the outer membrane leaflet. The \"flipping\" may also be driven by the rigid-body shearing of the TMDs while the hydrophobic tails of the LPS are dragged through the lipid bilayer. Repacking of the helices switches the conformation into an outward-facing state. ATP hydrolysis may widen the periplasmic opening and push the substrate towards the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer. Hydrolysis of the second ATP molecule and release of Pi separates the NBDs followed by restoration of the resting state, opening the chamber towards the cytoplasm for another cycle.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In MsbA, the sugar head groups are sequestered within the chamber during the \"power stroke\". The cavity is lined with charged and polar residues that are likely solvated creating an energetically unfavorable environment for hydrophobic substrates and energetically favorable for polar moieties in amphiphilic compounds or sugar groups from LPS. Since the lipid cannot be stable for a long time in the chamber environment, lipid A and other hydrophobic molecules may \"flip\" into an energetically more favorable position within the outer membrane leaflet. The \"flipping\" may also be driven by the rigid-body shearing of the TMDs while the hydrophobic tails of the LPS are dragged through the lipid bilayer.", "reason": "This repeats the paper's distinctive proposed flip-flop mechanism, including sequestered sugar groups and lipid tails dragged through the bilayer, without a local retraction warning; an editor must check any sources attached to this paragraph.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Previously published (and now retracted) X-ray structures of MsbA were inconsistent with the bacterial homolog Sav1866. The structures were reexamined and found to have an error in the assignment of the hand resulting to incorrect models of MsbA.", "section": "MsbA", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:70d63abba2f4c9d1", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1551873 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 47.06666666666667, "severity": 11.766666666666667, "rank": 113 }, { "id": "sha256:f4eb91d8e3068f52", "key": "RW-1002 / 1551873 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374757828 } ], "first_seen": 1374757828, "last_checked": 1374757828, "page_id": 1551873, "revid": 1374757828, "written_on": "ABC transporter", "doi": "10.1126/science.293.5536.1793", "pmid": "11546864", "record_id": 1002, "paper_title": "Structure of MsbA from E. coli: a homolog of the multidrug resistance ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters", "cited": false, "section": "MsbA", "where": "", "text": "MsbA (3.A.1.106.1) is a multi-drug resistant (MDR) ABC transporter and possibly a lipid flippase. It is an ATPase that transports lipid A, the hydrophobic moiety of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a glucosamine-based saccharolipid that makes up the outer monolayer of the outer membranes of most gram-negative bacteria. Lipid A is an endotoxin and so loss of MsbA from the cell membrane or mutations that disrupt transport results in the accumulation of lipid A in the inner cell membrane resulting to cell death. It is a close bacterial homolog of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) by protein sequence homology and has overlapping substrate specificities with the MDR-ABC transporter LmrA from Lactococcus lactis. MsbA from E. coli is 36% identical to the NH2-terminal half of human MDR1, suggesting a common mechanism for transport of amphiphatic and hydrophobic substrates. The MsbA gene encodes a half transporter that contains a transmembrane domain (TMD) fused with a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD). It is assembled as a homodimer with a total molecular mass of 129.2 kD. MsbA contains 6 TMDs on the periplasmic side, an NBD located on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane, and an intracellular domain (ICD), bridging the TMD and NBD. This conserved helix extending from the TMD segments into or near the active site of the NBD is largely responsible for crosstalk between TMD and NBD. In particular, ICD1 serves as a conserved pivot about which the NBD can rotate, therefore allowing the NBD to disassociate and dimerize during ATP binding and hydrolysis.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It is assembled as a homodimer with a total molecular mass of 129.2 kD. MsbA contains 6 TMDs on the periplasmic side, an NBD located on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane, and an intracellular domain (ICD), bridging the TMD and NBD.", "reason": "This repeats the paper's homodimer and six-helix structural description; an editor must check whether this paragraph independently cites corrected structures supporting these details.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.83, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Previously published (and now retracted) X-ray structures of MsbA were inconsistent with the bacterial homolog Sav1866. The structures were reexamined and found to have an error in the assignment of the hand resulting to incorrect models of MsbA. Recently, the errors have been rectified and new structures have been reported.", "section": "MsbA", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:98faccc588df7597", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1551873 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 47.06666666666667, "severity": 11.766666666666667, "rank": 114 }, { "id": "sha256:099ecd236702346d", "key": "RW-1002 / 1551873 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374757828 } ], "first_seen": 1374757828, "last_checked": 1374757828, "page_id": 1551873, "revid": 1374757828, "written_on": "ABC transporter", "doi": "10.1126/science.293.5536.1793", "pmid": "11546864", "record_id": 1002, "paper_title": "Structure of MsbA from E. coli: a homolog of the multidrug resistance ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters", "cited": false, "section": "Mechanism of transport for exporters", "where": "", "text": "ABC exporters have a transport mechanism that is consistent with both the alternating-access model and ATP-switch model. In the apo states of exporters, the conformation is inward-facing and the TMDs and NBDs are relatively far apart to accommodate amphiphilic or hydrophobic substrates. For MsbA, in particular, the size of the chamber is large enough to accommodate the sugar groups from lipopolysaccharides (LPS). As has been suggested by several groups, binding of substrate initiates the transport cycle. The \"power stroke\", that is, ATP binding that induces NBD dimerization and formation of the ATP sandwich, drives the conformational changes in the TMDs. In MsbA, the sugar head groups are sequestered within the chamber during the \"power stroke\". The cavity is lined with charged and polar residues that are likely solvated creating an energetically unfavorable environment for hydrophobic substrates and energetically favorable for polar moieties in amphiphilic compounds or sugar groups from LPS. Since the lipid cannot be stable for a long time in the chamber environment, lipid A and other hydrophobic molecules may \"flip\" into an energetically more favorable position within the outer membrane leaflet. The \"flipping\" may also be driven by the rigid-body shearing of the TMDs while the hydrophobic tails of the LPS are dragged through the lipid bilayer. Repacking of the helices switches the conformation into an outward-facing state. ATP hydrolysis may widen the periplasmic opening and push the substrate towards the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer. Hydrolysis of the second ATP molecule and release of Pi separates the NBDs followed by restoration of the resting state, opening the chamber towards the cytoplasm for another cycle.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The cavity is lined with charged and polar residues that are likely solvated creating an energetically unfavorable environment for hydrophobic substrates and energetically favorable for polar moieties in amphiphilic compounds or sugar groups from LPS.", "reason": "This echoes the paper's proposed transport mechanism based on charged residues lining a central chamber; an editor must check whether the paragraph's own sources establish this interpretation from corrected structures.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.78, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Previously published (and now retracted) X-ray structures of MsbA were inconsistent with the bacterial homolog Sav1866. The structures were reexamined and found to have an error in the assignment of the hand resulting to incorrect models of MsbA. Recently, the errors have been rectified and new structures have been reported.", "section": "MsbA", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:98faccc588df7597", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1551873 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 47.06666666666667, "severity": 11.766666666666667, "rank": 115 }, { "id": "sha256:37b1a65d034618b8", "key": "RW-2086 / 41787575 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372543632 } ], "first_seen": 1372543632, "last_checked": 1372543632, "page_id": 41787575, "revid": 1372543632, "written_on": "Haruko Obokata", "doi": "10.1038/nature12969", "pmid": "24476891", "record_id": 2086, "paper_title": "Bidirectional Developmental Potential in Reprogrammed Cells With Acquired Pluripotency", "cited": false, "section": "STAP cell controversy", "where": "", "text": "In 2016, Obokata's book Ano hi (あの日- That Day) was published by Kodansha. In her account of the controversy, Obokata relates her association with Wakayama, writing that \"crucial parts of the STAP experiments were handled only by Wakayama\", that she received the STAP cells from Wakayama, and that Wakayama \"changed his accounts of how the STAP cells were produced.\" Obokata later wrote \"I feel a strong sense of responsibility for the STAP papers [...], \"I never wrote those papers to deceive anyone,\" and \"STAP was real.\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Obokata later wrote \"I feel a strong sense of responsibility for the STAP papers [...], \"I never wrote those papers to deceive anyone,\" and \"STAP was real.\"", "reason": "The reported assertion repeats the disputed STAP finding without a local retraction or refutation warning; an editor must check whether this paragraph's own source adequately contextualizes the quotation.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Attempts to replicate Obokata's STAP cell results failed.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Within days of publication of the Nature articles, \"disturbing allegations emerged [...] images looked doctored, and chunks of [...] text were lifted from other papers.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In manipulating the image data of two different gels and using data from two different experiments, Dr. Obokata acted in a manner that can by no means be permitted.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In June 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both papers.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Near the time of retraction, \"genetic analysis showed that the STAP cells didn’t match the mice from which they supposedly came.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "\"the obvious, and rather depressing, explanation is that her so-called STAP cells were just regular embryonic stem cells that someone had taken from a freezer and relabelled.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Those efforts failed to replicate the results originally reported.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In a February 2015 article, The Guardian reported that Obokata was guilty of \"unbelievable carelessness\", having \"manipulated images and plagiarised text.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2ea688c046bc05b7", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 41787575 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 46.56666666666667, "severity": 11.641666666666667, "rank": 116 }, { "id": "sha256:a80a1a5ba89cac54", "key": "RW-30656 / 21099851 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1328545168 } ], "first_seen": 1328545168, "last_checked": 1328545168, "page_id": 21099851, "revid": 1328545168, "written_on": "Guttate psoriasis", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd001213", "pmid": "10796758", "record_id": 30656, "paper_title": "Interventions for guttate psoriasis", "cited": true, "section": "Management", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Few studies have specifically focused on guttate psoriasis management, so there are currently no firm guidelines for managing guttate psoriasis differently from plaque psoriasis.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Few studies have specifically focused on guttate psoriasis management, so there are currently no firm guidelines for managing guttate psoriasis differently from plaque psoriasis.", "reason": "This states the review's conclusion about the lack of treatment evidence as current; the accompanying systematic review plausibly supports it but is also old, so an up-to-date source is needed.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:91b4636dd353f48c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[11]", "others": [ "Chalmers RJ, O'Sullivan T, Owen CM, Griffiths CE (December 2001). \"A systematic review of treatments for guttate psoriasis\". The British Journal of Dermatology. 145 (6): 891–4. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04505.x. PMID 11899141. S2CID 27381477." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 21099851 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 46.43333333333333, "severity": 11.608333333333333, "rank": 117 }, { "id": "sha256:99b860d18960bb0b", "key": "RW-498 / 8938711 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1342480562 } ], "first_seen": 1342480562, "last_checked": 1342480562, "page_id": 8938711, "revid": 1342480562, "written_on": "Gene-for-gene relationship", "doi": "10.1126/science.1173438", "pmid": "19892983", "record_id": 498, "paper_title": "A Type I-secreted, Sulfated Peptide Triggers XA21-mediated Innate Immunity", "cited": true, "section": "Classes of resistance gene", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The PRR class of R genes includes the rice XA21 resistance gene that recognizes the ax21 peptide and the Arabidopsis FLS2 peptide that recognizes the flg22 peptide from flagellin.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "the rice XA21 resistance gene that recognizes the ax21 peptide", "reason": "This states the retracted paper's specific Ax21-recognition finding; the later paper's title supports XA21 recognition of a sulfated protein but does not establish that it is Ax21.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Contamination of Cell Lines/Tissues", "Doing the Right Thing", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2eb0900711149f9d", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Sang-Won Lee 2009. pp. 850-853", "marker": "[10]", "others": [ "Pruitt RN, Schwessinger B, Joe A, Thomas N, Liu F, Albert M, et al. (July 2015). \"The rice immune receptor XA21 recognizes a tyrosine-sulfated protein from a Gram-negative bacterium\". Science Advances. 1 (6) e1500245. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0245P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500245. PMC 4646787. PMID 26601222." ], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 8938711 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.433333333333334, "severity": 10.433333333333334, "rank": 118 }, { "id": "sha256:cb100fd99295d985", "key": "RW-498 / 8938711 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1342480562 } ], "first_seen": 1342480562, "last_checked": 1342480562, "page_id": 8938711, "revid": 1342480562, "written_on": "Gene-for-gene relationship", "doi": "10.1126/science.1173438", "pmid": "19892983", "record_id": 498, "paper_title": "A Type I-secreted, Sulfated Peptide Triggers XA21-mediated Innate Immunity", "cited": false, "section": "Guard hypothesis", "where": "", "text": "In only some cases is there direct interaction between the R gene product and the Avr gene product. For example, both FLS2 and XA21 interact with the microbial peptides. In contrast, for the NBS-LRR class of R genes, direct interaction has not been shown for most of the R/avr pairs. This lack of evidence for a direct interaction led to the formation of the guard hypothesis for the NBS-LRR class of R genes.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "For example, both FLS2 and XA21 interact with the microbial peptides.", "reason": "The XA21 portion appears to repeat the retracted peptide-binding finding cited earlier; an editor should check whether this paragraph has an independent source establishing a different XA21 ligand.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.85, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Contamination of Cell Lines/Tissues", "Doing the Right Thing", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2eb0900711149f9d", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 8938711 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.433333333333334, "severity": 10.433333333333334, "rank": 119 }, { "id": "sha256:cfa752a5392f11ff", "key": "RW-521 / 6022892 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377217948 } ], "first_seen": 1377217948, "last_checked": 1377217948, "page_id": 6022892, "revid": 1377217948, "written_on": "List of phylogenetics software", "doi": "10.1186/1471-2148-4-18", "pmid": "15222900", "record_id": 521, "paper_title": "TREEFINDER: a powerful graphical analysis environment for molecular phylogenetics", "cited": true, "section": "List", "where": "table", "text": "Treefinder Fast ML tree reconstruction, bootstrap analysis, model selection, hypothesis testing, tree calibration, tree manipulation and visualization, computation of sitewise rates, sequence simulation, many models of evolution (DNA, protein, rRNA, mixed protein, user-definable), GUI and scripting language Maximum likelihood, distances, and others Jobb G, von Haeseler A, Strimmer K", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Fast ML tree reconstruction, bootstrap analysis, model selection, hypothesis testing, tree calibration, tree manipulation and visualization, computation of sitewise rates, sequence simulation, many models of evolution (DNA, protein, rRNA, mixed protein, user-definable), GUI and scripting language", "reason": "The row presents TREEFINDER's capabilities as fact, relying on the paper describing the software; the stated retraction reasons do not directly undermine those capabilities, but an unretracted source is needed.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Breach of Policy by Author", "Copyright Claims", "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8c800229ad51e327", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "pmid15222900", "marker": "[54]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 6022892 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.166666666666666, "severity": 10.166666666666666, "rank": 120 }, { "id": "sha256:0a3a904310dfddfa", "key": "RW-216 / 14304380 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1300576965 } ], "first_seen": 1300576965, "last_checked": 1300576965, "page_id": 14304380, "revid": 1300576965, "written_on": "SMARCB1", "doi": "10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00436-7", "pmid": "12837248", "record_id": 216, "paper_title": "The Chromatin-remodeling Complex WINAC Targets a Nuclear Receptor to Promoters and is Impaired in Williams Syndrome", "cited": true, "section": "Interactions", "where": "list", "text": "BAZ1B,", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "BAZ1B,", "reason": "Under the interaction-list introduction, this item asserts a SMARCB1–BAZ1B (WSTF) interaction supported only by the retracted WINAC study.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Data", "Error in Image", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:7b7cc7fb6909e0e1", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "pmid12837248", "marker": "[11]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 14304380 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.1, "severity": 10.1, "rank": 121 }, { "id": "sha256:8b8d125ecb6c69a5", "key": "RW-68786 / 12044406 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374944749 } ], "first_seen": 1374944749, "last_checked": 1374944749, "page_id": 12044406, "revid": 1374944749, "written_on": "CDC42", "doi": "10.3892/ijo.2014.2748", "pmid": "25394485", "record_id": 68786, "paper_title": "Cdc42 expression in cervical cancer and its effects on cervical tumor invasion and migration", "cited": true, "section": "Role in cancer", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In one study studying the role of Cdc42 in cervical cancer, immunohistochemistry was used to detect Cdc42 expression in three types of tissues: normal cervical tissues, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I or below, CIN II or above, and cervical cancer tissues.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Cdc42 expression was gradually increased showing significant difference and was significantly higher in HeLa cells than in regular cells.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the paper's cervical-tissue and HeLa expression findings as true, although this footnote ends on the preceding methods sentence.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Author Unresponsive", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of Data", "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b24edd63f1565090", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Ye_2015", "marker": "[13]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 12044406 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.033333333333333, "severity": 10.033333333333333, "rank": 122 }, { "id": "sha256:c8813569d8015af3", "key": "RW-68786 / 12044406 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374944749 } ], "first_seen": 1374944749, "last_checked": 1374944749, "page_id": 12044406, "revid": 1374944749, "written_on": "CDC42", "doi": "10.3892/ijo.2014.2748", "pmid": "25394485", "record_id": 68786, "paper_title": "Cdc42 expression in cervical cancer and its effects on cervical tumor invasion and migration", "cited": true, "section": "Role in cancer", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The migration ability of HeLa cells transfected with Cdc42 was higher than that of non-transfected cells.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The migration ability of HeLa cells transfected with Cdc42 was higher than that of non-transfected cells.", "reason": "This directly reports the retracted paper's migration result without qualification; concerns about unreliable and duplicated data undermine its sole support.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Author Unresponsive", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of Data", "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b24edd63f1565090", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Ye_2015", "marker": "[13]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 12044406 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.033333333333333, "severity": 10.033333333333333, "rank": 123 }, { "id": "sha256:7265f1ce2456de4f", "key": "RW-68786 / 12044406 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374944749 } ], "first_seen": 1374944749, "last_checked": 1374944749, "page_id": 12044406, "revid": 1374944749, "written_on": "CDC42", "doi": "10.3892/ijo.2014.2748", "pmid": "25394485", "record_id": 68786, "paper_title": "Cdc42 expression in cervical cancer and its effects on cervical tumor invasion and migration", "cited": true, "section": "Role in cancer", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Cdc42 overexpression significantly improved the ability of cervical cancer cells to migrate, possibly due to improved pseudopodia formation.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It was proposed that the overexpression of Cdc42 can promote filopodia formation in HeLa cells. Cdc42 overexpression significantly improved the ability of cervical cancer cells to migrate, possibly due to improved pseudopodia formation.", "reason": "These sentences repeat the paper's filopodia finding and migration conclusion without disclosing its retraction, and no other support is supplied.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Author Unresponsive", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of Data", "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b24edd63f1565090", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Ye_2015", "marker": "[13]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 12044406 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.033333333333333, "severity": 10.033333333333333, "rank": 124 }, { "id": "sha256:548aee09440dd911", "key": "RW-32245 / 647283 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378261420 } ], "first_seen": 1378261420, "last_checked": 1378261420, "page_id": 647283, "revid": 1378261420, "written_on": "Lidocaine/prilocaine", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd000496", "pmid": "10796371", "record_id": 32245, "paper_title": "Lidocaine‐prilocaine cream for analgesia during circumcision in newborn boys", "cited": true, "section": "Circumcision", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Lidocaine/prilocaine eutectic mixture has been used during circumcision in newborn boys and has been considered efficacious and safe to lessen pain from circumcision.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Lidocaine/prilocaine eutectic mixture has been used during circumcision in newborn boys and has been considered efficacious and safe to lessen pain from circumcision.", "reason": "The sentence presents the review’s pain-reduction conclusion as valid; the supplied abstract does not establish the additional safety claim, and the reason for removal is unspecified.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ee17b932c55a3bb2", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[11]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 647283 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 18.566666666666666, "severity": 9.283333333333333, "rank": 125 }, { "id": "sha256:bfa5bca969faa507", "key": "RW-54364 / 71365995 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375081153 } ], "first_seen": 1375081153, "last_checked": 1375081153, "page_id": 71365995, "revid": 1375081153, "written_on": "Sylvain Lesné", "doi": "10.1038/nature04533", "pmid": "16541076", "record_id": 54364, "paper_title": "A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory", "cited": false, "section": "Alzheimer's research", "where": "", "text": "Lesné is the lead author, with Ashe and others as co-authors, of a controversial 2006 report published in Nature. The paper, \"A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory\", suggested the Aβ*56 oligomer (known as amyloid beta star 56 and Abeta*56) as a cause of Alzheimer's disease. The study proposed that Aβ*56 was responsible for the memory deficits that occur in Alzheimer's. According to the Star Tribune, images from the study showed the Aβ*56 protein growing as mice began to decline and age with dementia.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The paper, \"A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory\", suggested the Aβ*56 oligomer (known as amyloid beta star 56 and Abeta*56) as a cause of Alzheimer's disease. The study proposed that Aβ*56 was responsible for the memory deficits that occur in Alzheimer's. According to the Star Tribune, images from the study showed the Aβ*56 protein growing as mice began to decline and age with dementia.", "reason": "This retells the paper's specific Aβ*56 findings without a local retraction or refutation warning; the Star Tribune attribution reports those same findings rather than independent validation, and an editor should check the paragraph's sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Lesné's work in the 2006 publication and others has been investigated since June 2022 on charges that he manipulated images to inflate the role of Aβ*56 in Alzheimer's.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Retracted in 2024, the paper was foundational in the hypothesis that one specific toxic oligomer of the amyloid beta protein, known as Aβ*56, caused memory impairment in Alzheimer's, aligned with the prevailing amyloid hypothesis.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Karen Ashe, the senior author of the 2006 Nature paper – and all authors except Lesné – agreed to retract the paper which, according to Retraction Watch, makes it the second most highly cited paper ever retracted.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "A July 2022 publication in Science authored by Charles Piller questioned the authenticity of Western blot images used in Lesné's research; Piller's report alleges, based on a six-month investigation, that images may have been doctored to emphasize the role of Aβ*56 in Alzheimer's. Matthew Schrag, a Vanderbilt University neuroscientist, raised concerns in a whistleblower report that images were falsified, casting doubt on the association between the Aβ*56 protein and dementia symptoms.", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The editors of Nature responded with a July 14, 2022 note stating that they were aware of and investigating the concerns and that \"readers are advised to use caution when using results reported therein\".", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "USA Today reported that Ashe had started the process to retract the Nature paper, but that had not been done as of July 29, 2022 because six of the eight co-authors would not sign off on the request.", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "### 2024 retraction", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In May 2024, Ashe announced that the 2006 publication would be retracted, although she stated that the manipulated images did not affect the study's conclusions; according to Retraction Watch, this makes it the second most highly cited paper ever retracted.", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Nature published retraction of the article on June 24, 2024, noting that the edited images showed \"excessive manipulation, including splicing, duplication and the use of an eraser tool\".", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Olson wrote that the allegations \"wouldn't scuttle the entire theory of amyloid proteins\", but \"Selkoe told Science that they undercut the existence of the Aβ*56 protein that is central to Lesné's research.\"", "section": "Impact on Alzheimer's research", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Selkoe, who Science describes as \"a leading advocate of the amyloid and toxic oligomer hypotheses\", opined that the \"broader amyloid hypothesis remains viable\" and referred to the alleged image manipulation as \"what really looks like a very egregious example of malfeasance that's squarely in the Aβ oligomer field\".", "section": "Impact on Alzheimer's research", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In a February 13, 2025 book review of Charles Piller's Doctored: Fraud, Arrogance, and Tragedy in the Quest to Cure Alzheimer's, Carl Elliott wrote that \"shocking was that some of Lesné's work had come from the lab of Karen Ashe, one of the most acclaimed neuroscientists in the field\", noting that the University of Minnesota had the \"dubious distinction of producing two of the five most highly cited scientific papers ever to be retracted\" according to Retraction Watch.", "section": "Legacy", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Manipulation of Images", "Objections by Author(s)", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9d72401407fa66b7", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 71365995 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 36.6, "severity": 9.15, "rank": 126 }, { "id": "sha256:eb52ec8cd2347177", "key": "RW-72836 / 56868542 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378412020 } ], "first_seen": 1378412020, "last_checked": 1378412020, "page_id": 56868542, "revid": 1378412020, "written_on": "Climate change in Asia", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-024-07219-0", "pmid": "38632481", "record_id": 72836, "paper_title": "The economic commitment of climate change", "cited": true, "section": "Agriculture, economy and society", "where": "caption", "text": "Economic impacts of climate change under high emissions (orange) are estimated to be greater compared to low emissions (blue) after around 2050 (dashed lines) at 1% statistical significance in Middle East, South, Southeast and East Asia, no statistical difference found for Central Asia/Russia region.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Economic impacts of climate change under high emissions (orange) are estimated to be greater compared to low emissions (blue) after around 2050 (dashed lines) at 1% statistical significance in Middle East, South, Southeast and East Asia, no statistical difference found for Central Asia/Russia region.", "reason": "The caption presents the paper's regional economic-damage projections and statistical comparisons as valid results; the retraction concerns data, methods and analytical errors.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Methods", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6c12766c05b30736", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[41]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 56868542 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 9.0, "severity": 9.0, "rank": 127 }, { "id": "sha256:a4916041de9b4e0f", "key": "RW-36319 / 70579655 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362085996 } ], "first_seen": 1362085996, "last_checked": 1362085996, "page_id": 70579655, "revid": 1362085996, "written_on": "Simufilam", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0001554", "pmid": "18253501", "record_id": 36319, "paper_title": "High-Affinity Naloxone Binding to Filamin A Prevents Mu Opioid Receptor–Gs Coupling Underlying Opioid Tolerance and Dependence", "cited": true, "section": "Pharmacology", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Burns and Wang reported in 2008 that FLNA contains the high-affinity binding site of naloxone and naltrexone in preventing opioid tolerance and dependence, and in 2020 that by disrupting that simufilam reduces the ultra-tight binding of amyloid beta 42 to the alpha-7 nicotinic receptor.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Burns and Wang reported in 2008 that FLNA contains the high-affinity binding site of naloxone and naltrexone in preventing opioid tolerance and dependence", "reason": "This attributes the retracted paper's binding and opioid-tolerance findings without disclosing its retraction in this paragraph; the other sources concern Alzheimer's disease rather than independent confirmation of this finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Both of these papers were retracted by PLOS One in 2022.", "section": "History", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Two papers were retracted by journals and expressions of concern were issued for other papers.", "section": "Allegations of research irregularities", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Two papers unrelated to Alzheimer's disease that reported FLNA binding by certain opioid antagonists and FLNA's role in opioid tolerance and dependence were retracted for \"similarities in background pixels\" in western blot images without evidence of data manipulation.", "section": "Allegations of research irregularities", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b4f89f253759aa41", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wang_2008", "marker": "[6]", "others": [ "Wang HY, Pei Z, Lee KC, Lopez-Brignoni E, Nikolov B, Crowley CA, et al. (2020). \"PTI-125 Reduces Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease in Patients\". The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. 7 (4): 256–264. doi:10.14283/jpad.2020.6. PMID 32920628. S2CID 211039039.", "Wang HY, Bakshi K, Frankfurt M, Stucky A, Goberdhan M, Shah SM, et al. (July 2012). \"Reducing amyloid-related Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis by a small molecule targeting filamin A\". The Journal of Neuroscience. 32 (29): 9773–9784. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0354-12.2012. PMC 6621293. PMID 22815492. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2306-21.2021, PMID 34921050, Retraction Watch)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 70579655 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 8.033333333333333, "severity": 8.033333333333333, "rank": 128 }, { "id": "sha256:da34e2fe17851307", "key": "RW-20190 / 60275503 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376351408 } ], "first_seen": 1376351408, "last_checked": 1376351408, "page_id": 60275503, "revid": 1376351408, "written_on": "Physician burnout", "doi": "10.1001/jama.2018.12615", "pmid": "30422299", "record_id": 20190, "paper_title": "Association of Clinical Specialty With Symptoms of Burnout and Career Choice Regret Among US Resident Physicians", "cited": true, "section": "Prevalence", "where": "paragraph", "text": "\"Our data show wide variability in the prevalence of burnout by clinical specialty, and that anxiety, social support and empathy during medical school relate to the risk of burnout during residency,\" says Liselotte Dyrbye, M.D., a Mayo Clinic researcher and first author of the article \"Association of Clinical Specialty With Symptoms of Burnout and Career Choice Regret Among US Resident Physicians\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "\"Our data show wide variability in the prevalence of burnout by clinical specialty, and that anxiety, social support and empathy during medical school relate to the risk of burnout during residency,\"", "reason": "The quotation presents the study's specialty differences and medical-school predictors as valid findings without disclosing the retraction; because this was a retract-and-replace case, the replacement needs checking.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:dcbb68b831692387", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[3]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 60275503 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 8.0, "severity": 8.0, "rank": 129 }, { "id": "sha256:f3625aa2a82ce026", "key": "RW-73382 / 14723340 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-08", "revid": 1378026922 } ], "first_seen": 1378026922, "last_checked": 1378026922, "page_id": 14723340, "revid": 1378026922, "written_on": "PEDF", "doi": "10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3744", "pmid": "15958558", "record_id": 73382, "paper_title": "Two Functional Epitopes of Pigment Epithelial–Derived Factor Block Angiogenesis and Induce Differentiation in Prostate Cancer", "cited": true, "section": "Protein", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A 34-mer fragment of PEDF (residues 24-57) was shown to have antiangiogenic properties, and a 44-mer (residues 58-101) was shown to have neurotrophic properties.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A 34-mer fragment of PEDF (residues 24-57) was shown to have antiangiogenic properties, and a 44-mer (residues 58-101) was shown to have neurotrophic properties.", "reason": "The sentence presents the paper’s functional mapping of PEDF peptides as established findings, with no other citation supporting it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Data", "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5e2eb99fe5fb68e3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid15958558", "marker": "[12]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 14723340 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 7.7, "severity": 7.7, "rank": 130 }, { "id": "sha256:b514b3a55f7f0892", "key": "RW-73382 / 14723340 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-08", "revid": 1378026922 } ], "first_seen": 1378026922, "last_checked": 1378026922, "page_id": 14723340, "revid": 1378026922, "written_on": "PEDF", "doi": "10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3744", "pmid": "15958558", "record_id": 73382, "paper_title": "Two Functional Epitopes of Pigment Epithelial–Derived Factor Block Angiogenesis and Induce Differentiation in Prostate Cancer", "cited": false, "section": "Signaling", "where": "", "text": "Secreted PEDF binds a receptor on the cell surface termed PEDF-R. PEDF-R has phospholipase A2 activity which liberates fatty acids from glycerolipids. PEDF enhances gamma-secretase activity, leading to the cleavage of the VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR-1) transmembrane domain. This action interferes with VEGF signaling thereby inhibiting angiogenesis. Laminin receptor is also a target for PEDF, and the interaction occurs between residues 24-57 of PEDF, a region known to regulate antiangiogenic function.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Laminin receptor is also a target for PEDF, and the interaction occurs between residues 24-57 of PEDF, a region known to regulate antiangiogenic function.", "reason": "The characterization of residues 24-57 as an antiangiogenic region repeats the retracted paper’s peptide mapping; the receptor interaction may have an independent source that an editor should check.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Data", "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5e2eb99fe5fb68e3", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 14723340 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 7.7, "severity": 7.7, "rank": 131 }, { "id": "sha256:26cf0ba817e8d35c", "key": "RW-73382 / 14723340 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-08", "revid": 1378026922 } ], "first_seen": 1378026922, "last_checked": 1378026922, "page_id": 14723340, "revid": 1378026922, "written_on": "PEDF", "doi": "10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3744", "pmid": "15958558", "record_id": 73382, "paper_title": "Two Functional Epitopes of Pigment Epithelial–Derived Factor Block Angiogenesis and Induce Differentiation in Prostate Cancer", "cited": false, "section": "Function", "where": "", "text": "PEDF has a variety of functions including antiangiogenic, antitumorigenic, and neurotrophic properties. Endothelial cell migration is inhibited by PEDF. PEDF suppresses retinal neovascularization and endothelial cell proliferation. The antiangiogenic residues 24-57 were shown to be sufficient at inhibiting angiogenesis. PEDF is also responsible for apoptosis of endothelial cells either through the p38 MAPK pathway or through the FAS/FASL pathway Antiangiogenic function is also conferred by PEDF through inhibition of both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The antiangiogenic residues 24-57 were shown to be sufficient at inhibiting angiogenesis.", "reason": "This repeats the paper’s specific finding that the 34-mer inhibits angiogenesis; an editor should check whether this paragraph has independent supporting sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Data", "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5e2eb99fe5fb68e3", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 14723340 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 7.7, "severity": 7.7, "rank": 132 }, { "id": "sha256:1358d524d90c9247", "key": "RW-31398 / 17844308 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1314808670 } ], "first_seen": 1314808670, "last_checked": 1314808670, "page_id": 17844308, "revid": 1314808670, "written_on": "Tongue disease", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd005519.pub2", "pmid": "16625641", "record_id": 31398, "paper_title": "Tongue scraping for treating halitosis (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Unknown", "where": "list", "text": "Tongue coating - food debris, desquamated epithelial cells and bacteria often form a visible tongue coating. This coating has been identified as a major contributing factor in bad breath (halitosis), which can be managed by brushing the tongue gently with a toothbrush or using special oral hygiene instruments such as tongue scrapers or mouth brushes.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This coating has been identified as a major contributing factor in bad breath (halitosis), which can be managed by brushing the tongue gently with a toothbrush or using special oral hygiene instruments such as tongue scrapers or mouth brushes.", "reason": "The halitosis-management claim draws on the review's tongue-cleaning results; the periodontology textbook plausibly supports it independently, and the review was retracted and replaced.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:405a2a2766aef9b0", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "Outhouse2006", "marker": "[8]", "others": [ "Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA, eds. (2012). Carranza's clinical periodontology (11th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 84–96. ISBN 978-1-4377-0416-7." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 17844308 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 15.266666666666667, "severity": 7.633333333333334, "rank": 133 }, { "id": "sha256:568253f30eb0b660", "key": "RW-7815 / 1041856 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374052512 } ], "first_seen": 1374052512, "last_checked": 1374052512, "page_id": 1041856, "revid": 1374052512, "written_on": "Porin (protein)", "doi": "10.2174/1389203711213080012", "pmid": "23305369", "record_id": 7815, "paper_title": "Microbe-Host Interactions: Structure and Role of Gram-Negative Bacterial Porins", "cited": true, "section": "Structure", "where": "paragraph", "text": "All porins form homotrimers in the outer membrane, meaning that three identical porin subunits associate together to form a porin super-structure with three channels.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "All porins form homotrimers in the outer membrane, meaning that three identical porin subunits associate together to form a porin super-structure with three channels.", "reason": "The citation supports this structural claim from the review; text plagiarism does not itself establish that the claim is false, but an independent source is needed.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Plagiarism of Text" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0531da90421643ae", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Falanga_2012", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1041856 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 30.5, "severity": 7.625, "rank": 134 }, { "id": "sha256:f5bddcabba83f796", "key": "RW-7815 / 1041856 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374052512 } ], "first_seen": 1374052512, "last_checked": 1374052512, "page_id": 1041856, "revid": 1374052512, "written_on": "Porin (protein)", "doi": "10.2174/1389203711213080012", "pmid": "23305369", "record_id": 7815, "paper_title": "Microbe-Host Interactions: Structure and Role of Gram-Negative Bacterial Porins", "cited": true, "section": "Cellular roles", "where": "paragraph", "text": "These specificities are determined by the threshold sizes of the porins, and the amino acid residues lining them.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "These specificities are determined by the threshold sizes of the porins, and the amino acid residues lining them.", "reason": "The sentence presents the review's account of porin selectivity as fact; the plagiarism retraction calls for independent sourcing.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Plagiarism of Text" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0531da90421643ae", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Falanga_2012", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1041856 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 30.5, "severity": 7.625, "rank": 135 }, { "id": "sha256:1c4be4a045467879", "key": "RW-7815 / 1041856 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374052512 } ], "first_seen": 1374052512, "last_checked": 1374052512, "page_id": 1041856, "revid": 1374052512, "written_on": "Porin (protein)", "doi": "10.2174/1389203711213080012", "pmid": "23305369", "record_id": 7815, "paper_title": "Microbe-Host Interactions: Structure and Role of Gram-Negative Bacterial Porins", "cited": true, "section": "Cellular roles", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The outer membrane is more permeable to hydrophilic substances, due to the presence of porins.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The outer membrane is more permeable to hydrophilic substances, due to the presence of porins.", "reason": "This functional claim relies on the cited review's account of outer-membrane transport and needs a non-retracted source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Plagiarism of Text" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0531da90421643ae", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Falanga_2012", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1041856 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 30.5, "severity": 7.625, "rank": 136 }, { "id": "sha256:c561da7d809151df", "key": "RW-7815 / 1041856 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374052512 } ], "first_seen": 1374052512, "last_checked": 1374052512, "page_id": 1041856, "revid": 1374052512, "written_on": "Porin (protein)", "doi": "10.2174/1389203711213080012", "pmid": "23305369", "record_id": 7815, "paper_title": "Microbe-Host Interactions: Structure and Role of Gram-Negative Bacterial Porins", "cited": true, "section": "Antibiotic resistance", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Therapeutic treatments, like vaccinations and antibiotics, are used to supplement this immune response.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Many porins are targets for host immune cells, resulting in signaling pathways that lead to bacterial degradation. Therapeutic treatments, like vaccinations and antibiotics, are used to supplement this immune response.", "reason": "The footnote plausibly covers both the preceding immune-signaling claim and the treatment claim, matching the review's focus on immune responses and therapeutic targets.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Plagiarism of Text" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0531da90421643ae", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Falanga_2012", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1041856 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 30.5, "severity": 7.625, "rank": 137 }, { "id": "sha256:496130a23e696e2c", "key": "RW-7815 / 1041856 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374052512 } ], "first_seen": 1374052512, "last_checked": 1374052512, "page_id": 1041856, "revid": 1374052512, "written_on": "Porin (protein)", "doi": "10.2174/1389203711213080012", "pmid": "23305369", "record_id": 7815, "paper_title": "Microbe-Host Interactions: Structure and Role of Gram-Negative Bacterial Porins", "cited": true, "section": "Antibiotic resistance", "where": "paragraph", "text": "However, due to selective pressure, bacteria can develop resistance through mutations in the porin gene.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "However, due to selective pressure, bacteria can develop resistance through mutations in the porin gene.", "reason": "The sentence uses the review as evidence for a porin-mediated resistance mechanism; plagiarism alone does not invalidate the mechanism, but independent sourcing is needed.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Plagiarism of Text" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0531da90421643ae", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Falanga_2012", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1041856 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 30.5, "severity": 7.625, "rank": 138 }, { "id": "sha256:94d7db60ebfac6fa", "key": "RW-7815 / 1041856 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374052512 } ], "first_seen": 1374052512, "last_checked": 1374052512, "page_id": 1041856, "revid": 1374052512, "written_on": "Porin (protein)", "doi": "10.2174/1389203711213080012", "pmid": "23305369", "record_id": 7815, "paper_title": "Microbe-Host Interactions: Structure and Role of Gram-Negative Bacterial Porins", "cited": true, "section": "Antibiotic resistance", "where": "paragraph", "text": "These changes have contributed to the global emergence of antibiotic resistance, and an increase in mortality rates from infections.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The mutations may lead to a loss of porins, resulting in the antibiotics having a lower permeability or being completely excluded from transport. These changes have contributed to the global emergence of antibiotic resistance, and an increase in mortality rates from infections.", "reason": "The closing citation plausibly supports both the transport mechanism and its claimed public-health consequences; each requires independent verification and sourcing.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Plagiarism of Text" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0531da90421643ae", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Falanga_2012", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1041856 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 30.5, "severity": 7.625, "rank": 139 }, { "id": "sha256:489b5009b3f388ec", "key": "RW-7815 / 1041856 / #7", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374052512 } ], "first_seen": 1374052512, "last_checked": 1374052512, "page_id": 1041856, "revid": 1374052512, "written_on": "Porin (protein)", "doi": "10.2174/1389203711213080012", "pmid": "23305369", "record_id": 7815, "paper_title": "Microbe-Host Interactions: Structure and Role of Gram-Negative Bacterial Porins", "cited": false, "section": "Structure", "where": "", "text": "Porins are composed of beta sheets (β sheets) made up of beta strands (β strands) which are linked together by beta turns (β turns) on the cytoplasmic side and long loops of amino acids on the other. The β strands lie in an antiparallel fashion and form a cylindrical tube, called a beta barrel (β barrel). The amino acid composition of the porin β strands are unique in that polar and nonpolar residues alternate along them. This means that the nonpolar residues face outward so as to interact with the nonpolar lipids of outer membrane, whereas the polar residues face inwards into the center of the beta barrel to create the aqueous channel. The specific amino acids in the channel determine the specificity of the porin to different molecules.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The specific amino acids in the channel determine the specificity of the porin to different molecules.", "reason": "This repeats the amino-acid basis of selectivity explicitly supported by the retracted review under Cellular roles; an editor must check whether this separate paragraph has independent sourcing.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.85, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Plagiarism of Text" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0531da90421643ae", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1041856 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 30.5, "severity": 7.625, "rank": 140 }, { "id": "sha256:1c23fc5166e232ab", "key": "RW-221 / 30485345 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369946876 } ], "first_seen": 1369946876, "last_checked": 1369946876, "page_id": 30485345, "revid": 1369946876, "written_on": "2011 in science", "doi": "10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.007", "pmid": "21816272", "record_id": 221, "paper_title": "Directed Conversion of Alzheimer's Disease Patient Skin Fibroblasts Into Functional Neurons", "cited": true, "section": "August", "where": "list", "text": "Bypassing stem cells, scientists have made neurons directly from human skin. (Cell)", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Bypassing stem cells, scientists have made neurons directly from human skin.", "reason": "This states the paper's claimed direct conversion of adult skin fibroblasts into neurons as fact; data and image fabrication undermine that finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Ethical Violations by Author", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c28895d51fd6ac7d", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 30485345 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 7.533333333333333, "severity": 7.533333333333333, "rank": 141 }, { "id": "sha256:db2e0444ba8d4e7b", "key": "RW-20119 / 30485345 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369946876 } ], "first_seen": 1369946876, "last_checked": 1369946876, "page_id": 30485345, "revid": 1369946876, "written_on": "2011 in science", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61590-0", "pmid": "22088800", "record_id": 20119, "paper_title": "Cardiac stem cells in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (SCIPIO): initial results of a randomised phase 1 trial", "cited": true, "section": "November", "where": "list", "text": "A study of heart failure patients treated with their own stem cells has achieved striking results and could result in the biggest breakthrough in a generation. (Daily Telegraph) (The Lancet)", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A study of heart failure patients treated with their own stem cells has achieved striking results and could result in the biggest breakthrough in a generation.", "reason": "The item presents SCIPIO's reported therapeutic benefits as credible results, although the paper was retracted for unreliable data and conclusions; no other supporting citations were supplied.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:55801f1946e281b8", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 30485345 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 7.533333333333333, "severity": 7.533333333333333, "rank": 142 }, { "id": "sha256:c13ef621abb0fc0c", "key": "RW-4666 / 14071313 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362595177 } ], "first_seen": 1362595177, "last_checked": 1362595177, "page_id": 14071313, "revid": 1362595177, "written_on": "CEBPB", "doi": "10.1101/gad.937201", "pmid": "11711437", "record_id": 4666, "paper_title": "TIF1beta functions as a coactivator for C/EBPbeta and is required for induced differentiation in the myelomonocytic cell line U937", "cited": true, "section": "Interactions", "where": "list", "text": "TRIM28, and", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "TRIM28, and", "reason": "TRIM28 is TIF1beta; the list asserts the physical interaction with C/EBPbeta reported in the retracted paper, while the 1998 paper plausibly independently supports that interaction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Image", "Investigation by ORI", "Investigation by Third Party", "Misconduct by Author", "Results Not Reproducible" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e8b180cbd87ddf16", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "pmid11711437", "marker": "[38]", "others": [ "Chang CJ, Chen YL, Lee SC (October 1998). \"Coactivator TIF1beta interacts with transcription factor C/EBPbeta and glucocorticoid receptor to induce alpha1-acid glycoprotein gene expression\". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 18 (10): 5880–5887. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.10.5880. PMC 109174. PMID 9742105." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 14071313 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 7.333333333333333, "severity": 7.333333333333333, "rank": 143 }, { "id": "sha256:2d1f6d0d797335b7", "key": "RW-30715 / 4071231 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376296858 } ], "first_seen": 1376296858, "last_checked": 1376296858, "page_id": 4071231, "revid": 1376296858, "written_on": "Causes of autism", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003498.pub3", "pmid": "18425890", "record_id": 30715, "paper_title": "Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder (Pub 3)", "cited": false, "section": "Endogenous opiate precursor theory", "where": "", "text": "The theory further states that removing opiate precursors from a child's diet may allow time for these behaviors to cease, and neurological development in very young children to resume normally. As of 2021, reliable studies have not demonstrated the benefit of gluten-free diets in the treatment of autism. In the subset of people who have gluten sensitivity there is limited evidence that suggests that a gluten-free diet may improve some autistic behaviors.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "As of 2021, reliable studies have not demonstrated the benefit of gluten-free diets in the treatment of autism.", "reason": "This echoes the withdrawn review's conclusion of poor evidence for dietary efficacy, but its later date may indicate a separate updated source that an editor must check.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.86, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:97bb6eb8b04a39b3", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 4071231 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 117.03333333333333, "severity": 7.314583333333333, "rank": 144 }, { "id": "sha256:06bcefb6fdbda2fc", "key": "RW-30945 / 40934678 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378638044 } ], "first_seen": 1378638044, "last_checked": 1378638044, "page_id": 40934678, "revid": 1378638044, "written_on": "Osteoarthritis at the base of the thumb", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd004631.pub4", "pmid": "25702783", "record_id": 30945, "paper_title": "Surgery for thumb (trapeziometacarpal joint) osteoarthritis (Pub 4)", "cited": true, "section": "Treatment", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The best available evidence suggests no difference in symptom alleviation with these variations of TMC arthroplasty.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The best available evidence suggests no difference in symptom alleviation with these variations of TMC arthroplasty.", "reason": "This presents the review's finding that no surgical technique demonstrated superior pain relief, although the review also cautioned that equivalence was not established.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Temporary Removal" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:71981eaf58d23a0c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[28]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 40934678 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 14.133333333333333, "severity": 7.066666666666666, "rank": 145 }, { "id": "sha256:85a9feb3861c8da0", "key": "RW-30945 / 40934678 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378638044 } ], "first_seen": 1378638044, "last_checked": 1378638044, "page_id": 40934678, "revid": 1378638044, "written_on": "Osteoarthritis at the base of the thumb", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd004631.pub4", "pmid": "25702783", "record_id": 30945, "paper_title": "Surgery for thumb (trapeziometacarpal joint) osteoarthritis (Pub 4)", "cited": false, "section": "With LRTI", "where": "", "text": "Some physicians believe that combining LR with TI will help maintain gap between the metacarpal and the scaphoid. And that doing so will improve comfort and capability. Keep in mind that these aspects of the rationale are not supported by experimental evidence. The evidence suggests that all of these procedures have comparable long-term results.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The evidence suggests that all of these procedures have comparable long-term results.", "reason": "This repeats the cited review's comparison of trapeziectomy variants; no independent source is visible here, so an editor should check the paragraph's sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.91, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Temporary Removal" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:71981eaf58d23a0c", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 40934678 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 14.133333333333333, "severity": 7.066666666666666, "rank": 146 }, { "id": "sha256:4af6e24a12d4096f", "key": "RW-30945 / 40934678 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378638044 } ], "first_seen": 1378638044, "last_checked": 1378638044, "page_id": 40934678, "revid": 1378638044, "written_on": "Osteoarthritis at the base of the thumb", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd004631.pub4", "pmid": "25702783", "record_id": 30945, "paper_title": "Surgery for thumb (trapeziometacarpal joint) osteoarthritis (Pub 4)", "cited": false, "section": "Joint replacement", "where": "", "text": "It's not clear based on current evidence that a prosthesis has any advantage over trapeziectomy.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It's not clear based on current evidence that a prosthesis has any advantage over trapeziectomy.", "reason": "This matches the review's finding of insufficient evidence for advantages of joint implants over trapeziectomy; an editor should check whether this paragraph has an independent source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.85, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Temporary Removal" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:71981eaf58d23a0c", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 40934678 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 14.133333333333333, "severity": 7.066666666666666, "rank": 147 }, { "id": "sha256:1ab671ebf3dfd0cb", "key": "RW-6433 / 8338783 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378522902 } ], "first_seen": 1378522902, "last_checked": 1378522902, "page_id": 8338783, "revid": 1378522902, "written_on": "List of organ transplant donors and recipients", "doi": "10.1038/ncomms4562", "pmid": "24736316", "record_id": 6433, "paper_title": "Experimental Orthotopic Transplantation of a Tissue-engineered Oesophagus in Rats", "cited": true, "section": "Suggestion for how the Original lists could be formatted into 1", "where": "table", "text": "21 Esophagus transplant (experimental) Dr. Francisco T. A. Leite et al. Unnamed Deceased donor / synthetic scaffold Experimental in early 2000s; not standard ~2003–2011 Short-term survival NIH", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Short-term survival", "reason": "The paper reports 14-day survival after experimental oesophageal transplantation in rats, but the row's named researcher and dates do not match it, so the source of this outcome needs checking.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Criminal Proceedings", "Error in Methods", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:61aa9a17484f6b17", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[17]", "others": [ "Jensen, Todd; Blanchette, Alex; Vadasz, Stephanie; Dave, Apeksha; Canfarotta, Michael; Sayej, Wael N.; Finck, Christine (July 2015). \"Biomimetic and synthetic esophageal tissue engineering\". Biomaterials. 57: 133–141. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.04.004. ISSN 1878-5905. PMID 25916501.", "Kim, In Gul; Wu, Yanru; Park, Su A.; Choi, Ji Suk; Kwon, Seong Keun; Choi, Seung Hong; Jung, Kyeong Cheon; Shin, Jung-Woog; Chung, Eun-Jae (May 2023). \"Assessment of Esophageal Reconstruction via Bioreactor Cultivation of a Synthetic Scaffold in a Canine Model\". Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology. 16 (2): 165–176. doi:10.21053/ceo.2022.01522. ISSN 1976-8710. PMC 10208848. PMID 36652920.", "La Francesca, Saverio; Aho, Johnathon M.; Barron, Matthew R.; Blanco, Ellen W.; Soliman, Sherif; Kalenjian, Lena; Hanson, Ariel D.; Todorova, Elisaveta; Marsh, Matthew; Burnette, Ka Lia; DerSimonian, Harout; Odze, Robert D.; Wigle, Dennis A. (2018-12-01). \"Long-term regeneration and remodeling of the pig esophagus after circumferential resection using a retrievable synthetic scaffold carrying autologous cells\". Scientific Reports. 8 (1) 4123. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.4123L. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22401-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5841275. PMID 29515136.", "Tan, J. Y.; Chua, C. K.; Leong, K. F.; Chian, K. S.; Leong, W. S.; Tan, L. P. (January 2012). \"Esophageal tissue engineering: an in-depth review on scaffold design\". Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 109 (1): 1–15. Bibcode:2012BiotB.109....1T. doi:10.1002/bit.23323. ISSN 1097-0290. PMID 21915849." ], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 8338783 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 26.666666666666668, "severity": 6.666666666666667, "rank": 148 }, { "id": "sha256:a6eb64f163ba2798", "key": "RW-6433 / 8338783 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378522902 } ], "first_seen": 1378522902, "last_checked": 1378522902, "page_id": 8338783, "revid": 1378522902, "written_on": "List of organ transplant donors and recipients", "doi": "10.1038/ncomms4562", "pmid": "24736316", "record_id": 6433, "paper_title": "Experimental Orthotopic Transplantation of a Tissue-engineered Oesophagus in Rats", "cited": false, "section": "AOriginal lists", "where": "", "text": "Esophagus (cadaveric transplant – experimental) Dr. Francisco T. A. Leite et al. Unnamed (human and animal models) Deceased donor / synthetic scaffold Experimental donor/synthetic esophagus transplants began in early 2000s; mixed results, not standard practice ~2003–2011 (experimental phase) Short-term survival in some animal/human trials; long-term failure due to graft necrosis NIH", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Short-term survival in some animal/human trials; long-term failure due to graft necrosis", "reason": "This duplicate experimental oesophagus row repeats the cited row's survival claim, potentially drawing on the retracted rat study; an editor must check its own sources, especially for the human outcomes and graft-necrosis claim.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.86, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Criminal Proceedings", "Error in Methods", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:61aa9a17484f6b17", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 8338783 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 26.666666666666668, "severity": 6.666666666666667, "rank": 149 }, { "id": "sha256:1e1330eeaa38fcb0", "key": "RW-2873 / 7090906 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1321932571 } ], "first_seen": 1321932571, "last_checked": 1321932571, "page_id": 7090906, "revid": 1321932571, "written_on": "Agroinfiltration", "doi": "10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01676.x", "pmid": "12609035", "record_id": 2873, "paper_title": "An enhanced transient expression system in plants based on suppression of gene silencing by the p19 protein of tomato bushy stunt virus", "cited": true, "section": "Silencing suppressors in agroinfiltration", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Although it is not clear exactly how p19 works to suppress RNA silencing, studies have shown that transiently expressed proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves have an up to 50-fold higher yield when coinfiltrated with TBSV p19.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "studies have shown that transiently expressed proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves have an up to 50-fold higher yield when coinfiltrated with TBSV p19.", "reason": "The yield increase is a finding of the retracted paper; the accompanying retraction notice is not independent support for that finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Manipulation of Images", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9469b1b1547b6a38", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[9]", "others": [ "\"Retraction: 'An enhanced transient expression system in plants based on suppression of gene silencing by the p19 protein of tomato bushy stunt virus'\". The Plant Journal. 84 (4): 846. 2015-11-01. Bibcode:2015PlJ....84..846.. doi:10.1111/tpj.13066. ISSN 1365-313X. PMID 27170951." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 7090906 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 6.633333333333334, "severity": 6.633333333333334, "rank": 150 }, { "id": "sha256:8cf4a53e6dc35b3a", "key": "RW-32709 / 429616 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1335737669 } ], "first_seen": 1335737669, "last_checked": 1335737669, "page_id": 429616, "revid": 1335737669, "written_on": "Granisetron", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006272.pub2", "pmid": "20091591", "record_id": 32709, "paper_title": "Serotonin receptor antagonists for highly emetogenic chemotherapy in adults (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Chemotherapy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It may be used for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and appears to work about the same as ondansetron.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "appears to work about the same as ondansetron.", "reason": "The comparative efficacy claim matches the review's conclusion that granisetron and ondansetron have similar efficacy; the review was withdrawn as out of date.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:58155c13513bf7e0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 429616 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 25.7, "severity": 6.425, "rank": 151 }, { "id": "sha256:391075bef94ee61f", "key": "RW-68812 / 32465321 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362341070 } ], "first_seen": 1362341070, "last_checked": 1362341070, "page_id": 32465321, "revid": 1362341070, "written_on": "Tauco", "doi": "10.1186/s42779-024-00263-1", "pmid": "", "record_id": 68812, "paper_title": "Unveiling the cultural tradition and science of Indonesian fermented ethnic soybean paste: tauco", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The tauco of Indonesia originated from the acculturation between Chinese and Sundanese ethnic groups in Cianjur.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The tauco of Indonesia originated from the acculturation between Chinese and Sundanese ethnic groups in Cianjur.", "reason": "The citation supports this specific origin claim, but the title alone does not establish whether it is the paper's own conclusion or historical background.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Concerns/Issues about Methods", "Copyright Claims" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b5d48a0cb4c8ead4", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[3]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 32465321 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 25.433333333333334, "severity": 6.358333333333333, "rank": 152 }, { "id": "sha256:eafa653ac327fd4e", "key": "RW-33452 / 12688516 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377409896 } ], "first_seen": 1377409896, "last_checked": 1377409896, "page_id": 12688516, "revid": 1377409896, "written_on": "Management of schizophrenia", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd000524.pub2", "pmid": "15495000", "record_id": 33452, "paper_title": "Cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Psychosocial", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Although the results of early trials were inconclusive as the therapy advanced from its initial applications in the mid-1990s, meta-analytic reviews suggested CBT to be an effective treatment for the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "the results of early trials were inconclusive", "reason": "The review supports the characterization of trial evidence as inconclusive, not the sentence’s later claim of established efficacy; its replacement should be checked.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b2faad3d38d70ed3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[113]", "others": [ "Wykes T, Steel C, Everitt B, Tarrier N (May 2008). \"Cognitive behavior therapy for schizophrenia: effect sizes, clinical models, and methodological rigor\". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 34 (3): 523–37. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm114. PMC 2632426. PMID 17962231.", "Zimmermann G, Favrod J, Trieu VH, Pomini V (September 2005). \"The effect of cognitive behavioral treatment on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis\". Schizophrenia Research. 77 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.02.018. PMID 16005380. S2CID 31560136." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 12688516 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 12.3, "severity": 6.15, "rank": 153 }, { "id": "sha256:e398a85b38c39c79", "key": "RW-194 / 3029772 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1356628743 } ], "first_seen": 1356628743, "last_checked": 1356628743, "page_id": 3029772, "revid": 1356628743, "written_on": "Thereza Imanishi-Kari", "doi": "10.1016/0092-8674(86)90389-2", "pmid": "3084104", "record_id": 194, "paper_title": "Altered Repertoire of Endogenous Immunoglobulin Gene Expression in Transgenic Mice Containing a Rearranged mu Heavy Chain Gene", "cited": true, "section": "Investigation and exoneration", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The paper, published in the scientific journal Cell, showed unexpected results on how the immune system rearranges its genes to produce antibodies against antigens it encounters for the first time.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The paper, published in the scientific journal Cell, showed unexpected results on how the immune system rearranges its genes to produce antibodies against antigens it encounters for the first time.", "reason": "This presents the paper's reported immunological finding as a result; the surrounding misconduct allegations do not explicitly say the finding was refuted or the paper retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Margot O'Toole, a researcher in Imanishi-Kari's lab, claimed she could not reproduce some of the experiments in the paper and accused Imanishi-Kari of fabricating the data.", "section": "Investigation and exoneration", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Largely on the basis of these findings, NIH's fraud unit, then called the Office of Scientific Integrity, accused Dr. Imanishi-Kari in 1991 of falsifying data and recommended she be barred from receiving research grants for 10 years.", "section": "Investigation and exoneration", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2bd2fd85861f42c3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[6]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 3029772 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 22.9, "severity": 5.725, "rank": 154 }, { "id": "sha256:27300b02e301f8dc", "key": "RW-32854 / 975668 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1350699885 } ], "first_seen": 1350699885, "last_checked": 1350699885, "page_id": 975668, "revid": 1350699885, "written_on": "Antipruritic", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002291", "pmid": "", "record_id": 32854, "paper_title": "Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema", "cited": true, "section": "Traditional Chinese medicine", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Sometimes these herbal remedies are used in combination with acupuncture and moxibustion, but their efficacy is still unclear.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Sometimes these herbal remedies are used in combination with acupuncture and moxibustion, but their efficacy is still unclear.", "reason": "The title identifies a review of Chinese herbal medicine for eczema, but without its abstract the claimed uncertainty about efficacy cannot be confirmed as its conclusion; the other systematic review plausibly supports the claim.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.86, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a6c635ba4db6c535", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[43]", "others": [ "Shi ZF, Song TB, Xie J, Yan YQ, Du YP (2017). \"The Traditional Chinese Medicine and Relevant Treatment for the Efficacy and Safety of Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials\". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2017 6026434. doi:10.1155/2017/6026434. PMC 5497608. PMID 28713436." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 975668 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 45.666666666666664, "severity": 5.708333333333333, "rank": 155 }, { "id": "sha256:105e36748e9a54cf", "key": "RW-41496 / 12228277 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1343052098 } ], "first_seen": 1343052098, "last_checked": 1343052098, "page_id": 12228277, "revid": 1343052098, "written_on": "Gluten-sensitive enteropathy–associated conditions", "doi": "10.1016/j.giec.2006.03.005", "pmid": "16644460", "record_id": 41496, "paper_title": "Monitoring Nonresponsive Patients Who Have Celiac Disease", "cited": true, "section": "Precancerous states", "where": "list", "text": "RCD 2 involves neoplastic tissues that the lack of surface expression of usual T-cell markers. Increased expression of: Intracytoplasmic CD3e, Surface CD103 Decreased expression of: CD8, CD4, TCR-alpha/beta", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "RCD 2 involves neoplastic tissues that the lack of surface expression of usual T-cell markers. Increased expression of: Intracytoplasmic CD3e, Surface CD103 Decreased expression of: CD8, CD4, TCR-alpha/beta", "reason": "The item states the paper's description of the abnormal RCD II lymphocyte phenotype, including its specific marker pattern.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Error by Journal/Publisher", "Error in Text", "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:512f1e1a98aef048", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "pmid16644460", "marker": "[110]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 12228277 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.633333333333334, "severity": 5.633333333333334, "rank": 156 }, { "id": "sha256:30b9c7f92e8a9a76", "key": "RW-41496 / 12228277 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1343052098 } ], "first_seen": 1343052098, "last_checked": 1343052098, "page_id": 12228277, "revid": 1343052098, "written_on": "Gluten-sensitive enteropathy–associated conditions", "doi": "10.1016/j.giec.2006.03.005", "pmid": "16644460", "record_id": 41496, "paper_title": "Monitoring Nonresponsive Patients Who Have Celiac Disease", "cited": false, "section": "Precancerous states", "where": "", "text": "CD is associated with two grades of disease linked precancerous states. This condition is known as refractory coeliac disease (RCD), defined as malabsorption due to gluten-related enteropathy (villous atrophy or elevated intraepitheal lymphocytes) after initial or subsequent failure of a strict gluten-free diet (usually 1 year) and after exclusion of any disorder mimicking coeliac disease.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This condition is known as refractory coeliac disease (RCD), defined as malabsorption due to gluten-related enteropathy (villous atrophy or elevated intraepitheal lymphocytes) after initial or subsequent failure of a strict gluten-free diet (usually 1 year) and after exclusion of any disorder mimicking coeliac disease.", "reason": "This closely parallels the paper's definition of RCD and its requirement to exclude alternative diagnoses; an editor must check whether this paragraph has an independent source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.86, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Error by Journal/Publisher", "Error in Text", "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:512f1e1a98aef048", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 12228277 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.633333333333334, "severity": 5.633333333333334, "rank": 157 }, { "id": "sha256:08955492e5260673", "key": "RW-41496 / 12228277 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1343052098 } ], "first_seen": 1343052098, "last_checked": 1343052098, "page_id": 12228277, "revid": 1343052098, "written_on": "Gluten-sensitive enteropathy–associated conditions", "doi": "10.1016/j.giec.2006.03.005", "pmid": "16644460", "record_id": 41496, "paper_title": "Monitoring Nonresponsive Patients Who Have Celiac Disease", "cited": false, "section": "Precancerous states", "where": "", "text": "RCD 1 involves precancerous tissues in which transformed T-cells continue to produce a response even though gluten is no longer present. Some RCD1 patients have been treated successfully with immunosuppressants (azathioprine, prednisone) when caught early. Elemental diet (proteins digested to amino acids) seems to be an effective alternative diet, indicating other proteins are stimulating the IEL. 5 year viability is high when treated. DQ representation is similar to non-RCD coeliacs.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Some RCD1 patients have been treated successfully with immunosuppressants (azathioprine, prednisone) when caught early. Elemental diet (proteins digested to amino acids) seems to be an effective alternative diet, indicating other proteins are stimulating the IEL.", "reason": "These treatment claims repeat the paper's discussion of azathioprine, prednisone, and elemental diets; local footnotes are unavailable, so independent sourcing needs checking.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Error by Journal/Publisher", "Error in Text", "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:512f1e1a98aef048", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 12228277 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.633333333333334, "severity": 5.633333333333334, "rank": 158 }, { "id": "sha256:2f76134750c20a5d", "key": "RW-41496 / 12228277 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1343052098 } ], "first_seen": 1343052098, "last_checked": 1343052098, "page_id": 12228277, "revid": 1343052098, "written_on": "Gluten-sensitive enteropathy–associated conditions", "doi": "10.1016/j.giec.2006.03.005", "pmid": "16644460", "record_id": 41496, "paper_title": "Monitoring Nonresponsive Patients Who Have Celiac Disease", "cited": false, "section": "Precancerous states", "where": "", "text": "Clonal T-cell expansion in RCD2 is not manageable with steroids (see: RCD 1) and sometimes manageable with chemotherapeutic drugs, however, more aggressive therapies seem more affective. A high percentage of RCD 2 patients spontaneously develop lymphoma (EATL), the 5 year survival rate is markedly lower than RCD1 but higher than lymphoma. DQ2.5/DQ2 individuals are more frequently found.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A high percentage of RCD 2 patients spontaneously develop lymphoma (EATL), the 5 year survival rate is markedly lower than RCD1 but higher than lymphoma.", "reason": "The lymphoma risk and poorer RCD II prognosis echo the paper's reported outcomes, although the precise survival comparison is not in the supplied abstract; an editor must check the item's own sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.8, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Error by Journal/Publisher", "Error in Text", "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:512f1e1a98aef048", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 12228277 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.633333333333334, "severity": 5.633333333333334, "rank": 159 }, { "id": "sha256:03981bd615b497fd", "key": "RW-66335 / 29856330 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374726997 } ], "first_seen": 1374726997, "last_checked": 1374726997, "page_id": 29856330, "revid": 1374726997, "written_on": "GFAJ-1", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Taxonomy and phylogeny", "where": "table", "text": "Phylogeny of GFAJ-1 based on ribosomal DNA sequences, according to Wolfe-Simon et al.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Phylogeny of GFAJ-1 based on ribosomal DNA sequences, according to Wolfe-Simon et al.", "reason": "The caption presents the paper's phylogenetic analysis without a local retraction warning; this ancillary result needs independent sourcing.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.92, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Subsequent independent studies published in 2012 found no detectable arsenate in the DNA of GFAJ-1, refuted the claim, and demonstrated that GFAJ-1 is simply an arsenate-resistant, phosphate-dependent organism.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted by the Science journal in 2025.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After finding and addressing further issues (ionic strength, pH and the use of glass tubes instead of polypropylene) Redfield found that arsenate marginally stimulated growth, but didn't affect the final densities of the cultures, unlike what was claimed.", "section": "Biochemistry", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In January 2012 a group of researchers led by Rosie Redfield at the University of British Columbia analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1 using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and could not detect any arsenic, which Redfield calls a \"clear refutation\" of the original paper's findings.", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted in 2025 with \"no evidence of misconduct by researchers\".", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a30ebfb612e279df", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "SupportingMaterial", "marker": "[14]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 29856330 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 22.4, "severity": 5.6, "rank": 160 }, { "id": "sha256:85e80bde8193327a", "key": "RW-66335 / 29856330 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374726997 } ], "first_seen": 1374726997, "last_checked": 1374726997, "page_id": 29856330, "revid": 1374726997, "written_on": "GFAJ-1", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Taxonomy and phylogeny", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Although the authors produced a cladogram in which the strain is nested among members of Halomonas, including H. alkaliphila and H. venusta, they did not explicitly assign the strain to that genus.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Molecular analysis based on 16S rRNA sequences shows GFAJ-1 to be closely related to other moderate halophile (\"salt-loving\") bacteria of the family Halomonadaceae. Although the authors produced a cladogram in which the strain is nested among members of Halomonas, including H. alkaliphila and H. venusta, they did not explicitly assign the strain to that genus.", "reason": "The citation supports the paper's phylogenetic result, which is presented as valid and may be independently sourceable.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Subsequent independent studies published in 2012 found no detectable arsenate in the DNA of GFAJ-1, refuted the claim, and demonstrated that GFAJ-1 is simply an arsenate-resistant, phosphate-dependent organism.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted by the Science journal in 2025.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After finding and addressing further issues (ionic strength, pH and the use of glass tubes instead of polypropylene) Redfield found that arsenate marginally stimulated growth, but didn't affect the final densities of the cultures, unlike what was claimed.", "section": "Biochemistry", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In January 2012 a group of researchers led by Rosie Redfield at the University of British Columbia analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1 using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and could not detect any arsenic, which Redfield calls a \"clear refutation\" of the original paper's findings.", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted in 2025 with \"no evidence of misconduct by researchers\".", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a30ebfb612e279df", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Science", "marker": "[1]", "others": [ "Bortman, Henry (2 December 2010). \"Thriving on arsenic\". Astrobiology Magazine (NASA). Retrieved 11 December 2010." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 29856330 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 22.4, "severity": 5.6, "rank": 161 }, { "id": "sha256:75fc03f5782a2220", "key": "RW-66335 / 29856330 / #7", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374726997 } ], "first_seen": 1374726997, "last_checked": 1374726997, "page_id": 29856330, "revid": 1374726997, "written_on": "GFAJ-1", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Species or strain", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In the instance of the GFAJ-1 strain these criteria are not met, and the strain is not claimed to be a new species.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In the instance of the GFAJ-1 strain these criteria are not met, and the strain is not claimed to be a new species.", "reason": "The sentence combines a statement about the authors' naming choice with an assessment of species criteria whose support requires source inspection.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.76, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Subsequent independent studies published in 2012 found no detectable arsenate in the DNA of GFAJ-1, refuted the claim, and demonstrated that GFAJ-1 is simply an arsenate-resistant, phosphate-dependent organism.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted by the Science journal in 2025.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After finding and addressing further issues (ionic strength, pH and the use of glass tubes instead of polypropylene) Redfield found that arsenate marginally stimulated growth, but didn't affect the final densities of the cultures, unlike what was claimed.", "section": "Biochemistry", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In January 2012 a group of researchers led by Rosie Redfield at the University of British Columbia analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1 using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and could not detect any arsenic, which Redfield calls a \"clear refutation\" of the original paper's findings.", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted in 2025 with \"no evidence of misconduct by researchers\".", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a30ebfb612e279df", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Science", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 29856330 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 22.4, "severity": 5.6, "rank": 162 }, { "id": "sha256:a41a250a3ccc80ce", "key": "RW-66335 / 29856330 / #8", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374726997 } ], "first_seen": 1374726997, "last_checked": 1374726997, "page_id": 29856330, "revid": 1374726997, "written_on": "GFAJ-1", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Biochemistry", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It was observed that GFAJ-1 could grow through many doublings in cell numbers when cultured in either phosphate or arsenate media, but could not grow when placed in a medium of a similar composition to which neither phosphate nor arsenate was added.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It was observed that GFAJ-1 could grow through many doublings in cell numbers when cultured in either phosphate or arsenate media, but could not grow when placed in a medium of a similar composition to which neither phosphate nor arsenate was added.", "reason": "This states the original growth result as fact without a local retraction or refutation warning.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Subsequent independent studies published in 2012 found no detectable arsenate in the DNA of GFAJ-1, refuted the claim, and demonstrated that GFAJ-1 is simply an arsenate-resistant, phosphate-dependent organism.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted by the Science journal in 2025.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After finding and addressing further issues (ionic strength, pH and the use of glass tubes instead of polypropylene) Redfield found that arsenate marginally stimulated growth, but didn't affect the final densities of the cultures, unlike what was claimed.", "section": "Biochemistry", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In January 2012 a group of researchers led by Rosie Redfield at the University of British Columbia analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1 using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and could not detect any arsenic, which Redfield calls a \"clear refutation\" of the original paper's findings.", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted in 2025 with \"no evidence of misconduct by researchers\".", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a30ebfb612e279df", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Science", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 29856330 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 22.4, "severity": 5.6, "rank": 163 }, { "id": "sha256:ee870db83d0a9cda", "key": "RW-66335 / 29856330 / #9", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374726997 } ], "first_seen": 1374726997, "last_checked": 1374726997, "page_id": 29856330, "revid": 1374726997, "written_on": "GFAJ-1", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Biochemistry", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This phosphorus content was also only about one tenth of the cells' average arsenic content (0.19 ± 0.25% by dry weight).", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The phosphorus content of the arsenic-fed, phosphorus-starved bacteria (as measured by ICP-MS) was only 0.019 (± 0.001) % by dry weight, one thirtieth of that when grown in phosphate-rich medium. This phosphorus content was also only about one tenth of the cells' average arsenic content (0.19 ± 0.25% by dry weight).", "reason": "These quantitative measurements are presented as established results and supported only by the retracted experiment.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Subsequent independent studies published in 2012 found no detectable arsenate in the DNA of GFAJ-1, refuted the claim, and demonstrated that GFAJ-1 is simply an arsenate-resistant, phosphate-dependent organism.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted by the Science journal in 2025.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After finding and addressing further issues (ionic strength, pH and the use of glass tubes instead of polypropylene) Redfield found that arsenate marginally stimulated growth, but didn't affect the final densities of the cultures, unlike what was claimed.", "section": "Biochemistry", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In January 2012 a group of researchers led by Rosie Redfield at the University of British Columbia analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1 using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and could not detect any arsenic, which Redfield calls a \"clear refutation\" of the original paper's findings.", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted in 2025 with \"no evidence of misconduct by researchers\".", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a30ebfb612e279df", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Science", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 29856330 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 22.4, "severity": 5.6, "rank": 164 }, { "id": "sha256:41fae41d0fcd8d0c", "key": "RW-66335 / 29856330 / #10", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374726997 } ], "first_seen": 1374726997, "last_checked": 1374726997, "page_id": 29856330, "revid": 1374726997, "written_on": "GFAJ-1", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Biochemistry", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Other data from the same study obtained with nano-SIMS suggest a ~75-fold excess of phosphate (P) over arsenic (As) when expressed as P:C and As:C ratios, even in cells grown with arsenate and no added phosphate.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Other data from the same study obtained with nano-SIMS suggest a ~75-fold excess of phosphate (P) over arsenic (As) when expressed as P:C and As:C ratios, even in cells grown with arsenate and no added phosphate.", "reason": "The sentence uses measurements from the retracted study as evidence, despite their contrast with its headline claim.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Subsequent independent studies published in 2012 found no detectable arsenate in the DNA of GFAJ-1, refuted the claim, and demonstrated that GFAJ-1 is simply an arsenate-resistant, phosphate-dependent organism.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted by the Science journal in 2025.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After finding and addressing further issues (ionic strength, pH and the use of glass tubes instead of polypropylene) Redfield found that arsenate marginally stimulated growth, but didn't affect the final densities of the 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"marker": "[14]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 29856330 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 22.4, "severity": 5.6, "rank": 165 }, { "id": "sha256:27b113b4034f2bf1", "key": "RW-66335 / 29856330 / #11", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374726997 } ], "first_seen": 1374726997, "last_checked": 1374726997, "page_id": 29856330, "revid": 1374726997, "written_on": "GFAJ-1", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Biochemistry", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The phosphate-starved bacteria had an intracellular volume 1.5 times normal; the greater volume appeared to be associated with the appearance of large \"vacuole-like regions\".", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "When cultured in the arsenate solution, GFAJ-1 only grew 60% as fast as it did in phosphate solution. The phosphate-starved bacteria had an intracellular volume 1.5 times normal; the greater volume appeared to be associated with the appearance of large \"vacuole-like regions\".", "reason": "The growth-rate and cell-volume measurements are asserted as facts from the retracted study without independent support.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Subsequent independent studies published in 2012 found no detectable arsenate in the DNA of GFAJ-1, refuted the claim, and demonstrated that GFAJ-1 is simply an arsenate-resistant, phosphate-dependent organism.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted by the Science journal in 2025.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After finding and addressing further issues (ionic strength, pH and the use of glass tubes instead of polypropylene) Redfield found that arsenate marginally stimulated growth, but didn't affect the final densities of the cultures, unlike what was claimed.", "section": "Biochemistry", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In January 2012 a group of researchers led by Rosie Redfield at the University of British Columbia analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1 using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and could not detect any arsenic, which Redfield calls a \"clear refutation\" of the original paper's findings.", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted in 2025 with \"no evidence of misconduct by researchers\".", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a30ebfb612e279df", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Science", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 29856330 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 22.4, "severity": 5.6, "rank": 166 }, { "id": "sha256:4f4c736e3f392512", "key": "RW-66335 / 29856330 / #13", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374726997 } ], "first_seen": 1374726997, "last_checked": 1374726997, "page_id": 29856330, "revid": 1374726997, "written_on": "GFAJ-1", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Arsenate ester stability", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The authors speculate that the bacteria may stabilize arsenate esters to a degree by using poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (which has been found to be elevated in \"vacuole-like regions\" of related species of the genus Halomonas ) or other means to lower the effective concentration of water.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The authors speculate that the bacteria may stabilize arsenate esters to a degree by using poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (which has been found to be elevated in \"vacuole-like regions\" of related species of the genus Halomonas ) or other means to lower the effective concentration of water.", "reason": "The proposed stabilization mechanism is reported without explicit refutation or retraction; the other sources may support background or attribution, not validate the mechanism.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.91, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Subsequent independent studies published in 2012 found no detectable arsenate in the DNA of GFAJ-1, refuted the claim, and demonstrated that GFAJ-1 is simply an arsenate-resistant, phosphate-dependent organism.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted by the Science journal in 2025.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After finding and addressing further issues (ionic strength, pH and the use of glass tubes instead of polypropylene) Redfield found that arsenate marginally stimulated growth, but didn't affect the final densities of the cultures, unlike what was claimed.", "section": "Biochemistry", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In January 2012 a group of researchers led by Rosie Redfield at the University of British Columbia analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1 using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and could not detect any arsenic, which Redfield calls a \"clear refutation\" of the original paper's findings.", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted in 2025 with \"no evidence of misconduct by researchers\".", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a30ebfb612e279df", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Science", "marker": "[1]", "others": [ "Mulyana, Ilham; Satoko, Nakanomori; Takahiro, Kihara; Ayaka, Hokamura; Matsusaki, Hiromi; Takeharu, Tsuge; Kouhei, Mizuno (2014). \"Characterization of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Synthases from Halomonas sp. O-1 and Halomonas elongata DSM2581: Site-Directed Mutagenesis and Recombinant Expression\". Polymer Degradation and Stability. 109: 416–429. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.04.024.", "Bortman, Henry (2 December 2010). \"Thriving on arsenic\". Astrobiology Magazine (NASA). Retrieved 11 December 2010." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 29856330 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 22.4, "severity": 5.6, "rank": 167 }, { "id": "sha256:636af0d59d852df1", "key": "RW-66335 / 29856330 / #14", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374726997 } ], "first_seen": 1374726997, "last_checked": 1374726997, "page_id": 29856330, "revid": 1374726997, "written_on": "GFAJ-1", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": false, "section": "External links", "where": "", "text": "NASA.gov: \"NASA-Funded Research Discovers Life Built With Toxic Chemical\" Archived 28 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine — (2 December 2010)", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "NASA.gov: \"NASA-Funded Research Discovers Life Built With Toxic Chemical\"", "reason": "The linked title repeats the publicized arsenic-based-life finding associated with this paper; an editor should check the linked source and whether this historical link is intentionally retained.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.78, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Subsequent independent studies published in 2012 found no detectable arsenate in the DNA of GFAJ-1, refuted the claim, and demonstrated that GFAJ-1 is simply an arsenate-resistant, phosphate-dependent organism.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted by the Science journal in 2025.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After finding and addressing further issues (ionic strength, pH and the use of glass tubes instead of polypropylene) Redfield found that arsenate marginally stimulated growth, but didn't affect the final densities of the cultures, unlike what was claimed.", "section": "Biochemistry", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "In January 2012 a group of researchers led by Rosie Redfield at the University of British Columbia analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1 using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and could not detect any arsenic, which Redfield calls a \"clear refutation\" of the original paper's findings.", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted in 2025 with \"no evidence of misconduct by researchers\".", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "earlier" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a30ebfb612e279df", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 29856330 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 22.4, "severity": 5.6, "rank": 168 }, { "id": "sha256:06bb2814fb98c0ca", "key": "RW-520 / 46759922 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369324476 } ], "first_seen": 1369324476, "last_checked": 1369324476, "page_id": 46759922, "revid": 1369324476, "written_on": "When Contact Changes Minds", "doi": "10.1126/science.1256151", "pmid": "25504721", "record_id": 520, "paper_title": "When Contact Changes Minds: An Experiment on Transmission of Support for Gay Equality", "cited": true, "section": "Study", "where": "paragraph", "text": "LaCour and Green (2014) also found strong evidence of within-household transmission of opinion change, but only in the wake of conversations with gay canvassers.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The purported results, measured by an unrelated panel survey, show that both gay and straight canvassers produced large effects initially, but only gay canvassers’ effects persisted in 3-week, 6-week, and 9-month follow-ups. LaCour and Green (2014) also found strong evidence of within-household transmission of opinion change, but only in the wake of conversations with gay canvassers.", "reason": "These sentences report the paper’s persistence and household-transmission findings; “purported” does not explicitly tell readers here that the findings were fabricated or the paper retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "\"When Contact Changes Minds: An Experiment on Transmission of Support for Gay Equality\" is a fraudulent article by then-UCLA political science graduate student Michael LaCour and Columbia University political science professor Donald Green. The article was published in the academic journal Science in December 2014, and retracted in May 2015 after it emerged that the data in the study had been forged by LaCour.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The \"When contact changes minds\" study was discredited after a critique by David Broockman, Joshua Kalla, and Peter Aronow on May 19, 2015, titled \"Irregularities in LaCour (2014)\", concluded that the data had been falsified and no data had been collected.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The \"Irregularities\" paper also identified the likely method by which LaCour had forged the data.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Additional evidence of the study's fictitiousness later emerged, such as evidence that LaCour had tried to retroactively claim that the study had been pre-registered using falsified documents.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "LaCour's coauthor, Donald Green, subsequently requested that the paper be retracted because of “irregularities” in the paper's data and LaCour's failure to give him the raw data on which the paper was based.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On May 28, 2015, the study was retracted by Science, on the basis that incentives to participate in the survey on which the study was based had been misrepresented, that sponsors had been falsely identified, that the authors could not produce the original data, and (citing the findings of Broockman et al.) that there were \"statistical irregularities.\"", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After the retraction, the Carnegie Corporation of New York rescinded Donald Green's 2015 Andrew Carnegie Fellowship, revoking a $200,000 award to support Donald Green's research, and Princeton University rescinded an assistant professorship that had been offered to LaCour.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The journal Science retracted the article with the concurrence of Green while LaCour did not agree to the retraction.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Conservative pro-gay-marriage columnist S.E. Cupp wrote that, \"The doctored study will only encourage the perception that advocates are going too far.\"", "section": "Popular press", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Following their debunking of When Contact Changes Minds, Broockman and Kalla (2016) conducted an experiment like the one purported to have been conducted by LaCour and Green.", "section": "Follow-up study", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "However, contrary to one of LaCour's claims, the identity of the canvasser did not seem to matter; both transgender and cisgender canvassers had a similar effect.", "section": "Follow-up study", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Ethical Violations by Author", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Manipulation of Results" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:397f6c0c12c5a0ca", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[2]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 46759922 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 21.733333333333334, "severity": 5.433333333333334, "rank": 169 }, { "id": "sha256:850fdcfc85a9306f", "key": "RW-33075 / 15731985 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1354071677 } ], "first_seen": 1354071677, "last_checked": 1354071677, "page_id": 15731985, "revid": 1354071677, "written_on": "Post-traumatic epilepsy", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd000173", "pmid": "11687070", "record_id": 33075, "paper_title": "Antiepileptic drugs for preventing seizures following acute traumatic brain injury", "cited": true, "section": "Prevention", "where": "paragraph", "text": "However, while antiepileptic drugs can prevent early PTS, clinical studies have failed to show that prophylactic use of antiepileptic drugs prevents the development of PTE.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "However, while antiepileptic drugs can prevent early PTS, clinical studies have failed to show that prophylactic use of antiepileptic drugs prevents the development of PTE.", "reason": "This states the review's conclusions about early seizure prevention and the lack of demonstrated prevention of late seizures; the other reviews plausibly support both claims.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f9bea1c9e2ed2e0a", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Schierhout01", "marker": "[33]", "others": [ "Pagni CA, Zenga F (2005). \"Posttraumatic epilepsy with special emphasis on prophylaxis and prevention\". Acta Neurochirurgica. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplementum. 93: 27–34. doi:10.1007/3-211-27577-0_3. ISBN 978-3-211-24150-9. PMID 15986723.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)", "Garga N, Lowenstein DH (2006). \"Posttraumatic Epilepsy: A Major Problem in Desperate Need of Major Advances\". Epilepsy Currents. 6 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1111/j.1535-7511.2005.00083.x. PMC 1363374. PMID 16477313.", "D'Ambrosio R, Perucca E (2004). \"Epilepsy after head injury\". Current Opinion in Neurology. 17 (6): 731–735. doi:10.1097/00019052-200412000-00014. PMC 2672045. PMID 15542983." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 15731985 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 10.7, "severity": 5.35, "rank": 170 }, { "id": "sha256:b8cd1c7904c9393a", "key": "RW-33075 / 15731985 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1354071677 } ], "first_seen": 1354071677, "last_checked": 1354071677, "page_id": 15731985, "revid": 1354071677, "written_on": "Post-traumatic epilepsy", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd000173", "pmid": "11687070", "record_id": 33075, "paper_title": "Antiepileptic drugs for preventing seizures following acute traumatic brain injury", "cited": true, "section": "History", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Studies did show that antiepileptics prevented seizures occurring within a week after injury, and in 1995 the task force of the Brain Trauma Foundation published a recommendation suggesting their use to protect against seizures early after trauma.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Studies did show that antiepileptics prevented seizures occurring within a week after injury", "reason": "This presents the review's early-seizure prevention conclusion as established evidence, with no other citation on the sentence; retract-and-replace calls for checking the replacement review.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f9bea1c9e2ed2e0a", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Schierhout01", "marker": "[33]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 15731985 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 10.7, "severity": 5.35, "rank": 171 }, { "id": "sha256:2f57d9f91ee8e4a7", "key": "RW-33075 / 15731985 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1354071677 } ], "first_seen": 1354071677, "last_checked": 1354071677, "page_id": 15731985, "revid": 1354071677, "written_on": "Post-traumatic epilepsy", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd000173", "pmid": "11687070", "record_id": 33075, "paper_title": "Antiepileptic drugs for preventing seizures following acute traumatic brain injury", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Diagnostic measures include electroencephalography (EEG) and brain imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, but these are not totally reliable. Antiepileptic drugs do not prevent the development of PTE after head injury, but may be used to treat the condition if it does occur. When medication does not work to control the seizures, surgery may be needed. Modern surgical techniques for PTE have their roots in the 19th century, but trepanation (cutting the skull to make a hole) may have been used for the condition in ancient cultures.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Antiepileptic drugs do not prevent the development of PTE after head injury, but may be used to treat the condition if it does occur.", "reason": "The prevention claim summarizes the review's conclusion cited in the Prevention section, although this lead paragraph may have independent sourcing that an editor should check.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f9bea1c9e2ed2e0a", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 15731985 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 10.7, "severity": 5.35, "rank": 172 }, { "id": "sha256:3a9e2a86450f2aa9", "key": "RW-30715 / 195522 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377992970 } ], "first_seen": 1377992970, "last_checked": 1377992970, "page_id": 195522, "revid": 1377992970, "written_on": "Gluten-free, casein-free diet", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003498.pub3", "pmid": "18425890", "record_id": 30715, "paper_title": "Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder (Pub 3)", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "While some proponents claim such diets can alleviate or cure autism symptoms—often relying on anecdotal or non-scientific evidence—there is no conclusive scientific support for these claims.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "there is no conclusive scientific support for these claims.", "reason": "This conclusion draws on the review's finding of poor evidence for efficacy; the other review plausibly supports it independently.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0bd31742724d1763", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Cochrane2", "marker": "[2]", "others": [ "Christison GW, Ivany K; Ivany (2006). \"Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff?\". J Dev Behav Pediatr. 27 (2 Suppl 2): S162–71. doi:10.1097/00004703-200604002-00015. PMID 16685183." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 195522 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 21.166666666666668, "severity": 5.291666666666667, "rank": 173 }, { "id": "sha256:b4702ec9e79704b9", "key": "RW-30715 / 195522 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377992970 } ], "first_seen": 1377992970, "last_checked": 1377992970, "page_id": 195522, "revid": 1377992970, "written_on": "Gluten-free, casein-free diet", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003498.pub3", "pmid": "18425890", "record_id": 30715, "paper_title": "Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder (Pub 3)", "cited": true, "section": "Efficacy studies", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A 2004 (updated in 2008) reported that current efficacy for these diets was poor but highlighted the need for further investigation.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A 2004 (updated in 2008) reported that current efficacy for these diets was poor but highlighted the need for further investigation.", "reason": "The sentence reports the review's conclusion without noting its withdrawal; withdrawal as out of date calls for an updated source rather than removal on grounds of invalid findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0bd31742724d1763", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[45]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 195522 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 21.166666666666668, "severity": 5.291666666666667, "rank": 174 }, { "id": "sha256:72d8a53509285bf2", "key": "RW-30715 / 195522 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377992970 } ], "first_seen": 1377992970, "last_checked": 1377992970, "page_id": 195522, "revid": 1377992970, "written_on": "Gluten-free, casein-free diet", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003498.pub3", "pmid": "18425890", "record_id": 30715, "paper_title": "Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder (Pub 3)", "cited": true, "section": "Efficacy studies", "where": "list", "text": "Cochrane Library – Gluten and Casein-free diets in autism spectrum disorder (2008). The Cochrane review found that while relatively commonly used the evidence to support the diets use in children with autism was poor. All studies as of 2006 had issues with them.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The Cochrane review found that while relatively commonly used the evidence to support the diets use in children with autism was poor. All studies as of 2006 had issues with them.", "reason": "The item presents the review's evidence assessment as an official position without noting withdrawal; the additional review plausibly supports the assessment.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0bd31742724d1763", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "Cochrane2", "marker": "[2]", "others": [ "Christison GW, Ivany K; Ivany (2006). \"Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff?\". J Dev Behav Pediatr. 27 (2 Suppl 2): S162–71. doi:10.1097/00004703-200604002-00015. PMID 16685183." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 195522 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 21.166666666666668, "severity": 5.291666666666667, "rank": 175 }, { "id": "sha256:54abb09f47e35c47", "key": "RW-23835 / 41008786 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1357721035 } ], "first_seen": 1357721035, "last_checked": 1357721035, "page_id": 41008786, "revid": 1357721035, "written_on": "Quantum Moves", "doi": "10.1038/nature17620", "pmid": "27075097", "record_id": 23835, "paper_title": "Exploring the quantum speed limit with computer games", "cited": false, "section": "Gameplay", "where": "", "text": "In Quantum Moves, the atomic wave function is represented as a sloshy liquid in an energy potential well created by the optical tweezers. Players control the depth and the horizontal location of the well, simulating the path on the optical tweezers. The wave function reacts to changes in the potential function as dictated by the Schrödinger equation leading to sloshing seen by the players. Players are asked to move the well without sloshing the atomic wave function too much. A path created by a player maps one-to-one to a solution of the Schrödinger equation. Top results of the game play are then used to provide guidance into the algorithm's search space, resulting in solutions superior to those found by the algorithm alone.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Top results of the game play are then used to provide guidance into the algorithm's search space, resulting in solutions superior to those found by the algorithm alone.", "reason": "This repeats the retracted paper's finding that player-guided optimization outperforms numerical optimization; an editor should check whether this paragraph has an independent supporting source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article was later retracted (see below).", "section": "History", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "He subsequently discovered that the authors of the original Nature paper had made a sign error in their implementation of the benchmarked optimization algorithm, which led to the retraction of the Nature paper in July 2020.", "section": "History", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Controversy and retraction", "section": "Controversy and retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In 2020 the Nature article where the findings were presented was retracted due to major errors in calculations, deeming the results of the article false and the game untrustworthy.", "section": "Controversy and retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The coordinator of the project continued presenting the data as true until 2020 where an internal investigation from the University of Aarhus discovered there were problems in the way the equations were implemented, resulting in a mistake which deemed the findings false as other scientists have claimed since the release of the article in 2016.", "section": "Controversy and retraction", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3607ccbf0d6ebe58", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 41008786 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.133333333333334, "severity": 5.133333333333334, "rank": 176 }, { "id": "sha256:d905806152bdf07a", "key": "RW-1811 / 7974411 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1328566283 } ], "first_seen": 1328566283, "last_checked": 1328566283, "page_id": 7974411, "revid": 1328566283, "written_on": "Zincke reaction", "doi": "10.1021/ol061585q", "pmid": "16956206", "record_id": 1811, "paper_title": "One-Pot Synthesis of N-Substituted Diaza[12]annulenes", "cited": true, "section": "2007 rediscovery", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2006 and again in 2007 the Zincke reaction was rediscovered by a research group from Japan and a group from the USA.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Both groups claimed the synthesis of a 12 membered diazaannulene (structure 1) from an N-aryl pyridinium chloride and an amine, an aniline in the case of the Japanese group (depicted below) and an aliphatic amine (anticipating surfactant properties) in the case of the American group.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the Japanese paper's claimed diazaannulene synthesis without a local retraction or refutation warning; the other citation supports the American claim, not the Japanese result.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In a letter to Angewandte Chemie, the German chemist Manfred Christl pointed out not only that the alleged new chemistry was in fact 100-year-old Zincke chemistry but also that the proposed structure for the reaction product was not the 12 membered ring but the 6 membered pyridinium salt (structure 2).", "section": "2007 rediscovery", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "As of December 2007 the Japanese group retracted its paper in Organic Letters due to uncertainties regarding what products are formed in the reaction described", "section": "2007 rediscovery", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Notice - Limited or No Information" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:639315621f7502bb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[12]", "others": [ "Shi, Lei; Lundberg, Dan; Musaev, Djamaladdin G.; Menger, Fredric M. (2007). \"[12]Annulene Gemini Surfactants: Structure and Self-Assembly\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 46 (31): 5889–5891. doi:10.1002/anie.200702140. PMID 17615610." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 7974411 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 20.0, "severity": 5.0, "rank": 177 }, { "id": "sha256:77063f483b42714c", "key": "RW-3604 / 39331424 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369163903 } ], "first_seen": 1369163903, "last_checked": 1369163903, "page_id": 39331424, "revid": 1369163903, "written_on": "Séralini affair", "doi": "10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.005", "pmid": "22999595", "record_id": 3604, "paper_title": "Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize", "cited": false, "section": "Study background", "where": "", "text": "The paper's abstract stated: \"In females, all treated groups died 2–3 times more than controls, and more rapidly. This difference was visible in 3 male groups fed GMOs. All results were hormone and sex dependent, and the pathological profiles were comparable.\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The paper's abstract stated: \"In females, all treated groups died 2–3 times more than controls, and more rapidly. This difference was visible in 3 male groups fed GMOs. All results were hormone and sex dependent, and the pathological profiles were comparable.\"", "reason": "This directly reproduces the retracted paper's mortality and hormone-dependent findings without a local retraction or refutation warning; an editor should check any local footnotes.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The Séralini affair was the controversy surrounding the publication, retraction, and republication of a journal article by French molecular biologist Gilles-Éric Séralini.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Scientists and regulatory agencies subsequently concluded that the study's design was flawed and its findings unsubstantiated.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Following widespread criticism by scientists, Food and Chemical Toxicology retracted the paper in November 2013 after the authors refused to withdraw it. The editor-in-chief said that the article was retracted because its data were inconclusive and its conclusions unreliable.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Many said that Séralini's conclusions were impossible to justify due to experimental design issues or lack of statistical power of the study.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The study shows both shortcomings in study design and in the presentation of the collected data. This means that the conclusions drawn by the authors are not supported by the available data.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The study as reported by Séralini et al. was found to be inadequately designed, analysed and reported...The study as described by Séralini et al. does not allow giving weight to their results and conclusions as published. Conclusions cannot be drawn on the difference in tumour incidence between treatment groups on the basis of the design, the analysis and the results as reported.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "However, given this study presents serious deficiencies in the protocol, the procedures and the interpretation of the results, the SFPT cannot support any of the scientific claims drawn by the authors, and any relevance for human risk assessment.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Using Seralini's published numerical data, the review found no significant effects on animal health after analysis with statistical tests.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The finding that \"in females, all the treated groups died 2–3 times more than controls\" was not statistically significant. The highest mortality was observed for the group of female rats fed 22% genetically modified maize. This difference was not statistically significant. Seralini also originally claimed males in groups fed 22% and 33% genetically modified maize had three times lower mortality than controls, but this was also not statistically significant. The findings of liver necrosis and mammary tumors were also not significant.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "A 2017 study found that since it was retracted, Seralini et al. (2012) had been cited 60 times after it was retracted, and that more of these citations were negative (39%) than were positive (26%).", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Other Séralini supporters criticized the retraction of the study, concluding the response was a product of industry-driven campaign and regard this as a concerning example of industry interference in the scientific process.", "section": "Responses to criticism", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "[Seralini] has crossed the line from merely performing and reporting flawed experiments to committing gross scientific misconduct and attempting fraud.", "section": "Media", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Retraction", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In November 2013, Elsevier announced that FCT was retracting the paper, after the authors refused to withdraw it.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After an in-depth look at the study's raw data, no definitive conclusions could be reached regarding the role of either NK603 or glyphosate in overall mortality or tumor rates, given the high incidence of tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats and the small sample size. Normal variance could not be excluded as the cause of the results.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The data are inconclusive, therefore the claim (i.e., conclusion) that Roundup Ready maize NK603 and/or the Roundup herbicide have a link to cancer is unreliable.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "However, to be very clear, it is the entire paper, with the claim that there is a definitive link between GMO and cancer that is being retracted.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In our analysis, his conclusions cannot be claimed from the data presented in this article.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Séralini and his supporters strongly objected to the retraction, and Séralini himself threatened to sue FCT.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Hayes said in an interview that he did not have a contract with Monsanto when he retracted Séralini's paper, and that his decision to retract it was not influenced by Monsanto at all.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "was inadequate for evaluation because the number of animals per group was small, the histopathological description of tumours was poor, and incidences of tumours for individual animals were not provided.", "section": "Republication", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Complaints about Author", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d06cd0a477f135a3", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 39331424 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 19.333333333333332, "severity": 4.833333333333333, "rank": 178 }, { "id": "sha256:a966ff27c60bf4a4", "key": "RW-3604 / 39331424 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369163903 } ], "first_seen": 1369163903, "last_checked": 1369163903, "page_id": 39331424, "revid": 1369163903, "written_on": "Séralini affair", "doi": "10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.005", "pmid": "22999595", "record_id": 3604, "paper_title": "Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize", "cited": false, "section": "Scientific evaluation", "where": "", "text": "The Washington Post quoted Marion Nestle, the Paulette Goddard professor in the Department of Nutrition, Food Studies and Public Health at New York University and food safety advocate: \"'[I] can't figure it out yet....It's weirdly complicated and unclear on key issues: what the controls were fed, relative rates of tumors, why no dose relationship, what the mechanism might be. I can't think of a biological reason why GMO corn should do this.....So even though I strongly support labeling, I'm skeptical of this study.'\" Likewise, Dan Charles, writing for NPR, noted that in the study, rats that ate 33% GM food developed fewer tumors than did those who ate 11% GM food, suggesting the absence of a dose response. University of Calgary Professor Maurice Moloney publicly wondered why the paper contained so many pictures of treated rats with horrific tumors, but no pictures of control group rats.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Likewise, Dan Charles, writing for NPR, noted that in the study, rats that ate 33% GM food developed fewer tumors than did those who ate 11% GM food, suggesting the absence of a dose response.", "reason": "Although attributed to NPR and used critically, this presents a tumor comparison derived from the retracted study as an observation; an editor should check whether the local source independently validates it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The Séralini affair was the controversy surrounding the publication, retraction, and republication of a journal article by French molecular biologist Gilles-Éric Séralini.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Scientists and regulatory agencies subsequently concluded that the study's design was flawed and its findings unsubstantiated.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Following widespread criticism by scientists, Food and Chemical Toxicology retracted the paper in November 2013 after the authors refused to withdraw it. The editor-in-chief said that the article was retracted because its data were inconclusive and its conclusions unreliable.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Many said that Séralini's conclusions were impossible to justify due to experimental design issues or lack of statistical power of the study.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The study shows both shortcomings in study design and in the presentation of the collected data. This means that the conclusions drawn by the authors are not supported by the available data.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The study as reported by Séralini et al. was found to be inadequately designed, analysed and reported...The study as described by Séralini et al. does not allow giving weight to their results and conclusions as published. Conclusions cannot be drawn on the difference in tumour incidence between treatment groups on the basis of the design, the analysis and the results as reported.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "However, given this study presents serious deficiencies in the protocol, the procedures and the interpretation of the results, the SFPT cannot support any of the scientific claims drawn by the authors, and any relevance for human risk assessment.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Using Seralini's published numerical data, the review found no significant effects on animal health after analysis with statistical tests.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The finding that \"in females, all the treated groups died 2–3 times more than controls\" was not statistically significant. The highest mortality was observed for the group of female rats fed 22% genetically modified maize. This difference was not statistically significant. Seralini also originally claimed males in groups fed 22% and 33% genetically modified maize had three times lower mortality than controls, but this was also not statistically significant. The findings of liver necrosis and mammary tumors were also not significant.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "A 2017 study found that since it was retracted, Seralini et al. (2012) had been cited 60 times after it was retracted, and that more of these citations were negative (39%) than were positive (26%).", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Other Séralini supporters criticized the retraction of the study, concluding the response was a product of industry-driven campaign and regard this as a concerning example of industry interference in the scientific process.", "section": "Responses to criticism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "[Seralini] has crossed the line from merely performing and reporting flawed experiments to committing gross scientific misconduct and attempting fraud.", "section": "Media", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Retraction", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In November 2013, Elsevier announced that FCT was retracting the paper, after the authors refused to withdraw it.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After an in-depth look at the study's raw data, no definitive conclusions could be reached regarding the role of either NK603 or glyphosate in overall mortality or tumor rates, given the high incidence of tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats and the small sample size. Normal variance could not be excluded as the cause of the results.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The data are inconclusive, therefore the claim (i.e., conclusion) that Roundup Ready maize NK603 and/or the Roundup herbicide have a link to cancer is unreliable.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "However, to be very clear, it is the entire paper, with the claim that there is a definitive link between GMO and cancer that is being retracted.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In our analysis, his conclusions cannot be claimed from the data presented in this article.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Séralini and his supporters strongly objected to the retraction, and Séralini himself threatened to sue FCT.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Hayes said in an interview that he did not have a contract with Monsanto when he retracted Séralini's paper, and that his decision to retract it was not influenced by Monsanto at all.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "was inadequate for evaluation because the number of animals per group was small, the histopathological description of tumours was poor, and incidences of tumours for individual animals were not provided.", "section": "Republication", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Complaints about Author", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d06cd0a477f135a3", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 39331424 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 19.333333333333332, "severity": 4.833333333333333, "rank": 179 }, { "id": "sha256:cf8252c7af67d80c", "key": "RW-3604 / 39331424 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369163903 } ], "first_seen": 1369163903, "last_checked": 1369163903, "page_id": 39331424, "revid": 1369163903, "written_on": "Séralini affair", "doi": "10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.005", "pmid": "22999595", "record_id": 3604, "paper_title": "Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize", "cited": false, "section": "Media", "where": "", "text": "The Guardian's Environmental Blog stated that the study linking GM maize to cancer \"must be taken seriously by regulators\" and that although it \"attracted a torrent of abuse\", \"it cannot be swept under the carpet\". They also noted CRIIGEN's funding of the research and reported Séralini's response: namely, that studies in support of GM food are usually funded by \"corporates or by pro-biotech institutions\". Proponents of California's GM labeling referendum, Proposition 37, hailed the study.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The Guardian's Environmental Blog stated that the study linking GM maize to cancer \"must be taken seriously by regulators\" and that although it \"attracted a torrent of abuse\", \"it cannot be swept under the carpet\".", "reason": "This reports an endorsement of the paper's maize–cancer claim without a local refutation or retraction warning; an editor should check the blog citation and its historical context.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.92, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The Séralini affair was the controversy surrounding the publication, retraction, and republication of a journal article by French molecular biologist Gilles-Éric Séralini.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Scientists and regulatory agencies subsequently concluded that the study's design was flawed and its findings unsubstantiated.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Following widespread criticism by scientists, Food and Chemical Toxicology retracted the paper in November 2013 after the authors refused to withdraw it. The editor-in-chief said that the article was retracted because its data were inconclusive and its conclusions unreliable.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Many said that Séralini's conclusions were impossible to justify due to experimental design issues or lack of statistical power of the study.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The study shows both shortcomings in study design and in the presentation of the collected data. This means that the conclusions drawn by the authors are not supported by the available data.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The study as reported by Séralini et al. was found to be inadequately designed, analysed and reported...The study as described by Séralini et al. does not allow giving weight to their results and conclusions as published. Conclusions cannot be drawn on the difference in tumour incidence between treatment groups on the basis of the design, the analysis and the results as reported.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "However, given this study presents serious deficiencies in the protocol, the procedures and the interpretation of the results, the SFPT cannot support any of the scientific claims drawn by the authors, and any relevance for human risk assessment.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Using Seralini's published numerical data, the review found no significant effects on animal health after analysis with statistical tests.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The finding that \"in females, all the treated groups died 2–3 times more than controls\" was not statistically significant. The highest mortality was observed for the group of female rats fed 22% genetically modified maize. This difference was not statistically significant. Seralini also originally claimed males in groups fed 22% and 33% genetically modified maize had three times lower mortality than controls, but this was also not statistically significant. The findings of liver necrosis and mammary tumors were also not significant.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "A 2017 study found that since it was retracted, Seralini et al. (2012) had been cited 60 times after it was retracted, and that more of these citations were negative (39%) than were positive (26%).", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Other Séralini supporters criticized the retraction of the study, concluding the response was a product of industry-driven campaign and regard this as a concerning example of industry interference in the scientific process.", "section": "Responses to criticism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "[Seralini] has crossed the line from merely performing and reporting flawed experiments to committing gross scientific misconduct and attempting fraud.", "section": "Media", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Retraction", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In November 2013, Elsevier announced that FCT was retracting the paper, after the authors refused to withdraw it.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After an in-depth look at the study's raw data, no definitive conclusions could be reached regarding the role of either NK603 or glyphosate in overall mortality or tumor rates, given the high incidence of tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats and the small sample size. Normal variance could not be excluded as the cause of the results.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The data are inconclusive, therefore the claim (i.e., conclusion) that Roundup Ready maize NK603 and/or the Roundup herbicide have a link to cancer is unreliable.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "However, to be very clear, it is the entire paper, with the claim that there is a definitive link between GMO and cancer that is being retracted.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In our analysis, his conclusions cannot be claimed from the data presented in this article.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Séralini and his supporters strongly objected to the retraction, and Séralini himself threatened to sue FCT.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Hayes said in an interview that he did not have a contract with Monsanto when he retracted Séralini's paper, and that his decision to retract it was not influenced by Monsanto at all.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "was inadequate for evaluation because the number of animals per group was small, the histopathological description of tumours was poor, and incidences of tumours for individual animals were not provided.", "section": "Republication", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Complaints about Author", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d06cd0a477f135a3", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 39331424 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 19.333333333333332, "severity": 4.833333333333333, "rank": 180 }, { "id": "sha256:6a4f3ce8ef7d684d", "key": "RW-66335 / 25586145 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370259849 } ], "first_seen": 1370259849, "last_checked": 1370259849, "page_id": 25586145, "revid": 1370259849, "written_on": "2010 in science", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "December", "where": "list", "text": "2 December – NASA-supported researchers discover the first microorganism known to be able to thrive and reproduce using the toxic chemical arsenic. (NASA) Archived 2017-05-16 at the Wayback Machine (Science)", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "NASA-supported researchers discover the first microorganism known to be able to thrive and reproduce using the toxic chemical arsenic.", "reason": "This states the paper's claimed arsenic-supported growth as a discovery, without noting its retraction or the failure to reproduce its results.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:63b3117075e9a7c0", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 25586145 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 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"confidence": 0.85, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Data", "Salami Slicing" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:321a90c830eeff8c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "refname1", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 59753398 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 16.7, "severity": 4.175, "rank": 183 }, { "id": "sha256:dad6f37f63b2a6da", "key": "RW-47382 / 59753398 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374093906 } ], "first_seen": 1374093906, "last_checked": 1374093906, "page_id": 59753398, "revid": 1374093906, "written_on": "Stegodyphus dumicola", "doi": "10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.001", "pmid": "", "record_id": 47382, "paper_title": "Personality and morphology shape task participation, collective foraging and escape behaviour in the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola", "cited": true, "section": "Prey capture 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On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract the papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In the months after the two Nature papers were released, all scientists who tried to duplicate Obokata's results failed and suspicion arose that her results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On April 1, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had engaged in \"research misconduct\", falsifying data on two occasions.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both the article and the \"letter\". The article was officially retracted on July 2, 2014.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On September 24, 2015, the RIKEN scientists reported that Obokata's STAP cells came from embryonic stem cell contamination, while on the same day, research groups who had attempted to reproduce the STAP protocol jointly reported that they had found it irreproducible.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "If the findings had proven to be valid, stimulus-triggered pluripotency cells could have been generated more easily and efficiently than by existing iPS techniques.", "section": "Implications", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f45a50f8aa712406", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "STAP Nature Paper", "marker": "[6]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 41787889 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 15.433333333333334, "severity": 3.8583333333333334, "rank": 186 }, { "id": "sha256:66916ae88f4e6a60", "key": "RW-2081 / 41787889 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375988571 } ], "first_seen": 1375988571, "last_checked": 1375988571, "page_id": 41787889, "revid": 1375988571, "written_on": "Stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency", "doi": "10.1038/nature12968", "pmid": "24476887", "record_id": 2081, "paper_title": "Stimulus-triggered Fate Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Pluripotency", "cited": true, "section": "Overview", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Haruko Obokata claimed that STAP cells were produced by exposing CD45^+ murine spleen cells to certain stresses including an acidic medium with a pH of 5.7 for half an hour.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Haruko Obokata claimed that STAP cells were produced by exposing CD45^+ murine spleen cells to certain stresses including an acidic medium with a pH of 5.7 for half an hour.", "reason": "This reports the paper's claimed stress-induced reprogramming; NHS coverage plausibly supports the reported protocol but is not independent validation.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Over the following months, all scientists who tried to duplicate her results failed, and suspicion arose that Obokata's results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On April 1, 2014, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had falsified data to obtain her results. On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract the papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In the months after the two Nature papers were released, all scientists who tried to duplicate Obokata's results failed and suspicion arose that her results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On April 1, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had engaged in \"research misconduct\", falsifying data on two occasions.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both the article and the \"letter\". The article was officially retracted on July 2, 2014.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On September 24, 2015, the RIKEN scientists reported that Obokata's STAP cells came from embryonic stem cell contamination, while on the same day, research groups who had attempted to reproduce the STAP protocol jointly reported that they had found it irreproducible.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "If the findings had proven to be valid, stimulus-triggered pluripotency cells could have been generated more easily and efficiently than by existing iPS techniques.", "section": "Implications", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f45a50f8aa712406", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "STAP Nature Paper", "marker": "[6]", "others": [ "NHS Choices (January 30, 2014). \"Breakthrough in stem cell creation using acid bath - What did the research involve?\". nhs.co.uk. Retrieved February 6, 2014. They put them in a weak acid solution (pH 5.7) for 30 minutes at 37°C, and then put them into petri dishes and grew them at normal pH." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 41787889 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 15.433333333333334, "severity": 3.8583333333333334, "rank": 187 }, { "id": "sha256:1ae16d249a83fc2c", "key": "RW-2081 / 41787889 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375988571 } ], "first_seen": 1375988571, "last_checked": 1375988571, "page_id": 41787889, "revid": 1375988571, "written_on": "Stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency", "doi": "10.1038/nature12968", "pmid": "24476887", "record_id": 2081, "paper_title": "Stimulus-triggered Fate Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Pluripotency", "cited": true, "section": "Overview", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Following this treatment, the cells were verified to be pluripotent by observing increasing levels of Oct-4 (a transcription factor expressed in embryonic stem cells) over the following week using an Oct4-GFP transgene.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Following this treatment, the cells were verified to be pluripotent by observing increasing levels of Oct-4 (a transcription factor expressed in embryonic stem cells) over the following week using an Oct4-GFP transgene.", "reason": "The sentence presents the paper's claimed verification of pluripotency as established; contemporary news coverage plausibly repeats that finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Over the following months, all scientists who tried to duplicate her results failed, and suspicion arose that Obokata's results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On April 1, 2014, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had falsified data to obtain her results. On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract the papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In the months after the two Nature papers were released, all scientists who tried to duplicate Obokata's results failed and suspicion arose that her results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On April 1, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had engaged in \"research misconduct\", falsifying data on two occasions.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both the article and the \"letter\". The article was officially retracted on July 2, 2014.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On September 24, 2015, the RIKEN scientists reported that Obokata's STAP cells came from embryonic stem cell contamination, while on the same day, research groups who had attempted to reproduce the STAP protocol jointly reported that they had found it irreproducible.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "If the findings had proven to be valid, stimulus-triggered pluripotency cells could have been generated more easily and efficiently than by existing iPS techniques.", "section": "Implications", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f45a50f8aa712406", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "STAP Nature Paper", "marker": "[6]", "others": [ "Thomson, Helen (January 29, 2014). \"Stem cell power unleashed after 30 minute dip in acid\". New Scientist. Retrieved January 31, 2014." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 41787889 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 15.433333333333334, "severity": 3.8583333333333334, "rank": 188 }, { "id": "sha256:18505fc8463cf22d", "key": "RW-2081 / 41787889 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375988571 } ], "first_seen": 1375988571, "last_checked": 1375988571, "page_id": 41787889, "revid": 1375988571, "written_on": "Stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency", "doi": "10.1038/nature12968", "pmid": "24476887", "record_id": 2081, "paper_title": "Stimulus-triggered Fate Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Pluripotency", "cited": true, "section": "Overview", "where": "paragraph", "text": "On average only 25% of cells survived the acid treatment, but over 50% of those that survived converted to Oct4-GFP^+CD45^− pluripotent cells.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "On average only 25% of cells survived the acid treatment, but over 50% of those that survived converted to Oct4-GFP^+CD45^− pluripotent cells.", "reason": "These survival and conversion measurements are results of the retracted study, presented without a local warning or another source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Over the following months, all scientists who tried to duplicate her results failed, and suspicion arose that Obokata's results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On April 1, 2014, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had falsified data to obtain her results. On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract the papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In the months after the two Nature papers were released, all scientists who tried to duplicate Obokata's results failed and suspicion arose that her results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On April 1, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had engaged in \"research misconduct\", falsifying data on two occasions.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both the article and the \"letter\". The article was officially retracted on July 2, 2014.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On September 24, 2015, the RIKEN scientists reported that Obokata's STAP cells came from embryonic stem cell contamination, while on the same day, research groups who had attempted to reproduce the STAP protocol jointly reported that they had found it irreproducible.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "If the findings had proven to be valid, stimulus-triggered pluripotency cells could have been generated more easily and efficiently than by existing iPS techniques.", "section": "Implications", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f45a50f8aa712406", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "STAP Nature Paper", "marker": "[6]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 41787889 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 15.433333333333334, "severity": 3.8583333333333334, "rank": 189 }, { "id": "sha256:ff9777cb77f0f21c", "key": "RW-2081 / 41787889 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375988571 } ], "first_seen": 1375988571, "last_checked": 1375988571, "page_id": 41787889, "revid": 1375988571, "written_on": "Stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency", "doi": "10.1038/nature12968", "pmid": "24476887", "record_id": 2081, "paper_title": "Stimulus-triggered Fate Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Pluripotency", "cited": true, "section": "Overview", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Additionally, these mice produced healthy offspring, thereby demonstrating germline transmission which is \"a strict criterion for pluripotency as well as genetic and epigenetic normality.\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The researchers also claimed that treatment with bacterial toxins or physical stress were conducive to the acquisition of pluripotent markers. STAP cells injected into mouse embryos grew into a variety of tissues and organs found throughout the body. According to the researchers, the chimaeric mice \"[appeared] to be healthy, fertile, and normal\" after one-to-two years of observation. Additionally, these mice produced healthy offspring, thereby demonstrating germline transmission which is \"a strict criterion for pluripotency as well as genetic and epigenetic normality.\"", "reason": "The preceding uncited sentences and the footnoted sentence report the study's stress-response, chimera and germline-transmission findings without identifying them locally as retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Over the following months, all scientists who tried to duplicate her results failed, and suspicion arose that Obokata's results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On April 1, 2014, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had falsified data to obtain her results. On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract the papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In the months after the two Nature papers were released, all scientists who tried to duplicate Obokata's results failed and suspicion arose that her results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On April 1, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had engaged in \"research misconduct\", falsifying data on two occasions.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both the article and the \"letter\". The article was officially retracted on July 2, 2014.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On September 24, 2015, the RIKEN scientists reported that Obokata's STAP cells came from embryonic stem cell contamination, while on the same day, research groups who had attempted to reproduce the STAP protocol jointly reported that they had found it irreproducible.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "If the findings had proven to be valid, stimulus-triggered pluripotency cells could have been generated more easily and efficiently than by existing iPS techniques.", "section": "Implications", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f45a50f8aa712406", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "STAP Nature Paper", "marker": "[6]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 41787889 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 15.433333333333334, "severity": 3.8583333333333334, "rank": 190 }, { "id": "sha256:fc1ab9d9467e53b6", "key": "RW-2081 / 41787889 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375988571 } ], "first_seen": 1375988571, "last_checked": 1375988571, "page_id": 41787889, "revid": 1375988571, "written_on": "Stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency", "doi": "10.1038/nature12968", "pmid": "24476887", "record_id": 2081, "paper_title": "Stimulus-triggered Fate Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Pluripotency", "cited": true, "section": "Overview", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It was not clear why ordinary cells do not convert into stem cells when subjected to similar stimuli under ordinary conditions, such as acidity in the body; Obokata et al. suggested that in vivo inhibitory mechanisms may block conversion to pluripotency.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It was not clear why ordinary cells do not convert into stem cells when subjected to similar stimuli under ordinary conditions, such as acidity in the body; Obokata et al. suggested that in vivo inhibitory mechanisms may block conversion to pluripotency.", "reason": "The proposed inhibitory mechanism interprets the paper's claimed reprogramming phenomenon; attribution and tentative language do not identify its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Over the following months, all scientists who tried to duplicate her results failed, and suspicion arose that Obokata's results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On April 1, 2014, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had falsified data to obtain her results. On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract the papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In the months after the two Nature papers were released, all scientists who tried to duplicate Obokata's results failed and suspicion arose that her results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On April 1, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had engaged in \"research misconduct\", falsifying data on two occasions.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both the article and the \"letter\". The article was officially retracted on July 2, 2014.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On September 24, 2015, the RIKEN scientists reported that Obokata's STAP cells came from embryonic stem cell contamination, while on the same day, research groups who had attempted to reproduce the STAP protocol jointly reported that they had found it irreproducible.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "If the findings had proven to be valid, stimulus-triggered pluripotency cells could have been generated more easily and efficiently than by existing iPS techniques.", "section": "Implications", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f45a50f8aa712406", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "STAP Nature Paper", "marker": "[6]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 41787889 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 15.433333333333334, "severity": 3.8583333333333334, "rank": 191 }, { "id": "sha256:2bbb693bd7f5be09", "key": "RW-2081 / 41787889 / #8", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375988571 } ], "first_seen": 1375988571, "last_checked": 1375988571, "page_id": 41787889, "revid": 1375988571, "written_on": "Stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency", "doi": "10.1038/nature12968", "pmid": "24476887", "record_id": 2081, "paper_title": "Stimulus-triggered Fate Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Pluripotency", "cited": false, "section": "History", "where": "", "text": "The technique for producing STAP cells was subsequently studied by Obokata at the Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), while she was studying as a post doc under Charles Vacanti, and then at the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology in Japan. In 2008, while working at Harvard Medical School, she verified at the request of Charles Vacanti that some of the cultured cells she was working with shrank to the size of stem cells after being mechanically injured in a capillary tube. She went on as directed, to test the effects of various stimuli on cells. After modifying the technique, Obokata was able to show that white blood cells from newborn mice could be transformed into cells that behaved much like stem cells. She repeated the experiment with other cell types including brain, skin, and muscle cells with the same result.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "After modifying the technique, Obokata was able to show that white blood cells from newborn mice could be transformed into cells that behaved much like stem cells. She repeated the experiment with other cell types including brain, skin, and muscle cells with the same result.", "reason": "This historical account repeats the paper's claimed somatic-cell conversion as successful; unseen footnotes may supply historical reporting but require checking.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Over the following months, all scientists who tried to duplicate her results failed, and suspicion arose that Obokata's results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On April 1, 2014, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had falsified data to obtain her results. On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract the papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In the months after the two Nature papers were released, all scientists who tried to duplicate Obokata's results failed and suspicion arose that her results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On April 1, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had engaged in \"research misconduct\", falsifying data on two occasions.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both the article and the \"letter\". The article was officially retracted on July 2, 2014.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On September 24, 2015, the RIKEN scientists reported that Obokata's STAP cells came from embryonic stem cell contamination, while on the same day, research groups who had attempted to reproduce the STAP protocol jointly reported that they had found it irreproducible.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "If the findings had proven to be valid, stimulus-triggered pluripotency cells could have been generated more easily and efficiently than by existing iPS techniques.", "section": "Implications", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f45a50f8aa712406", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 41787889 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 15.433333333333334, "severity": 3.8583333333333334, "rank": 192 }, { "id": "sha256:a630f349849bce13", "key": "RW-2081 / 41787889 / #9", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375988571 } ], "first_seen": 1375988571, "last_checked": 1375988571, "page_id": 41787889, "revid": 1375988571, "written_on": "Stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency", "doi": "10.1038/nature12968", "pmid": "24476887", "record_id": 2081, "paper_title": "Stimulus-triggered Fate Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Pluripotency", "cited": false, "section": "History", "where": "", "text": "Initially Obokata's findings were met with skepticism, even among her coworkers. \"Everyone said it was an artefact – there were some really hard days\", she recalled. The manuscript describing the work was rejected multiple times before its eventual publication as an article (together with a shorter jointly-written \"letter\") within the journal Nature. A series of experiments, first turning a mouse embryo green by fluorescently tagging STAP cells, then videotaping the transformation of T-cells into pluripotent cells, finally convinced skeptics that the results were real.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A series of experiments, first turning a mouse embryo green by fluorescently tagging STAP cells, then videotaping the transformation of T-cells into pluripotent cells, finally convinced skeptics that the results were real.", "reason": "These experiments retell the paper's claimed chimera contribution and lymphocyte reprogramming, without a local correction; an editor must check any sources attached to this history.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Over the following months, all scientists who tried to duplicate her results failed, and suspicion arose that Obokata's results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On April 1, 2014, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had falsified data to obtain her results. On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract the papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In the months after the two Nature papers were released, all scientists who tried to duplicate Obokata's results failed and suspicion arose that her results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On April 1, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had engaged in \"research misconduct\", falsifying data on two occasions.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both the article and the \"letter\". The article was officially retracted on July 2, 2014.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On September 24, 2015, the RIKEN scientists reported that Obokata's STAP cells came from embryonic stem cell contamination, while on the same day, research groups who had attempted to reproduce the STAP protocol jointly reported that they had found it irreproducible.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "If the findings had proven to be valid, stimulus-triggered pluripotency cells could have been generated more easily and efficiently than by existing iPS techniques.", "section": "Implications", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f45a50f8aa712406", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 41787889 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 15.433333333333334, "severity": 3.8583333333333334, "rank": 193 }, { "id": "sha256:103745760df30011", "key": "RW-2081 / 41787889 / #10", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375988571 } ], "first_seen": 1375988571, "last_checked": 1375988571, "page_id": 41787889, "revid": 1375988571, "written_on": "Stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency", "doi": "10.1038/nature12968", "pmid": "24476887", "record_id": 2081, "paper_title": "Stimulus-triggered Fate Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Pluripotency", "cited": false, "section": "Implications", "where": "", "text": "One previous way of creating stem cells has been via genetic manipulation of adult cells into iPS cells. Progress on iPS-based therapies has been slow due to regulatory hurdles surrounding genetic manipulation. Additionally, iPS techniques have an observed efficiency of around 1%, significantly lower than the claimed efficiency of STAP.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Additionally, iPS techniques have an observed efficiency of around 1%, significantly lower than the claimed efficiency of STAP.", "reason": "The comparison uses the retracted study's claimed conversion efficiency as its benchmark; any separate source for the comparison must be checked.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Over the following months, all scientists who tried to duplicate her results failed, and suspicion arose that Obokata's results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On April 1, 2014, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had falsified data to obtain her results. On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract the papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In the months after the two Nature papers were released, all scientists who tried to duplicate Obokata's results failed and suspicion arose that her results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "On April 1, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had engaged in \"research misconduct\", falsifying data on two occasions.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both the article and the \"letter\". The article was officially retracted on July 2, 2014.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "On September 24, 2015, the RIKEN scientists reported that Obokata's STAP cells came from embryonic stem cell contamination, while on the same day, research groups who had attempted to reproduce the STAP protocol jointly reported that they had found it irreproducible.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "If the findings had proven to be valid, stimulus-triggered pluripotency cells could have been generated more easily and efficiently than by existing iPS techniques.", "section": "Implications", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f45a50f8aa712406", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 41787889 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 15.433333333333334, "severity": 3.8583333333333334, "rank": 194 }, { "id": "sha256:4b59fc17424ad2a8", "key": "RW-18405 / 52857727 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1344123348 } ], "first_seen": 1344123348, "last_checked": 1344123348, "page_id": 52857727, "revid": 1344123348, "written_on": "Predimed", "doi": "10.1056/nejmoa1200303", "pmid": "23432189", "record_id": 18405, "paper_title": "Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The trial was planned for six years, but it was terminated early after a median follow-up of 4.8 years, and demonstrated that both Mediterranean diet groups reached a statistically significant reduction in the rate of the composite cardiovascular primary end-point of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The trial was planned for six years, but it was terminated early after a median follow-up of 4.8 years, and demonstrated that both Mediterranean diet groups reached a statistically significant reduction in the rate of the composite cardiovascular primary end-point of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death. This corresponded to an absolute reduction in 3 less cardiovascular events per 1000 patient-years, or a 30% relative risk reduction.", "reason": "Both sentences state the retracted trial's cardiovascular results as fact; the methodological and analytical errors undermine reliance on these estimates.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Parts of this article (those related to the retracted study need to be removed, with accompanying text, and replaced by the 2018 study) need to be updated.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The core publication was retracted and republished as a non-randomised study.", "section": "Criticisms", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The main paper with the final cardiovascular results was published in 2013, but retracted and immediately republished in 2018 because of errors in statistical methodology, which were revised in the republished paper.", "section": "Network", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Methods", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6c4df5cdb1eb55cf", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Estruch", "marker": "[2]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 52857727 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 14.433333333333334, "severity": 3.6083333333333334, "rank": 195 }, { "id": "sha256:7d8e027c5553f1ea", "key": "RW-18405 / 52857727 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1344123348 } ], "first_seen": 1344123348, "last_checked": 1344123348, "page_id": 52857727, "revid": 1344123348, "written_on": "Predimed", "doi": "10.1056/nejmoa1200303", "pmid": "23432189", "record_id": 18405, "paper_title": "Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet", "cited": false, "section": "Criticisms", "where": "", "text": "Some criticisms included that the protocol for the low-fat control group was changed during the trial, there were losses to follow up in the low-fat group which may have biased the results, and that a true low-fat diet was not achieved by the control group. Additionally, participants lived in a Mediterranean country. Thus, it is unclear if the results will be applicable to other non-Mediterranean settings. Despite these criticisms, there is no other dietary pattern with such a strong evidence of cardiovascular benefit, supported by this major trial and by the Lyon Diet-Heart Study but also reinforced by a multitude of other large and well-conducted observational studies. The transferability of the Mediterranean diet to other geographical regions far from the Mediterranean Sea represents the next main challenges.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Despite these criticisms, there is no other dietary pattern with such a strong evidence of cardiovascular benefit, supported by this major trial and by the Lyon Diet-Heart Study but also reinforced by a multitude of other large and well-conducted observational studies.", "reason": "This uses PREDIMED's cardiovascular benefit as evidence without locally acknowledging its retraction; an editor should check whether this paragraph's own sources independently support the comparison.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Parts of this article (those related to the retracted study need to be removed, with accompanying text, and replaced by the 2018 study) need to be updated.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The core publication was retracted and republished as a non-randomised study.", "section": "Criticisms", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The main paper with the final cardiovascular results was published in 2013, but retracted and immediately republished in 2018 because of errors in statistical methodology, which were revised in the republished paper.", "section": "Network", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Methods", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6c4df5cdb1eb55cf", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 52857727 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 14.433333333333334, "severity": 3.6083333333333334, "rank": 196 }, { "id": "sha256:c5ecb160f6cf0791", "key": "RW-20239 / 53151252 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1315210353 } ], "first_seen": 1315210353, "last_checked": 1315210353, "page_id": 53151252, "revid": 1315210353, "written_on": "Large tumor antigen", "doi": "10.7554/elife.18129", "pmid": "27921994", "record_id": 20239, "paper_title": "The structure of SV40 large T hexameric helicase in complex with AT-rich origin DNA", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "caption", "text": "The zinc-binding and ATPase/helicase domains of the large tumor antigen in hexameric form, shown with bound ADP (white), zinc (black spheres), and double-stranded DNA (center, light and dark gray).", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The zinc-binding and ATPase/helicase domains of the large tumor antigen in hexameric form, shown with bound ADP (white), zinc (black spheres), and double-stranded DNA (center, light and dark gray).", "reason": "The caption presents the paper's reported helicase–DNA structure as established; the retraction for unreliable data and conclusions undermines that structural depiction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:7c83444c4d8dcb5d", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "gai_2016", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 53151252 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.2, "severity": 3.2, "rank": 197 }, { "id": "sha256:4832edf03b6208d2", "key": "RW-32763 / 69259218 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370316144 } ], "first_seen": 1370316144, "last_checked": 1370316144, "page_id": 69259218, "revid": 1370316144, "written_on": "Consoling touch", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006535.pub2", "pmid": "18843720", "record_id": 32763, "paper_title": "Touch therapies for pain relief in adults (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Physical", "where": "paragraph", "text": "From a therapeutic perspective consoling touch provides pain alleviation and facilitates healing.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "From a therapeutic perspective consoling touch provides pain alleviation and facilitates healing.", "reason": "The pain-alleviation claim uses the review's finding as fact, although its healing claim and extension from Healing Touch, Therapeutic Touch and Reiki to consoling contact go beyond the abstract; the review was withdrawn as out of date.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:007106fcdd01cc77", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[25]", "others": [ "Meehan, Therese C. (July 1998). \"Therapeutic touch as a nursing intervention: Integrative literature reviews and meta-analyses\". Journal of Advanced Nursing. 28 (1): 117–125. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00771.x. PMID 9687138. S2CID 32762335.", "Whelan, Kathleen M.; Wishnia, Gracie S. (July 2003). \"Reiki Therapy\". Holistic Nursing Practice. 17 (4): 209–217. doi:10.1097/00004650-200307000-00008. ISSN 0887-9311. PMID 12889549. S2CID 34464263." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 69259218 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 12.266666666666667, "severity": 3.066666666666667, "rank": 198 }, { "id": "sha256:98f1941c98a2e291", "key": "RW-216 / 14138534 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1366113251 } ], "first_seen": 1366113251, "last_checked": 1366113251, "page_id": 14138534, "revid": 1366113251, "written_on": "TOP2B", "doi": "10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00436-7", "pmid": "12837248", "record_id": 216, "paper_title": "The Chromatin-remodeling Complex WINAC Targets a Nuclear Receptor to Promoters and is Impaired in Williams Syndrome", "cited": true, "section": "Interactions", "where": "list", "text": "BAZ1B,", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "BAZ1B,", "reason": "With the list introduction, this asserts a TOP2B–BAZ1B (WSTF) interaction supported only by the retracted WINAC study; its data, image, and conclusion errors undermine that support.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Data", "Error in Image", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:26c0369cd7adeb89", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "pmid12837248", "marker": "[16]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 14138534 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.033333333333333, "severity": 3.033333333333333, "rank": 199 }, { "id": "sha256:798b71dca1f282b4", "key": "RW-28669 / 66094894 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360802178 } ], "first_seen": 1360802178, "last_checked": 1360802178, "page_id": 66094894, "revid": 1360802178, "written_on": "Ubirajara jubatus", "doi": "10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104686", "pmid": "", "record_id": 28669, "paper_title": "A maned theropod dinosaur from Gondwana with elaborate integumentary structures", "cited": true, "section": "History of discovery", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It represents a juvenile, and possibly male, individual.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Apart from the bones, the fossil also preserves remains of the plumage, skin, granulate structures in the torso, and the keratin sheaths of the hand claws. The skeleton is partially articulated. It represents a juvenile, and possibly male, individual.", "reason": "The paragraph presents specimen observations and interpretations from the withdrawn description as facts; its title directly supports the connection to the integument claim.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The taxon was informally named in 2020 in a now-withdrawn in-press academic paper.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Due to the ethical issues involving the potentially illegal transfer of the fossil from Brazil to Germany, the paper describing the specimen was \"temporarily removed\" only a few days after being made available online \"in press\" prior to formal publication. The article was later withdrawn in September 2021.", "section": "Legal issues", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The \"temporary removal\" and ultimately the retraction of the publication describing the new genus and species, however, raise questions as to the nomenclatural validity of the new taxon.", "section": "Nomenclatural issues", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:db92cbbb7b98f5b9", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Smythetal2020", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 66094894 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 22.8, "severity": 2.85, "rank": 200 }, { "id": "sha256:b0a37de92b009f00", "key": "RW-28669 / 66094894 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360802178 } ], "first_seen": 1360802178, "last_checked": 1360802178, "page_id": 66094894, "revid": 1360802178, "written_on": "Ubirajara jubatus", "doi": "10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104686", "pmid": "", "record_id": 28669, "paper_title": "A maned theropod dinosaur from Gondwana with elaborate integumentary structures", "cited": false, "section": "Description", "where": "", "text": "In life, the fossil individual would have been approximately 1 metre (3.3 ft) long.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In life, the fossil individual would have been approximately 1 metre (3.3 ft) long.", "reason": "This specimen-specific size estimate appears to derive from the original description; an editor must check whether the paragraph has an independent source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.83, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The taxon was informally named in 2020 in a now-withdrawn in-press academic paper.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Due to the ethical issues involving the potentially illegal transfer of the fossil from Brazil to Germany, the paper describing the specimen was \"temporarily removed\" only a few days after being made available online \"in press\" prior to formal publication. The article was later withdrawn in September 2021.", "section": "Legal issues", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "The \"temporary removal\" and ultimately the retraction of the publication describing the new genus and species, however, raise questions as to the nomenclatural validity of the new taxon.", "section": "Nomenclatural issues", "position": "earlier" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:db92cbbb7b98f5b9", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 66094894 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 22.8, "severity": 2.85, "rank": 201 }, { "id": "sha256:7cc8c86085d69b0c", "key": "RW-28669 / 66094894 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360802178 } ], "first_seen": 1360802178, "last_checked": 1360802178, "page_id": 66094894, "revid": 1360802178, "written_on": "Ubirajara jubatus", "doi": "10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104686", "pmid": "", "record_id": 28669, "paper_title": "A maned theropod dinosaur from Gondwana with elaborate integumentary structures", "cited": false, "section": "Phylogeny", "where": "", "text": "The specimen was placed in the Compsognathidae family in 2020, as the sister species of a clade formed by Sinosauropteryx and Compsognathus. This phylogeny was criticized since it cannot be properly scientifically tested or replicated at the moment because the data supporting it were never made available.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The specimen was placed in the Compsognathidae family in 2020, as the sister species of a clade formed by Sinosauropteryx and Compsognathus.", "reason": "This reports the original study's phylogenetic result; the accompanying criticism concerns reproducibility, not an explicit refutation or withdrawal warning, and an editor should check the paragraph's sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.92, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The taxon was informally named in 2020 in a now-withdrawn in-press academic paper.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Due to the ethical issues involving the potentially illegal transfer of the fossil from Brazil to Germany, the paper describing the specimen was \"temporarily removed\" only a few days after being made available online \"in press\" prior to formal publication. 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the paragraph also explicitly describes its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A now-retracted paper in Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology included this AI-generated rat with nonsensical anatomy and text.", "section": "In science", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2024, an article containing a generated image of a rat with absurdly large genitals accompanied by nonsensical text and diagrams was retracted by the journal Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology after drawing attention from scientists on social media.", "section": "In science", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Investigation by Third Party", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:7c93c185d095416b", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "ratballs", "marker": "[136]", "others": [ "DeGeurin, Mack (19 March 2024). \"AI-generated nonsense is leaking into scientific journals\". Popular Science. Retrieved 5 July 2025." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 77986589 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2822.6666666666665, "severity": 2.8226666666666667, "rank": 204 }, { "id": "sha256:1680ba2e54f19e99", "key": "RW-6343 / 9686427 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360216464 } ], "first_seen": 1360216464, "last_checked": 1360216464, "page_id": 9686427, "revid": 1360216464, "written_on": "Xenotropic murine leukemia virus–related virus", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.0906922106", "pmid": "19805305", "record_id": 6343, "paper_title": "XMRV is present in malignant prostatic epithelium and is associated with prostate cancer, especially high-grade tumors", "cited": false, "section": "Classification and genome", "where": "", "text": "XMRV is a murine leukemia virus (MLV) that formed through the recombination of the genomes of two parent MLVs known as preXMRV-1 and preXMRV-2. MLVs belong to the virus family Retroviridae and the genus gammaretrovirus and have a single-stranded RNA genome that replicates through a DNA intermediate. The name XMRV was given because the discoverers of the virus initially thought that it was a novel potential human pathogen that was related to but distinct from MLVs. The XMRV particle is approximately spherical and 80 to 100 nm in diameter. Several XMRV genomic sequences have been published to date. These sequences are almost identical, an unusual finding as retroviruses replicate their genomes with relatively low fidelity, leading to divergent viral sequences in a single host organism. In 2010 the results of phylogenetic analyses of XMRV and related murine retroviruses led a group of researchers to conclude that XMRV \"might not be a genuine human pathogen\". Xenotropic viruses (xenos Gr. foreign; tropos Gr. turning) were initially discovered in the New Zealand Black (NZB) mouse and later found to be present in many other mouse strains including wild mice.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The XMRV particle is approximately spherical and 80 to 100 nm in diameter.", "reason": "This particle-description claim overlaps the paper's experimental ultrastructure findings; an editor should check whether this paragraph has an independent source for the shape and dimensions.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.78, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Initial reports erroneously linked the virus to prostate cancer and later to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Subsequent research established that XMRV was in fact a laboratory contaminant, rather than a novel pathogen", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "There is no evidence that XMRV infects humans, nor that XMRV is associated with or causes any human disease.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "However, subsequent studies and retractions cast doubt on these findings.", "section": "Prostate cancer", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Positive findings of the virus were likely due to contamination rather than true presence of the virus in humans.", "section": "Controversy and origins", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "As a result, many of the key publications which did claim an association were voluntarily retracted.", "section": "Controversy and origins", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:00fe7c9355b6105a", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 9686427 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 11.233333333333333, "severity": 2.808333333333333, "rank": 205 }, { "id": "sha256:289aaf1656789ded", "key": "RW-492 / 9686427 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360216464 } ], "first_seen": 1360216464, "last_checked": 1360216464, "page_id": 9686427, "revid": 1360216464, "written_on": "Xenotropic murine leukemia virus–related virus", "doi": "10.1126/science.1179052", "pmid": "19815723", "record_id": 492, "paper_title": "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "cited": false, "section": "Controversy and origins", "where": "", "text": "Separate from these concerns, alarms were raised over the possibility that XMRV might be transmissible by blood transfusion since the virus was recovered from lymphocytes (white blood cells). XMRV is closely related to several known xenotropic mouse viruses which can recognize and enter cells of non-rodent species (including humans) by means of the cell surface xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1). As a result, the AABB (formerly the American Association of Blood Banks) established a task force to determine the prevalence of XMRV in the United States' blood donation supply and the suitability of different detection methods.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Separate from these concerns, alarms were raised over the possibility that XMRV might be transmissible by blood transfusion since the virus was recovered from lymphocytes (white blood cells).", "reason": "The asserted recovery from lymphocytes matches this paper's blood-cell findings and is used as evidence for transfusion concerns; an editor should check whether the paragraph has an independent source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.93, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Initial reports erroneously linked the virus to prostate cancer and later to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Subsequent research established that XMRV was in fact a laboratory contaminant, rather than a novel pathogen, and had been generated unintentionally in the laboratory through genetic recombination between two mouse retroviruses during propagation of a prostate-cancer cell line in the mid-1990s.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "There is no evidence that XMRV infects humans, nor that XMRV is associated with or causes any human disease.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Positive findings of the virus were likely due to contamination rather than true presence of the virus in humans.", "section": "Controversy and origins", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "As a result, many of the key publications which did claim an association were voluntarily retracted. This included the initial study which had linked XMRV to CFS, which was retracted at Silverman's request; one of the co-authors, Judy Mikovits, was also accused of scientific misconduct.", "section": "Controversy and origins", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Contamination of Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ac07b1fe4321f5ca", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 9686427 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 11.233333333333333, "severity": 2.808333333333333, "rank": 206 }, { "id": "sha256:599fdfb6e93763fc", "key": "RW-2195 / 9686427 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360216464 } ], "first_seen": 1360216464, "last_checked": 1360216464, "page_id": 9686427, "revid": 1360216464, "written_on": "Xenotropic murine leukemia virus–related virus", "doi": "10.1371/journal.ppat.0020025", "pmid": "16609730", "record_id": 2195, "paper_title": "Identification of a novel Gammaretrovirus in prostate tumors of patients homozygous for R462Q RNASEL variant", "cited": false, "section": "Classification and genome", "where": "", "text": "XMRV is a murine leukemia virus (MLV) that formed through the recombination of the genomes of two parent MLVs known as preXMRV-1 and preXMRV-2. MLVs belong to the virus family Retroviridae and the genus gammaretrovirus and have a single-stranded RNA genome that replicates through a DNA intermediate. The name XMRV was given because the discoverers of the virus initially thought that it was a novel potential human pathogen that was related to but distinct from MLVs. The XMRV particle is approximately spherical and 80 to 100 nm in diameter. Several XMRV genomic sequences have been published to date. These sequences are almost identical, an unusual finding as retroviruses replicate their genomes with relatively low fidelity, leading to divergent viral sequences in a single host organism. In 2010 the results of phylogenetic analyses of XMRV and related murine retroviruses led a group of researchers to conclude that XMRV \"might not be a genuine human pathogen\". Xenotropic viruses (xenos Gr. foreign; tropos Gr. turning) were initially discovered in the New Zealand Black (NZB) mouse and later found to be present in many other mouse strains including wild mice.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The name XMRV was given because the discoverers of the virus initially thought that it was a novel potential human pathogen that was related to but distinct from MLVs.", "reason": "This retells the original paper's identification of a distinct potential human pathogen without a local correction; an editor should check whether the paragraph has an independent historical source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.8, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Initial reports erroneously linked the virus to prostate cancer and later to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "These findings raised serious questions concerning the findings of XMRV-related studies which purported to find connections between XMRV and human diseases. There is no evidence that XMRV infects humans, nor that XMRV is associated with or causes any human disease.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "However, subsequent studies and retractions cast doubt on these findings.", "section": "Prostate cancer", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Positive findings of the virus were likely due to contamination rather than true presence of the virus in humans.", "section": "Controversy and origins", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "As a result, many of the key publications which did claim an association were voluntarily retracted.", "section": "Controversy and origins", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f4653a67c8547685", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 9686427 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 11.233333333333333, "severity": 2.808333333333333, "rank": 207 }, { "id": "sha256:18b59a5b88d64c93", "key": "RW-2195 / 9686427 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360216464 } ], "first_seen": 1360216464, "last_checked": 1360216464, "page_id": 9686427, "revid": 1360216464, "written_on": "Xenotropic murine leukemia virus–related virus", "doi": "10.1371/journal.ppat.0020025", "pmid": "16609730", "record_id": 2195, "paper_title": "Identification of a novel Gammaretrovirus in prostate tumors of patients homozygous for R462Q RNASEL variant", "cited": false, "section": "Discovery", "where": "", "text": "XMRV was discovered in the laboratories of Joseph DeRisi at the University of California, San Francisco, and Robert Silverman and Eric Klein of the Cleveland Clinic. Silverman had previously cloned and investigated the enzyme ribonuclease L (RNase L), part of the cell's natural defense against viruses. When activated, RNase L degrades cellular and viral RNA to halt viral replication. In 2002, the \"hereditary prostate cancer 1\" locus (HPC1) was mapped to the RNase L gene, implicating it in the development of prostate cancer. The cancer-associated \"R462Q\" mutation results in a glutamine instead of an arginine at position 462 of the RNase L enzyme, reducing its catalytic activity. A man with two copies of this mutation has twice the risk of prostate cancer; one copy raises the risk by 50%. Klein and Silverman hypothesized that \"the putative linkage of RNase L alterations to HPC might reflect enhanced susceptibility to a viral agent\" and conducted a viral screen of prostate cancer samples, leading to the discovery of XMRV.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Klein and Silverman hypothesized that \"the putative linkage of RNase L alterations to HPC might reflect enhanced susceptibility to a viral agent\" and conducted a viral screen of prostate cancer samples, leading to the discovery of XMRV.", "reason": "The discovery narrative repeats the paper's reported detection in prostate cancer samples without a local caveat; an editor should check any sources attached to this paragraph.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.87, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Initial reports erroneously linked the virus to prostate cancer and later to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "These findings raised serious questions concerning the findings of XMRV-related studies which purported to find connections between XMRV and human diseases. There is no evidence that XMRV infects humans, nor that XMRV is associated with or causes any human disease.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "However, subsequent studies and retractions cast doubt on these findings.", "section": "Prostate cancer", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Positive findings of the virus were likely due to contamination rather than true presence of the virus in humans.", "section": "Controversy and origins", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "As a result, many of the key publications which did claim an association were voluntarily retracted.", "section": "Controversy and origins", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f4653a67c8547685", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 9686427 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 11.233333333333333, "severity": 2.808333333333333, "rank": 208 }, { "id": "sha256:318967afdf8f0129", "key": "RW-31688 / 33398582 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1314216559 } ], "first_seen": 1314216559, "last_checked": 1314216559, "page_id": 33398582, "revid": 1314216559, "written_on": "Atypical facial pain", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008456.pub2", "pmid": "22071849", "record_id": 31688, "paper_title": "Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Psychosocial interventions", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A systematic review reported that there was weak evidence to support the use of these treatments to improve long-term outcomes in chronic orofacial pain, however these results were based primarily upon temporomandibular joint dysfunction and burning mouth syndrome rather than ATP and AO.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A systematic review reported that there was weak evidence to support the use of these treatments to improve long-term outcomes in chronic orofacial pain, however these results were based primarily upon temporomandibular joint dysfunction and burning mouth syndrome rather than ATP and AO.", "reason": "This reports the withdrawn review's efficacy conclusion without a local warning; the abstract identifies the pooled trials as TMD trials, not burning mouth syndrome trials.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article cited as the source of this information was withdrawn from publication, saying the information was out of date and not meeting Cochrane methodological standards.", "section": "Prognosis", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2582f0865b2c708b", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Aggarwal 2011", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 33398582 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 11.033333333333333, "severity": 2.7583333333333333, "rank": 209 }, { "id": "sha256:2e9aba0f189f2a17", "key": "RW-32710 / 11265221 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373833464 } ], "first_seen": 1373833464, "last_checked": 1373833464, "page_id": 11265221, "revid": 1373833464, "written_on": "5-HT3 antagonist", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006272", "pmid": "", "record_id": 32710, "paper_title": "Comparison of clinical efficacy of serotonin receptor antagonists in highly emetogenic chemotherapy", "cited": true, "section": "History", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A new and improved 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, named palonosetron, was approved in 2003.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A new and improved 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, named palonosetron, was approved in 2003.", "reason": "The sentence primarily supplies approval history, although 'improved' could imply comparative efficacy; the missing abstract leaves that connection uncertain, and an independent source is needed.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.76, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:391be2e312f26ffb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Billio_2008", "marker": "[37]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 11265221 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 44.1, "severity": 2.75625, "rank": 210 }, { "id": "sha256:7da44c68b2bb76df", "key": "RW-66335 / 29837208 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372843758 } ], "first_seen": 1372843758, "last_checked": 1372843758, "page_id": 29837208, "revid": 1372843758, "written_on": "Felisa Wolfe-Simon", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "GFAJ-1 controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This search led to the discovery of the bacterium GFAJ-1, which her team claimed in a Science on-line article in December 2010 was able to incorporate arsenate as a substitute for a small percentage of the typical phosphate in its DNA and other essential biomolecules.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This search led to the discovery of the bacterium GFAJ-1, which her team claimed in a Science on-line article in December 2010 was able to incorporate arsenate as a substitute for a small percentage of the typical phosphate in its DNA and other essential biomolecules.", "reason": "The paragraph attributes the arsenate-incorporation finding to the study without saying it was refuted or retracted; criticism alone does not provide that notice.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2012, two reports refuting the most significant aspects of the original results were published in the same journal in which the original findings had been previously published.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On July 24, 2025, Science formally retracted the 2010 paper, citing expanded retraction criteria and concluding that the experiments did not support the paper's key conclusions; the study's authors objected to the decision.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Following the publication of the articles challenging the conclusions of the original Science article first describing GFAJ-1, David Sanders on the website Retraction Watch argued that the original article should be retracted because of misrepresentation of critical data.", "section": "GFAJ-1 controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In October 2024, Science editor Holden Thorp notified the article's authors of its intention to retract, arguing that, whereas formerly only misconduct justified retraction, current practice allows it for unreliability. The paper was retracted in 2025 with \"no evidence of misconduct by researchers\".", "section": "GFAJ-1 controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:68af0b7cb4c47b7d", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wolfe-Simon et al 2010", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 29837208 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.733333333333333, "severity": 2.683333333333333, "rank": 211 }, { "id": "sha256:c0ef95d67f57ee05", "key": "RW-66335 / 29837208 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372843758 } ], "first_seen": 1372843758, "last_checked": 1372843758, "page_id": 29837208, "revid": 1372843758, "written_on": "Felisa Wolfe-Simon", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": false, "section": "External links", "where": "", "text": "NASA-funded research discovers life built with toxic chemical one-hour press conference on NASA TV 2010-12-02, with Wolfe-Simon, Mary Voytek, Steven A. Benner, Pamela Conrad and James Elser", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "NASA-funded research discovers life built with toxic chemical", "reason": "The external-link title repeats the study's arsenic-based-life claim without a local refutation notice; an editor should check whether the linked press conference is sufficient historical context.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.8, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2012, two reports refuting the most significant aspects of the original results were published in the same journal in which the original findings had been previously published.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On July 24, 2025, Science formally retracted the 2010 paper, citing expanded retraction criteria and concluding that the experiments did not support the paper's key conclusions; the study's authors objected to the decision.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Following the publication of the articles challenging the conclusions of the original Science article first describing GFAJ-1, David Sanders on the website Retraction Watch argued that the original article should be retracted because of misrepresentation of critical data.", "section": "GFAJ-1 controversy", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "In October 2024, Science editor Holden Thorp notified the article's authors of its intention to retract, arguing that, whereas formerly only misconduct justified retraction, current practice allows it for unreliability. The paper was retracted in 2025 with \"no evidence of misconduct by researchers\".", "section": "GFAJ-1 controversy", "position": "earlier" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:68af0b7cb4c47b7d", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 29837208 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.733333333333333, "severity": 2.683333333333333, "rank": 212 }, { "id": "sha256:9f6066d86941570f", "key": "RW-72297 / 670855 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1325494408 } ], "first_seen": 1325494408, "last_checked": 1325494408, "page_id": 670855, "revid": 1325494408, "written_on": "Brassinosteroid", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-16866-0", "pmid": "35896783", "record_id": 72297, "paper_title": "Integral effects of brassinosteroids and timber waste biochar enhances the drought tolerance capacity of wheat plant", "cited": true, "section": "Agricultural uses", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The application of BR successfully alleviate drought stress and improve wheat growth under deficit irrigation system.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The application of BR successfully alleviate drought stress and improve wheat growth under deficit irrigation system. It had further positive impacts on increasing plant growth parameters via their integral role in decreasing oxidative stress indicators.", "reason": "Both sentences present the paper’s reported wheat growth and oxidative-stress benefits as fact; the second continues the finding beyond the footnote.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:71097e4b3543c644", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Lalarukh et al.", "marker": "[22]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 670855 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 10.7, "severity": 2.675, "rank": 213 }, { "id": "sha256:8861831514f4e86d", "key": "RW-14047 / 72478180 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370418144 } ], "first_seen": 1370418144, "last_checked": 1370418144, "page_id": 72478180, "revid": 1370418144, "written_on": "Garth Ehrlich", "doi": "10.5301/jabfm.5000203", "pmid": "24921460", "record_id": 14047, "paper_title": "What role do periodontal pathogens play in osteoarthritis and periprosthetic joint infections of the knee?", "cited": true, "section": "Clinical molecular diagnostics", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In particular, he has used these approaches in the study of orthopedic, neurosurgical, and wound infections to identify both known and novel pathogens in multiple conditions including: periprosthetic 'sterile' loosenings; suspected infected arthroplasties; 'aseptic' arthritis; and ventroperitoneal shunts as well as chronic non-healing wounds.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "periprosthetic 'sterile' loosenings; suspected infected arthroplasties; 'aseptic' arthritis;", "reason": "These orthopedic examples rely on the paper's reported detection of periodontal pathogens in knee arthroplasty tissues and osteoarthritis aspirates; the other citations concern shunts and wounds, not these orthopedic findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.91, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:858fec24eb4c2324", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[31]", "others": [ "Fux, C. A.; Quigley, M.; Worel, A. M.; Post, C.; Zimmerli, S.; Ehrlich, G.; Veeh, R. H. (April 4, 2006). \"Biofilm-related infections of cerebrospinal fluid shunts\". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 12 (4): 331–337. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01361.x. PMID 16524409.", "Tuttle, M. S.; Mostow, E.; Mukherjee, P.; Hu, F. Z.; Melton-Kreft, R.; Ehrlich, G. D.; Dowd, S. E.; Ghannoum, M. A. (2011). \"Characterization of Bacterial Communities in Venous Insufficiency Wounds by Use of Conventional Culture and Molecular Diagnostic Methods - PMC\". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 49 (11): 3812–3819. doi:10.1128/JCM.00847-11. PMC 3209111. PMID 21880958." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 72478180 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.566666666666667, "severity": 2.566666666666667, "rank": 214 }, { "id": "sha256:9aca2f323a651e42", "key": "RW-19655 / 7024350 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371854606 } ], "first_seen": 1371854606, "last_checked": 1371854606, "page_id": 7024350, "revid": 1371854606, "written_on": "Cardiomyoplasty", "doi": "10.1161/circresaha.111.243154", "pmid": "21960726", "record_id": 19655, "paper_title": "Role of Cardiac Stem Cells in Cardiac Pathophysiology: A Paradigm Shift in Human Myocardial Biology", "cited": true, "section": "Cellular cardiomyoplasty", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Mammal hearts also host naturally occurring cardiac stem cells which may be capable of differentiating themselves into cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and cardiac fibroblasts.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Mammal hearts also host naturally occurring cardiac stem cells which may be capable of differentiating themselves into cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and cardiac fibroblasts. This self-regeneration capacity gives rise to alternatives to classical cellular therapies whereby administration of growth factors such as Thymosin β4 for cell activation and migration are solely necessary.", "reason": "The resident cardiac stem-cell differentiation claim matches the paper's central finding, and the following sentence uses that claimed regenerative capacity to justify a therapeutic approach.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d39d8587d7568c49", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 7024350 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.533333333333333, "severity": 2.533333333333333, "rank": 215 }, { "id": "sha256:147fe0ed9da505da", "key": "RW-2516 / 37549699 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372402828 } ], "first_seen": 1372402828, "last_checked": 1372402828, "page_id": 37549699, "revid": 1372402828, "written_on": "Free flap breast reconstruction", "doi": "10.1097/01.prs.0000256044.66107.a6", "pmid": "17572536", "record_id": 2516, "paper_title": "Breast Reconstruction With Perforator Flaps", "cited": true, "section": "DIEAP flap — Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery Perforator free flap", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The woman is not a suitable patient for a free-flap breast reconstruction surgical procedure if she has any of the following symptoms, or a combination of these symptoms: ASA III or an ASA IV surgical-health grade, a blood coagulation disorder, an unstable psychiatric disease, a BMI > 35 obesity grade, a previous surgery that interrupted the blood supply to the DIEAP free flap, or contraindications to anticoagulation therapy.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "a previous surgery that interrupted the blood supply to the DIEAP free flap", "reason": "This contraindication overlaps the paper's stated exclusion of patients with previous donor-site surgery; the abstract does not establish the other listed contraindications.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.91, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c7bcb60e14d2a92f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Breast reconstruction with perforator flaps", "marker": "[6]", "others": [ "Ahmed S.; Snelling A.; Bains M.; et al. (2005). \"Breast reconstruction, clinical review\". BMJ. 330 (7497): 943–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7497.943. PMC 556341. PMID 15845976.", "Chevray Pierre M (May 2004). \"Update on breast reconstruction using free TRAM, DIEP, and SIEA flaps\". Semin Plast Surg. 18 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1055/s-2004-829044. PMC 2884730. PMID 20574488.", "Tseng Charles Y.; Lipa Joan E. (2010). \"Perforator flaps in breast reconstruction\". Clin Plastic Surg. 37 (4): 641–654. doi:10.1016/j.cps.2010.06.002. PMID 20816519." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 37549699 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 9.733333333333333, "severity": 2.433333333333333, "rank": 216 }, { "id": "sha256:098eae472b60468a", "key": "RW-2516 / 37549699 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372402828 } ], "first_seen": 1372402828, "last_checked": 1372402828, "page_id": 37549699, "revid": 1372402828, "written_on": "Free flap breast reconstruction", "doi": "10.1097/01.prs.0000256044.66107.a6", "pmid": "17572536", "record_id": 2516, "paper_title": "Breast Reconstruction With Perforator Flaps", "cited": true, "section": "SIEA — Superficial Inferior Epigastric Artery flap", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The same as for DIEAP flap, and an absent or inadequate superficial inferior epigastric artery.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The same as for DIEAP flap, and an absent or inadequate superficial inferior epigastric artery.", "reason": "The cross-reference imports the DIEAP contraindications, including previous surgery affecting blood supply; the additional artery-specific exclusion is not established by the abstract.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.85, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c7bcb60e14d2a92f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Breast reconstruction with perforator flaps", "marker": "[6]", "others": [ "Chevray Pierre M (May 2004). \"Update on breast reconstruction using free TRAM, DIEP, and SIEA flaps\". Semin Plast Surg. 18 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1055/s-2004-829044. PMC 2884730. PMID 20574488.", "Tseng Charles Y.; Lipa Joan E. (2010). \"Perforator flaps in breast reconstruction\". Clin Plastic Surg. 37 (4): 641–654. doi:10.1016/j.cps.2010.06.002. PMID 20816519." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 37549699 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 9.733333333333333, "severity": 2.433333333333333, "rank": 217 }, { "id": "sha256:38f02d60f95cfd44", "key": "RW-2516 / 37549699 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372402828 } ], "first_seen": 1372402828, "last_checked": 1372402828, "page_id": 37549699, "revid": 1372402828, "written_on": "Free flap breast reconstruction", "doi": "10.1097/01.prs.0000256044.66107.a6", "pmid": "17572536", "record_id": 2516, "paper_title": "Breast Reconstruction With Perforator Flaps", "cited": true, "section": "SGAP — Superior Gluteal Artery Perforator flap", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Damage to the perforators, because of a previous surgical operation, such as liposuction.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Damage to the perforators, because of a previous surgical operation, such as liposuction.", "reason": "This states the paper's donor-site surgery and liposuction contraindication as fact; other cited flap reviews plausibly support it, and the retraction concerns duplication.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c7bcb60e14d2a92f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Breast reconstruction with perforator flaps", "marker": "[6]", "others": [ "Tseng Charles Y.; Lipa Joan E. (2010). \"Perforator flaps in breast reconstruction\". Clin Plastic Surg. 37 (4): 641–654. doi:10.1016/j.cps.2010.06.002. PMID 20816519.", "Guerra AB, Soueid N, Metzinger SE, Levine J, Bidros RS, Erhard H, Allen RJ. Simultaneous Bilateral Breast Reconstruction with Superior Gluteal Artery Perforator (SGAP) flaps. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2004 Oct;53(4):305-10", "Granzow JW, Levine JL, Chiu ES, Allen RJ (2006). \"Breast Reconstruction with Gluteal Artery Perforator Flaps\". Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 59 (6): 614–21. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2006.01.005. PMID 16716955.", "Rad AN, Flores JI, Prucz RB, Stapleton SM, Rosson GD. Clinical Experience with the Lateral Septocutaneous Superior Gluteal Artery Perforator Flap for Autologous Breast Reconstruction. Microsurgery. 2010 July; 30(5):339-47", "Baumeister S, Werdin F, Peek A (May 2010). \"The SGAP flap: Rare Exception or Second choice in Autologous Breast Reconstruction?\". Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery. 26 (4): 251–8. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1248233. PMID 20169527.", "LoTempio MM, Allen RJ (August 2010). \"Breast Reconstruction with SGAP and IGAP flaps\". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 126 (2): 393–401. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181de236a. PMID 20679825. S2CID 20950415." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 37549699 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 9.733333333333333, "severity": 2.433333333333333, "rank": 218 }, { "id": "sha256:efb5541653cbd6b4", "key": "RW-2516 / 37549699 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372402828 } ], "first_seen": 1372402828, "last_checked": 1372402828, "page_id": 37549699, "revid": 1372402828, "written_on": "Free flap breast reconstruction", "doi": "10.1097/01.prs.0000256044.66107.a6", "pmid": "17572536", "record_id": 2516, "paper_title": "Breast Reconstruction With Perforator Flaps", "cited": true, "section": "IGAP — Inferior Gluteal Artery Perforator flap", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The same as for SGAP flap.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The same as for SGAP flap.", "reason": "Under Contraindication, this imports the SGAP exclusion for previous surgery such as liposuction, matching the paper's stated contraindications.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c7bcb60e14d2a92f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Breast reconstruction with perforator flaps", "marker": "[6]", "others": [ "Tseng Charles Y.; Lipa Joan E. (2010). \"Perforator flaps in breast reconstruction\". Clin Plastic Surg. 37 (4): 641–654. doi:10.1016/j.cps.2010.06.002. PMID 20816519.", "Granzow JW, Levine JL, Chiu ES, Allen RJ (2006). \"Breast Reconstruction with Gluteal Artery Perforator Flaps\". Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 59 (6): 614–21. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2006.01.005. PMID 16716955.", "LoTempio MM, Allen RJ (August 2010). \"Breast Reconstruction with SGAP and IGAP flaps\". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 126 (2): 393–401. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181de236a. PMID 20679825. S2CID 20950415." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 37549699 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 9.733333333333333, "severity": 2.433333333333333, "rank": 219 }, { "id": "sha256:bef3cea55e1094a4", "key": "RW-2516 / 37549699 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372402828 } ], "first_seen": 1372402828, "last_checked": 1372402828, "page_id": 37549699, "revid": 1372402828, "written_on": "Free flap breast reconstruction", "doi": "10.1097/01.prs.0000256044.66107.a6", "pmid": "17572536", "record_id": 2516, "paper_title": "Breast Reconstruction With Perforator Flaps", "cited": false, "section": "Free MS-TRAM — Muscle-sparing Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous flap", "where": "", "text": "Analogue to the DIEAP flap technique.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Analogue to the DIEAP flap technique.", "reason": "Under MS-TRAM Contraindications, this imports the DIEAP exclusions supported by the retracted paper, including previous surgery affecting blood supply; an editor should check whether this item has independent sourcing.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.83, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c7bcb60e14d2a92f", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 37549699 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 9.733333333333333, "severity": 2.433333333333333, "rank": 220 }, { "id": "sha256:3c49f758a481e1e7", "key": "RW-2516 / 37549699 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372402828 } ], "first_seen": 1372402828, "last_checked": 1372402828, "page_id": 37549699, "revid": 1372402828, "written_on": "Free flap breast reconstruction", "doi": "10.1097/01.prs.0000256044.66107.a6", "pmid": "17572536", "record_id": 2516, "paper_title": "Breast Reconstruction With Perforator Flaps", "cited": false, "section": "Septocutaneous GAP flap", "where": "", "text": "The same as the SGAP flap, and the absence of a septocutaneous perforator.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The same as the SGAP flap, and the absence of a septocutaneous perforator.", "reason": "Under Septocutaneous GAP Contraindications, this repeats the SGAP surgery and liposuction exclusion supported by the retracted paper; an editor should check for independent sourcing of this item.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c7bcb60e14d2a92f", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 37549699 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 9.733333333333333, "severity": 2.433333333333333, "rank": 221 }, { "id": "sha256:52e10b9b1e9b870a", "key": "RW-30915 / 32017656 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1340894376 } ], "first_seen": 1340894376, "last_checked": 1340894376, "page_id": 32017656, "revid": 1340894376, "written_on": "Intermittent catheterisation", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006008.pub3", "pmid": "25208303", "record_id": 30915, "paper_title": "Intermittent catheterisation for long-term bladder management (Pub 3)", "cited": true, "section": "Technique", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A jug may also be used by wheelchair users, rather than struggling to get over a toilet.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It is unclear which catheter designs, techniques or strategies affect the incidence of UTI, which are preferable to users and which are most cost effective.", "reason": "This sentence reproduces the review's assessment of uncertain comparative outcomes; the later jug-use sentence is not a finding of the review.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:514b21e6e44b3fb6", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 32017656 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.3666666666666667, "severity": 2.3666666666666667, "rank": 222 }, { "id": "sha256:b40b780488ce7310", "key": "RW-48932 / 63919070 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1351313933 } ], "first_seen": 1351313933, "last_checked": 1351313933, "page_id": 63919070, "revid": 1351313933, "written_on": "Hydridonitride", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-023-05742-0", "pmid": "36890373", "record_id": 48932, "paper_title": "Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride", "cited": true, "section": "Room temperature superconductor", "where": "paragraph", "text": "One lutetium hydride doped with nitrogen is claimed to be a room-temperature superconductor at up to 21°C at a pressure of 1 GPa, which is considerably lower than for other polyhydrides.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "One lutetium hydride doped with nitrogen is claimed to be a room-temperature superconductor at up to 21°C at a pressure of 1 GPa, which is considerably lower than for other polyhydrides.", "reason": "Reports the paper's central superconductivity claim without identifying its retraction; skepticism and failed replication do not explicitly establish that this claim was refuted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d970419c8be46dc5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":3", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 63919070 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.2, "severity": 2.2, "rank": 223 }, { "id": "sha256:ad67263eb98e742d", "key": "RW-48932 / 63919070 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1351313933 } ], "first_seen": 1351313933, "last_checked": 1351313933, "page_id": 63919070, "revid": 1351313933, "written_on": "Hydridonitride", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-023-05742-0", "pmid": "36890373", "record_id": 48932, "paper_title": "Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride", "cited": true, "section": "List", "where": "table", "text": "Lutetium hydride nitride LuH3−xNy Fm3m < 1 GPa blue", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Lutetium hydride nitride LuH3−xNy Fm3m < 1 GPa blue", "reason": "Presents the reported material's composition, structure, pressure range and colour as established properties; the accompanying Nature commentary plausibly discusses the same observations.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d970419c8be46dc5", "kind": "item", "ref_name": ":3", "marker": "[8]", "others": [ "Jin, ChangQing; Ceperly, David (8 March 2023). \"Hopes raised for room-temperature superconductivity, but doubts remain\". Nature. 615 (7951): 221–222. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..221J. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00599-9. PMID 36890377. S2CID 257407330." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 63919070 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.2, "severity": 2.2, "rank": 224 }, { "id": "sha256:7792fbfd3aacdb57", "key": "RW-48932 / 63919070 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1351313933 } ], "first_seen": 1351313933, "last_checked": 1351313933, "page_id": 63919070, "revid": 1351313933, "written_on": "Hydridonitride", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-023-05742-0", "pmid": "36890373", "record_id": 48932, "paper_title": "Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride", "cited": true, "section": "List", "where": "table", "text": "Lutetium hydride nitride LuH3−xNy Immm super conductor at 1 GPa and 21 °C pink", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Lutetium hydride nitride LuH3−xNy Immm super conductor at 1 GPa and 21 °C pink", "reason": "States the retracted superconductivity result and associated material properties as fact, with no other source or local retraction notice.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d970419c8be46dc5", "kind": "item", "ref_name": ":3", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 63919070 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.2, "severity": 2.2, "rank": 225 }, { "id": "sha256:15287e1f783b91a7", "key": "RW-4478 / 66974230 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375196474 } ], "first_seen": 1375196474, "last_checked": 1375196474, "page_id": 66974230, "revid": 1375196474, "written_on": "Sophie Jamal", "doi": "10.1001/jama.2011.176", "pmid": "21343579", "record_id": 4478, "paper_title": "Effect of nitroglycerin ointment on bone density and strength in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial", "cited": true, "section": "Early life and career", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The study claimed to find that nitroglycerin was a safe and effective treatment of and preventative for osteoporosis, increasing the bone density of elderly women in the most vulnerable skeletal regions to the disease.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The study claimed to find that nitroglycerin was a safe and effective treatment of and preventative for osteoporosis, increasing the bone density of elderly women in the most vulnerable skeletal regions to the disease.", "reason": "This reports the retracted trial's efficacy and bone-density claims without a local warning; attribution to the study does not remove reliance on its findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Jamal published a high-profile paper suggesting that the heart medication nitroglycerin was a treatment for osteoporosis, and was later demonstrated to have misrepresented her results.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "When Eastell conducted his own statistical analysis in 2014, he found no difference between the treatment and placebo groups.", "section": "Misconduct controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Following investigation by the Women's College Hospital, Jamal was deemed to have manipulated data and misrepresented her findings.", "section": "Misconduct controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "That December, her paper on nitroglycerin was retracted by JAMA, the journal of the American Medical Association and its original publisher.", "section": "Misconduct controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Following the JAMA retraction, two further papers of Jamal's were retracted; one on the risk of osteoporosis in kidney disease, and one on nitrate use and bone density.", "section": "Misconduct controversy", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a96d7664cf483254", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "fakestudy", "marker": "[9]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 66974230 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 8.466666666666667, "severity": 2.1166666666666667, "rank": 226 }, { "id": "sha256:31cedad4323c2368", "key": "RW-24457 / 40234896 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1354661092 } ], "first_seen": 1354661092, "last_checked": 1354661092, "page_id": 40234896, "revid": 1354661092, "written_on": "Malacoplasma penetrans", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0180514", "pmid": "28692662", "record_id": 24457, "paper_title": "Potential malignant transformation in the gastric mucosa of immunodeficient mice with persistent Mycoplasma penetrans infection", "cited": true, "section": "Diseases", "where": "paragraph", "text": "There have also been cases of malignant pleural effusion, when patients exhibited chronic M. penetrans infection with various immunodeficiencies (such as HIV infections or anticancer treatment).", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Mycoplasma penetrans has been shown to hinder p53, a tumor suppressing gene that aids in regulating the cell cycle.", "reason": "The p53 claim matches the paper's reported reduction in p53 expression in infected mice; the following pleural-effusion sentence is not a finding established by the supplied abstract.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Duplication of/in Image", "Manipulation of Images" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:310df8336c21baf8", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 40234896 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.1, "severity": 2.1, "rank": 227 }, { "id": "sha256:9d9a2a6ed6d412b2", "key": "RW-961 / 653532 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370020709 } ], "first_seen": 1370020709, "last_checked": 1370020709, "page_id": 653532, "revid": 1370020709, "written_on": "Retracted article on dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MDMA", "doi": "10.1126/science.1074501", "pmid": "12351788", "record_id": 961, "paper_title": "Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA (ecstasy)", "cited": false, "section": "Original publication", "where": "", "text": "An editorial article on the paper indicated that researchers had observed dopaminergic neurotoxicity (death of neurons involved in dopamine pathways) in monkeys following MDMA injections, a finding which suggested that recreational users of MDMA may be at risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders associated with dopamine dysfunction.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "An editorial article on the paper indicated that researchers had observed dopaminergic neurotoxicity (death of neurons involved in dopamine pathways) in monkeys following MDMA injections, a finding which suggested that recreational users of MDMA may be at risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders associated with dopamine dysfunction.", "reason": "The editorial is reporting this paper's neurotoxicity finding and risk inference; an editor should check any local sources because attribution alone does not independently establish the result.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "It was later retracted; instead of using MDMA, methamphetamine had been used in the test.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Retraction", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In September 2003, the paper was retracted. In a statement published in Science, the research team indicated that due to a labelling error, methamphetamine had been administered to 9 of the 10 test animals instead of MDMA. The team had consistently been unable to replicate the original results, which lead to them conducting an investigation and ultimately discovering the error.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Following the retraction, Ricaurte stated that he would continue to investigate the possibility of a relationship between MDMA and dopamine dysfunction, and that the laboratory would be adjusting its chemical handling procedure.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "We shared in one: Some vials containing the recreational drug Ecstasy got switched with vials containing methamphetamine, and we wound up publishing a paper we wish we hadn't", "section": "Reactions", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Journalists such as Larry Smith and Carla Spartos have stated that the inaccurate study may have influenced drug policy being made at the time, such as the RAVE act of April 2003.", "section": "Reactions", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "A study of the 50 largest American newspapers with available online archives found that 26 (52%) covered the original article's publication, while 20 (40%) covered its retraction. Of the newspapers that covered the article's publication, only 14 (54%) covered its retraction, suggesting large numbers of newspaper readers who had been exposed to the misinformation were never made aware that the study had been in error.", "section": "Reactions", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ec746b3c84eeff0a", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 653532 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 7.866666666666666, "severity": 1.9666666666666666, "rank": 228 }, { "id": "sha256:6499f3af65388465", "key": "RW-961 / 653532 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370020709 } ], "first_seen": 1370020709, "last_checked": 1370020709, "page_id": 653532, "revid": 1370020709, "written_on": "Retracted article on dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MDMA", "doi": "10.1126/science.1074501", "pmid": "12351788", "record_id": 961, "paper_title": "Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA (ecstasy)", "cited": false, "section": "Original publication", "where": "", "text": "Following the release of the paper, Science published a “News of the week” article by Constance Holden. The article noted that the results of the study had caused the researchers concern that even a single night of MDMA usage could cause brain damage, and leave a person vulnerable to neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Holden also noted that the findings of the study were surprising, due to MDMA being known for prompting the release of large amounts of serotonin, but not dopamine. In the article, cognitive neuroscientist Jon Cole was described as being “skeptical” about the risk of Parkinson's from MDMA use, stating that there had only been one case report of Parkinson's related to the use of ecstasy. In response, the researchers stated that this could be due to symptoms not presenting until \"70% to 80%\" of dopamine had been depleted.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The article noted that the results of the study had caused the researchers concern that even a single night of MDMA usage could cause brain damage, and leave a person vulnerable to neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease.", "reason": "This reports the harm inference drawn from the retracted experiment through news coverage; an editor should check the paragraph's sources, which are not visible here.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "It was later retracted; instead of using MDMA, methamphetamine had been used in the test.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Retraction", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In September 2003, the paper was retracted. In a statement published in Science, the research team indicated that due to a labelling error, methamphetamine had been administered to 9 of the 10 test animals instead of MDMA. The team had consistently been unable to replicate the original results, which lead to them conducting an investigation and ultimately discovering the error.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Following the retraction, Ricaurte stated that he would continue to investigate the possibility of a relationship between MDMA and dopamine dysfunction, and that the laboratory would be adjusting its chemical handling procedure.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "We shared in one: Some vials containing the recreational drug Ecstasy got switched with vials containing methamphetamine, and we wound up publishing a paper we wish we hadn't", "section": "Reactions", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Journalists such as Larry Smith and Carla Spartos have stated that the inaccurate study may have influenced drug policy being made at the time, such as the RAVE act of April 2003.", "section": "Reactions", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "A study of the 50 largest American newspapers with available online archives found that 26 (52%) covered the original article's publication, while 20 (40%) covered its retraction. Of the newspapers that covered the article's publication, only 14 (54%) covered its retraction, suggesting large numbers of newspaper readers who had been exposed to the misinformation were never made aware that the study had been in error.", "section": "Reactions", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ec746b3c84eeff0a", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 653532 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 7.866666666666666, "severity": 1.9666666666666666, "rank": 229 }, { "id": "sha256:3464e31a39f3053e", "key": "RW-961 / 653532 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370020709 } ], "first_seen": 1370020709, "last_checked": 1370020709, "page_id": 653532, "revid": 1370020709, "written_on": "Retracted article on dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MDMA", "doi": "10.1126/science.1074501", "pmid": "12351788", "record_id": 961, "paper_title": "Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA (ecstasy)", "cited": false, "section": "Original publication", "where": "", "text": "Alan Leshner, a former director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, also commented on the study, stating \"This says even a single evening's use is playing Russian roulette with your own brain.\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Alan Leshner, a former director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, also commented on the study, stating \"This says even a single evening's use is playing Russian roulette with your own brain.\"", "reason": "The quotation uses this study as evidence of acute risk rather than supplying independent evidence; an editor should verify its local sourcing and historical context.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [ { "quote": "It was later retracted; instead of using MDMA, methamphetamine had been used in the test.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Retraction", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In September 2003, the paper was retracted. In a statement published in Science, the research team indicated that due to a labelling error, methamphetamine had been administered to 9 of the 10 test animals instead of MDMA. The team had consistently been unable to replicate the original results, which lead to them conducting an investigation and ultimately discovering the error.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Following the retraction, Ricaurte stated that he would continue to investigate the possibility of a relationship between MDMA and dopamine dysfunction, and that the laboratory would be adjusting its chemical handling procedure.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "We shared in one: Some vials containing the recreational drug Ecstasy got switched with vials containing methamphetamine, and we wound up publishing a paper we wish we hadn't", "section": "Reactions", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Journalists such as Larry Smith and Carla Spartos have stated that the inaccurate study may have influenced drug policy being made at the time, such as the RAVE act of April 2003.", "section": "Reactions", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "A study of the 50 largest American newspapers with available online archives found that 26 (52%) covered the original article's publication, while 20 (40%) covered its retraction. Of the newspapers that covered the article's publication, only 14 (54%) covered its retraction, suggesting large numbers of newspaper readers who had been exposed to the misinformation were never made aware that the study had been in error.", "section": "Reactions", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ec746b3c84eeff0a", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 653532 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 7.866666666666666, "severity": 1.9666666666666666, "rank": 230 }, { "id": "sha256:e7f3a6dec96e4e62", "key": "RW-961 / 653532 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370020709 } ], "first_seen": 1370020709, "last_checked": 1370020709, "page_id": 653532, "revid": 1370020709, "written_on": "Retracted article on dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MDMA", "doi": "10.1126/science.1074501", "pmid": "12351788", "record_id": 961, "paper_title": "Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA (ecstasy)", "cited": false, "section": "External links", "where": "", "text": "Trent S (30 September 2002). Perschetz L (ed.). \"Recreational Use of Ecstasy Causes New Brain Damage: Trend to sequential doses of popular drug can have long-term lasting effects\". The JHU Gazette (Johns Hopkins University Gazette). 32 (5). Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America: Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2021.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Recreational Use of Ecstasy Causes New Brain Damage: Trend to sequential doses of popular drug can have long-term lasting effects", "reason": "This linked news title repeats the distinctive neurotoxicity claim of the paper; an editor should check the linked source to confirm its dependence and how the historical link is presented.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.86, "warnings": [ { "quote": "It was later retracted; instead of using MDMA, methamphetamine had been used in the test.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Retraction", "section": "Retraction", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "In September 2003, the paper was retracted. In a statement published in Science, the research team indicated that due to a labelling error, methamphetamine had been administered to 9 of the 10 test animals instead of MDMA. The team had consistently been unable to replicate the original results, which lead to them conducting an investigation and ultimately discovering the error.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Following the retraction, Ricaurte stated that he would continue to investigate the possibility of a relationship between MDMA and dopamine dysfunction, and that the laboratory would be adjusting its chemical handling procedure.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "We shared in one: Some vials containing the recreational drug Ecstasy got switched with vials containing methamphetamine, and we wound up publishing a paper we wish we hadn't", "section": "Reactions", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Journalists such as Larry Smith and Carla Spartos have stated that the inaccurate study may have influenced drug policy being made at the time, such as the RAVE act of April 2003.", "section": "Reactions", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "A study of the 50 largest American newspapers with available online archives found that 26 (52%) covered the original article's publication, while 20 (40%) covered its retraction. Of the newspapers that covered the article's publication, only 14 (54%) covered its retraction, suggesting large numbers of newspaper readers who had been exposed to the misinformation were never made aware that the study had been in error.", "section": "Reactions", "position": "earlier" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ec746b3c84eeff0a", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 653532 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 7.866666666666666, "severity": 1.9666666666666666, "rank": 231 }, { "id": "sha256:2d05bb08c303811e", "key": "RW-31031 / 25045060 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1365076664 } ], "first_seen": 1365076664, "last_checked": 1365076664, "page_id": 25045060, "revid": 1365076664, "written_on": "Prevention of migraine attacks", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003225.pub2", "pmid": "15106196", "record_id": 31031, "paper_title": "Propranolol for migraine prophylaxis (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Beta blockers", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A meta-analysis found that propranolol had an \"overall relative risk of response to treatment (here called the 'responder ratio')\" was 1.94.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A meta-analysis found that propranolol had an \"overall relative risk of response to treatment (here called the 'responder ratio')\" was 1.94.", "reason": "This reports the withdrawn review's quantitative treatment-response finding without qualification; withdrawal as out of date calls for a current source rather than automatic removal of the claim.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a1639ced8ac60160", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid15106196", "marker": "[34]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 25045060 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 7.533333333333333, "severity": 1.8833333333333333, "rank": 232 }, { "id": "sha256:3940165636181492", "key": "RW-31392 / 25045060 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1365076664 } ], "first_seen": 1365076664, "last_checked": 1365076664, "page_id": 25045060, "revid": 1365076664, "written_on": "Prevention of migraine attacks", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003226.pub2", "pmid": "15266476", "record_id": 31392, "paper_title": "Anticonvulsant drugs for migraine prophylaxis (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Anticonvulsants", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A meta-analysis by the Cochrane Collaboration of ten randomized controlled trials or crossover studies, which together included 1341 patients, found anticonvulsants had an \"2.4 times more likely to experience a 50% or greater reduction in frequency with anticonvulsants than with placebo\" and a number needed to treat of 3.8.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A meta-analysis by the Cochrane Collaboration of ten randomized controlled trials or crossover studies, which together included 1341 patients, found anticonvulsants had an \"2.4 times more likely to experience a 50% or greater reduction in frequency with anticonvulsants than with placebo\" and a number needed to treat of 3.8.", "reason": "This reports the withdrawn review's pooled efficacy finding; the review was withdrawn as out of date and replaced, rather than invalidated for misconduct.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:296bc3a3acd9ed18", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid15266476", "marker": "[39]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 25045060 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 7.533333333333333, "severity": 1.8833333333333333, "rank": 233 }, { "id": "sha256:996ada4fdc2b16b1", "key": "RW-31392 / 25045060 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1365076664 } ], "first_seen": 1365076664, "last_checked": 1365076664, "page_id": 25045060, "revid": 1365076664, "written_on": "Prevention of migraine attacks", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003226.pub2", "pmid": "15266476", "record_id": 31392, "paper_title": "Anticonvulsant drugs for migraine prophylaxis (Pub 2)", "cited": false, "section": "Anticonvulsants", "where": "", "text": "Anticonvulsant medication is commonly prescribed for migraine prevention, because they have been shown in placebo-controlled double-blind trials to be effective in some migraine sufferers.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Anticonvulsant medication is commonly prescribed for migraine prevention, because they have been shown in placebo-controlled double-blind trials to be effective in some migraine sufferers.", "reason": "This introductory paragraph repeats the class-wide efficacy conclusion of the withdrawn review cited immediately afterward; an editor should check whether it has an independent source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.85, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:296bc3a3acd9ed18", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 25045060 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 7.533333333333333, "severity": 1.8833333333333333, "rank": 234 }, { "id": "sha256:ceabab73d5ef6d6c", "key": "RW-55499 / 12358044 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370514695 } ], "first_seen": 1370514695, "last_checked": 1370514695, "page_id": 12358044, "revid": 1370514695, "written_on": "Bornean flat-headed frog", "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.010", "pmid": "18424139", "record_id": 55499, "paper_title": "A lungless frog discovered on Borneo", "cited": true, "section": "Distribution and habitat", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It is known from only two localities, both in the Kapuas River basin.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It is known from only two localities, both in the Kapuas River basin.", "reason": "The title establishes the lunglessness claim but does not show whether the locality count was a finding of this paper or background information.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.93, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, micro CT scanning revealed that, like all other known frog species, the Bornean flat-headed frog has lungs, though they are tiny.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Bickford et al. dissected some of the specimens and were unable to see the lungs, leading them to incorrectly conclude that no lungs were present.", "section": "", "position": "opening" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Error in Methods", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b99ef92ba8864c78", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Bickford2008", "marker": "[3]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 12358044 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 7.166666666666667, "severity": 1.7916666666666667, "rank": 235 }, { "id": "sha256:1f3c59006edb256f", "key": "RW-55499 / 12358044 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370514695 } ], "first_seen": 1370514695, "last_checked": 1370514695, "page_id": 12358044, "revid": 1370514695, "written_on": "Bornean flat-headed frog", "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.010", "pmid": "18424139", "record_id": 55499, "paper_title": "A lungless frog discovered on Borneo", "cited": false, "section": "External links", "where": "", "text": "CBC: Gasp! Scientists find first lungless frog", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "CBC: Gasp! Scientists find first lungless frog", "reason": "The external-link title repeats the paper's distinctive lunglessness finding without a correction; an editor should check whether the linked report covers this study and has been updated.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, micro CT scanning revealed that, like all other known frog species, the Bornean flat-headed frog has lungs, though they are tiny.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Bickford et al. dissected some of the specimens and were unable to see the lungs, leading them to incorrectly conclude that no lungs were present.", "section": "", "position": "opening" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Error in Methods", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b99ef92ba8864c78", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 12358044 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 7.166666666666667, "severity": 1.7916666666666667, "rank": 236 }, { "id": "sha256:5e8bc2b4b8f2a2d8", "key": "RW-4849 / 41915080 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372462597 } ], "first_seen": 1372462597, "last_checked": 1372462597, "page_id": 41915080, "revid": 1372462597, "written_on": "Stephan Lewandowsky", "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00073", "pmid": "23508808", "record_id": 4849, "paper_title": "Recursive fury: conspiracist ideation in the blogosphere in response to research on conspiracist ideation.", "cited": true, "section": "\"Recursive fury\"", "where": "paragraph", "text": "His analysis found that, of the hypotheses generated by climate change deniers in response to his 2012 study, \"many...exhibited conspiratorial content and counterfactual thinking.\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "His analysis found that, of the hypotheses generated by climate change deniers in response to his 2012 study, \"many...exhibited conspiratorial content and counterfactual thinking.\"", "reason": "This reports the retracted paper's central finding without a retraction warning in this paragraph; the legal grounds for retraction do not establish that the finding is invalid.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The paper was retracted with a notice published in March 2014, which stated:", "section": "\"Recursive fury\"", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "It did, however, determine that the legal context is insufficiently clear and therefore Frontiers wishes to retract the published article.", "section": "\"Recursive fury\"", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Frontiers is concerned about solid science, and it's obviously a regret when you have to retract an article that is scientifically and ethically sound.", "section": "\"Recursive fury\"", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "said that she was \"profoundly disappointed\" by its retraction", "section": "\"Recursive fury\"", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The Sydney Morning Herald reported that academics had described the retraction as having \"a chilling effect on research\".", "section": "\"Recursive fury\"", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "After media reports about this retraction, the journal's Editorial Director Costanza Zucca and Executive Editor Fred Fenter made a joint statement on the journal's blog that \"Frontiers did not 'cave in to threats'; in fact, Frontiers received no threats.\"", "section": "\"Recursive fury\"", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The statement said that the main reason for retraction was insufficient protection for the rights of the studied subjects.", "section": "\"Recursive fury\"", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Legal Reasons and/or Threats" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:bfb615d6a41c54c5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[23]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 41915080 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 13.966666666666667, "severity": 1.7458333333333333, "rank": 237 }, { "id": "sha256:e4247aa02f874849", "key": "RW-21002 / 8738925 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375515692 } ], "first_seen": 1375515692, "last_checked": 1375515692, "page_id": 8738925, "revid": 1375515692, "written_on": "Jean Decety", "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.056", "pmid": "26549259", "record_id": 21002, "paper_title": "The Negative Association between Religiousness and Children's Altruism across the World", "cited": true, "section": "Controversies", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The authors reported that children from religious households believe that interpersonal harm is more \"mean\" and deserving of harsher punishment than non-religious children.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The authors reported that children from religious households believe that interpersonal harm is more \"mean\" and deserving of harsher punishment than non-religious children. They also reported that religiousness was inversely predictive of children's altruism at least when generosity is spontaneously directed to an anonymous beneficiary.", "reason": "These attributed findings rely on the retracted study; the correction is explained only in the following paragraph, not in this paragraph.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, Decety has since retracted the study, citing an analysis error that nullified the study's conclusion on religiosity and altruism.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "This came about after Azim F. Shariff reanalyzed the original data and observed that there was a mistake in the original study: coding country as a continuous rather than categorical variable.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Once this error was corrected, as Shariff wrote, \"most of the associations they observed with religious affiliation appear to be artifacts of between-country differences, driven primarily by low levels of generosity in Turkey and South Africa. However, children from highly religious households do appear slightly less generous than those from moderately religious ones.\"", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Decety has stated \"When we reanalyzed these data to correct this error, we found that country of origin, rather than religious affiliation, is the primary predictor of several of the outcomes.\"", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:29666cd0832dcce0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[19]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 8738925 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 6.6, "severity": 1.65, "rank": 238 }, { "id": "sha256:7d37f8a88f5f64fe", "key": "RW-3572 / 38028125 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1346314034 } ], "first_seen": 1346314034, "last_checked": 1346314034, "page_id": 38028125, "revid": 1346314034, "written_on": "High-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant", "doi": "10.1200/jco.1995.13.10.2483", "pmid": "7595697", "record_id": 3572, "paper_title": "High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic rescue as primary treatment for metastatic breast cancer: a randomized trial", "cited": true, "section": "Randomised controlled trials", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Bezwoda published the first randomised controlled trial of high-dose versus conventional-dose chemotherapy as first-line treatment for metastatic breast cancer in October 1995.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Ninety patients were randomised to compare two cycles of high-dose cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, and etoposide (HD-CNV) versus six to eight cycles of conventional-dose cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, and vincristine (CNV). The overall response rate for HD-CNV was 95%, with 23 of 45 patients achieving complete response (remission).", "reason": "The citation's paragraph presents the paper's purported randomisation and response results as facts, without a local warning about fabrication.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "but his study was later discredited due to scientific misconduct, including the falsification of data.", "section": "History", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "although his study was later confirmed to have falsified data.", "section": "Funding mechanisms and litigation", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "However, Bezwoda's research work was seriously flawed, and an audit concluded that the results were essentially fabricated.", "section": "Randomised controlled trials", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Research misconduct", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Treatment details bore little resemblance to the published data.", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The Journal of Clinical Oncology retracted the 1995 paper on April 26, 2001, concluding: \"the trial was not conducted in a scientifically acceptable manner. The protocol was apparently written 9 years after the study was started and only after another study by the same investigator was to be audited. No patient signed a consent form, and there is little evidence of true randomisation.\" ASCO President Lawrence H. Einhorn called the fraud \"a stunning betrayal of public trust\".", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "the finding that the Bezwoda study was false", "section": "Status in breast cancer", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a2162536c205f503", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Bezwoda1995", "marker": "[14]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 38028125 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 6.033333333333333, "severity": 1.5083333333333333, "rank": 239 }, { "id": "sha256:3fc088612c8e0b7d", "key": "RW-3572 / 38028125 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1346314034 } ], "first_seen": 1346314034, "last_checked": 1346314034, "page_id": 38028125, "revid": 1346314034, "written_on": "High-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant", "doi": "10.1200/jco.1995.13.10.2483", "pmid": "7595697", "record_id": 3572, "paper_title": "High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic rescue as primary treatment for metastatic breast cancer: a randomized trial", "cited": true, "section": "Randomised controlled trials", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The overall response rate for HD-CNV was 95%, with 23 of 45 patients achieving complete response (remission).", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The overall response rate for HD-CNV was 95%, with 23 of 45 patients achieving complete response (remission).", "reason": "These response figures come directly from the fabricated trial and are presented as factual results in a historical account of the study.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "but his study was later discredited due to scientific misconduct, including the falsification of data.", "section": "History", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "although his study was later confirmed to have falsified data.", "section": "Funding mechanisms and litigation", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "However, Bezwoda's research work was seriously flawed, and an audit concluded that the results were essentially fabricated.", "section": "Randomised controlled trials", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Research misconduct", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Treatment details bore little resemblance to the published data.", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The Journal of Clinical Oncology retracted the 1995 paper on April 26, 2001, concluding: \"the trial was not conducted in a scientifically acceptable manner. The protocol was apparently written 9 years after the study was started and only after another study by the same investigator was to be audited. No patient signed a consent form, and there is little evidence of true randomisation.\" ASCO President Lawrence H. Einhorn called the fraud \"a stunning betrayal of public trust\".", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "the finding that the Bezwoda study was false", "section": "Status in breast cancer", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a2162536c205f503", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Bezwoda1995", "marker": "[14]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 38028125 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 6.033333333333333, "severity": 1.5083333333333333, "rank": 240 }, { "id": "sha256:380540da457d06e0", "key": "RW-3572 / 38028125 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1346314034 } ], "first_seen": 1346314034, "last_checked": 1346314034, "page_id": 38028125, "revid": 1346314034, "written_on": "High-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant", "doi": "10.1200/jco.1995.13.10.2483", "pmid": "7595697", "record_id": 3572, "paper_title": "High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic rescue as primary treatment for metastatic breast cancer: a randomized trial", "cited": false, "section": "Randomised controlled trials", "where": "", "text": "In May 1992, researchers from the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) in South Africa presented early results of a randomised control trial (RCT) at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) in San Diego. The lead investigator was Werner Bezwoda, professor of haematology and oncology at Wits. This was the first scientific evidence of clinical benefit to emerge.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This was the first scientific evidence of clinical benefit to emerge.", "reason": "The preceding description appears to concern preliminary results of the trial published in 1995, but an editor must check the paragraph's sources to confirm that connection.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.86, "warnings": [ { "quote": "but his study was later discredited due to scientific misconduct, including the falsification of data.", "section": "History", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "although his study was later confirmed to have falsified data.", "section": "Funding mechanisms and litigation", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "However, Bezwoda's research work was seriously flawed, and an audit concluded that the results were essentially fabricated.", "section": "Randomised controlled trials", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Research misconduct", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Treatment details bore little resemblance to the published data.", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The Journal of Clinical Oncology retracted the 1995 paper on April 26, 2001, concluding: \"the trial was not conducted in a scientifically acceptable manner. The protocol was apparently written 9 years after the study was started and only after another study by the same investigator was to be audited. No patient signed a consent form, and there is little evidence of true randomisation.\" ASCO President Lawrence H. Einhorn called the fraud \"a stunning betrayal of public trust\".", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "the finding that the Bezwoda study was false", "section": "Status in breast cancer", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a2162536c205f503", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 38028125 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 6.033333333333333, "severity": 1.5083333333333333, "rank": 241 }, { "id": "sha256:f4631cd5a89db886", "key": "RW-24834 / 55694123 / #7", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1361943141 } ], "first_seen": 1361943141, "last_checked": 1361943141, "page_id": 55694123, "revid": 1361943141, "written_on": "Avian metaavulavirus 2", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0034927", "pmid": "22558104", "record_id": 24834, "paper_title": "Replication, Neurotropism, and Pathogenicity of Avian Paramyxovirus Serotypes 1–9 in Chickens and Ducks", "cited": true, "section": "Interactions with host", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In cell culture, many paramyxoviruses express a cytopathic effect by syncytium formation, the fusion of infected cells with neighboring cells producing a large multi-nucleated cell.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In cell culture, many paramyxoviruses express a cytopathic effect by syncytium formation, the fusion of infected cells with neighboring cells producing a large multi-nucleated cell. However, certain serotypes of avian paramyxovirus do not show syncytium formation, only cell rounding.", "reason": "The serotype-specific contrast repeats the study's cell-culture finding that only APMV-1, -3 and -5 induced syncytia, without acknowledging retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.93, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Copyright Claims", "Duplication of/in Image", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6ca8da4bedf81bd5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":1", "marker": "[9]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 55694123 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.4666666666666666, "severity": 1.4666666666666666, "rank": 242 }, { "id": "sha256:b7e0ec1f8e7cda3d", "key": "RW-24834 / 55694123 / #8", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1361943141 } ], "first_seen": 1361943141, "last_checked": 1361943141, "page_id": 55694123, "revid": 1361943141, "written_on": "Avian metaavulavirus 2", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0034927", "pmid": "22558104", "record_id": 24834, "paper_title": "Replication, Neurotropism, and Pathogenicity of Avian Paramyxovirus Serotypes 1–9 in Chickens and Ducks", "cited": false, "section": "Tropism", "where": "", "text": "Avian metaavulavirus 2 is believed to infect tissues of the respiratory tract and in some cases, tissues of the lungs. The viral envelope protein, Hn, binds to sialic acid residues present in cells in the upper respiratory tract. It has been found that in chickens, some may present mild respiratory symptoms or be asymptomatic. It is believed that more severe symptoms including sinusitis and a decrease in egg production occurs in turkeys. Other symptoms including reduced hatchability and infertility of eggs has been reported.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Avian metaavulavirus 2 is believed to infect tissues of the respiratory tract and in some cases, tissues of the lungs.", "reason": "This appears to repeat the study's respiratory-tract tropism finding; an editor should check whether this paragraph has an independent source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.77, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Copyright Claims", "Duplication of/in Image", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6ca8da4bedf81bd5", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 55694123 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.4666666666666666, "severity": 1.4666666666666666, "rank": 243 }, { "id": "sha256:f005fd924c1713a7", "key": "RW-39363 / 65584884 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358563266 } ], "first_seen": 1358563266, "last_checked": 1358563266, "page_id": 65584884, "revid": 1358563266, "written_on": "Carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z", "pmid": "33057222", "record_id": 39363, "paper_title": "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Measurements under extreme pressure are difficult, and in particular the elements are too light for an X-ray determination of crystal structure (X-ray crystallography).", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "CSH is an uncharacterized ternary polyhydride compound of carbon, sulfur and hydrogen with a chemical formula that is thought to be CH8S. Measurements under extreme pressure are difficult, and in particular the elements are too light for an X-ray determination of crystal structure (X-ray crystallography).", "reason": "The paragraph presents the study-specific characterization and structural limitations without a local retraction warning.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [ { "quote": "in a Nature paper that was later retracted.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper faced criticism due to its non-standard data analysis calling into question its conclusions, and in September 2022 it was retracted by Nature.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Two years later, the paper was retracted.", "section": "Claims of superconductivity", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Criticism and retraction", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On February 15, 2022, Nature added a cautionary Editor's Note to the article, and on 26 September 26, 2022, retracted the article entirely.", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:92494bbc99b6a6dd", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Snider", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 65584884 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.6, "severity": 1.4, "rank": 244 }, { "id": "sha256:4431c10e99af13c1", "key": "RW-39363 / 65584884 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358563266 } ], "first_seen": 1358563266, "last_checked": 1358563266, "page_id": 65584884, "revid": 1358563266, "written_on": "Carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z", "pmid": "33057222", "record_id": 39363, "paper_title": "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "cited": true, "section": "Synthesis", "where": "paragraph", "text": "As of October 2020, the material's molecular structure remains uncharacterized, as extreme pressures and the light elements used are unsuitable for most measurements, such as X-ray determination.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The material is a ternary polyhydride compound of carbon, sulfur and hydrogen with a chemical formula that is thought to be CH8S. As of October 2020, the material's molecular structure remains uncharacterized, as extreme pressures and the light elements used are unsuitable for most measurements, such as X-ray determination.", "reason": "These material-specific characterization claims derive from the study; independent sourcing is needed for their continued use.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [ { "quote": "in a Nature paper that was later retracted.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper faced criticism due to its non-standard data analysis calling into question its conclusions, and in September 2022 it was retracted by Nature.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Two years later, the paper was retracted.", "section": "Claims of superconductivity", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Criticism and retraction", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On February 15, 2022, Nature added a cautionary Editor's Note to the article, and on 26 September 26, 2022, retracted the article entirely.", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:92494bbc99b6a6dd", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Snider", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 65584884 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.6, "severity": 1.4, "rank": 245 }, { "id": "sha256:5f5bab5887f9be08", "key": "RW-39363 / 65584884 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358563266 } ], "first_seen": 1358563266, "last_checked": 1358563266, "page_id": 65584884, "revid": 1358563266, "written_on": "Carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z", "pmid": "33057222", "record_id": 39363, "paper_title": "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "cited": true, "section": "Synthesis", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The material was reportedly synthesized by compressing methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen (H2) in a diamond anvil cell and illuminating with a 532 nm green laser.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The material was reportedly synthesized by compressing methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen (H2) in a diamond anvil cell and illuminating with a 532 nm green laser.", "reason": "This reports the paper's experimental synthesis claim without identifying the study as retracted in this paragraph.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "in a Nature paper that was later 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"sha256:92494bbc99b6a6dd", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Snider", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 65584884 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.6, "severity": 1.4, "rank": 246 }, { "id": "sha256:6841db9f8f710b34", "key": "RW-39363 / 65584884 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358563266 } ], "first_seen": 1358563266, "last_checked": 1358563266, "page_id": 65584884, "revid": 1358563266, "written_on": "Carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z", "pmid": "33057222", "record_id": 39363, "paper_title": "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "cited": true, "section": "Synthesis", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It was reported that the crystal is not stable under 10 GPa (1.5 million psi) and can be destroyed if left at room temperature overnight.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A starting compound of carbon and sulfur is synthesized with a 1:1 molar ratio, formed into balls less than five microns in diameter, and placed into a diamond anvil cell. Hydrogen gas is then added and the system is compressed to 4.0 GPa (0.58 million psi) and illuminated with a 532 nm laser for several hours. It was reported that the crystal is not stable under 10 GPa (1.5 million psi) and can be destroyed if left at room temperature overnight.", "reason": "The preparation details and stability observations are study-specific claims; source review is needed to assess whether the data concerns undermine them.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "in a Nature paper that was later retracted.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper faced criticism due to its non-standard data analysis calling into question its conclusions, and in September 2022 it was retracted by Nature.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Two years later, the paper was retracted.", "section": "Claims of superconductivity", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Criticism and retraction", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On February 15, 2022, Nature added a cautionary Editor's Note to the article, and on 26 September 26, 2022, retracted the article entirely.", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:92494bbc99b6a6dd", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Snider", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 65584884 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.6, "severity": 1.4, "rank": 247 }, { "id": "sha256:a6a2a083bf50404d", "key": "RW-39363 / 65584884 / #9", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358563266 } ], "first_seen": 1358563266, "last_checked": 1358563266, "page_id": 65584884, "revid": 1358563266, "written_on": "Carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z", "pmid": "33057222", "record_id": 39363, "paper_title": "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Chemical formula CH8S", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Chemical formula CH8S", "reason": "The infobox repeats the study-associated proposed composition stated in the cited characterization paragraphs; an editor should check whether the infobox has independent support.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.85, "warnings": [ { "quote": "in a Nature paper that was later retracted.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper faced criticism due to its non-standard data analysis calling into question its conclusions, and in September 2022 it was retracted by Nature.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Two years later, the paper was retracted.", "section": "Claims of superconductivity", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Criticism and retraction", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On February 15, 2022, Nature added a cautionary Editor's Note to the article, and on 26 September 26, 2022, retracted the article entirely.", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:92494bbc99b6a6dd", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 65584884 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.6, "severity": 1.4, "rank": 248 }, { "id": "sha256:7d5501052a13c4ba", "key": "RW-39363 / 65584884 / #10", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358563266 } ], "first_seen": 1358563266, "last_checked": 1358563266, "page_id": 65584884, "revid": 1358563266, "written_on": "Carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z", "pmid": "33057222", "record_id": 39363, "paper_title": "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Molar mass 52.14 g·mol^−1", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Molar mass 52.14 g·mol^−1", "reason": "This calculated property rests on the study-associated proposed formula; an editor should check whether an independent source establishes that composition.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.82, "warnings": [ { "quote": "in a Nature paper that was later retracted.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper faced criticism due to its non-standard data analysis calling into question its conclusions, and in September 2022 it was retracted by Nature.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Two years later, the paper was retracted.", "section": "Claims of superconductivity", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Criticism and retraction", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On February 15, 2022, Nature added a cautionary Editor's Note to the article, and on 26 September 26, 2022, retracted the article entirely.", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:92494bbc99b6a6dd", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 65584884 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.6, "severity": 1.4, "rank": 249 }, { "id": "sha256:51ded6fbc47911eb", "key": "RW-44343 / 10292285 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376190558 } ], "first_seen": 1376190558, "last_checked": 1376190558, "page_id": 10292285, "revid": 1376190558, "written_on": "PHLPP", "doi": "10.1074/jbc.m808182200", "pmid": "19261608", "record_id": 44343, "paper_title": "Depletion of Pleckstrin Homology Domain Leucine-rich Repeat Protein Phosphatases 1 and 2 by Bcr-Abl Promotes Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Cell Proliferation through Continuous Phosphorylation of Akt Isoforms", "cited": true, "section": "Role in cancer", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Recent studies have also shown that Bcr-Abl, the fusion protein responsible for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), downregulates PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 levels, and that decreasing PHLPP levels interferes with the efficacy of Bcr-Abl inhibitors, including Gleevec, in CML cell lines.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Recent studies have also shown that Bcr-Abl, the fusion protein responsible for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), downregulates PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 levels, and that decreasing PHLPP levels interferes with the efficacy of Bcr-Abl inhibitors, including Gleevec, in CML cell lines.", "reason": "This sentence presents the retracted paper's findings about Bcr-Abl repression of PHLPP and reduced inhibitor efficacy after PHLPP depletion as established results, with no other supporting citation.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Notice - Limited or No Information" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d4624846028e4d58", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid19261608", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 10292285 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 2.6666666666666665, "severity": 1.3333333333333333, "rank": 250 }, { "id": "sha256:786435d078c8b2c5", "key": "RW-22427 / 11535416 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378186352 } ], "first_seen": 1378186352, "last_checked": 1378186352, "page_id": 11535416, "revid": 1378186352, "written_on": "North Koreans in Russia", "doi": "10.1080/1462740500061160", "pmid": "", "record_id": 22427, "paper_title": "'Fraternal Socialism': The International Reconstruction of North Korea, 1953-62", "cited": true, "section": "Students", "where": "paragraph", "text": "During the post-Korean War reconstruction period of North Korea from 1953 to 1962, many North Korean students enrolled in universities and colleges in countries of the Soviet bloc, including Russia, and others came as industrial trainees.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "During the post-Korean War reconstruction period of North Korea from 1953 to 1962, many North Korean students enrolled in universities and colleges in countries of the Soviet bloc, including Russia, and others came as industrial trainees.", "reason": "The sentence cites only this paper, but its title establishes the reconstruction topic and dates without revealing whether it documents student enrolment or industrial training; no abstract is available.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Plagiarism of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e3f001adb1ff6950", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[12]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 11535416 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 20.4, "severity": 1.275, "rank": 251 }, { "id": "sha256:912d83f5909f3283", "key": "RW-49334 / 34806886 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1355585651 } ], "first_seen": 1355585651, "last_checked": 1355585651, "page_id": 34806886, "revid": 1355585651, "written_on": "Tropic cues involved in growth cone guidance", "doi": "10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80804-1", "pmid": "10399920", "record_id": 49334, "paper_title": "A Ligand-Gated Association between Cytoplasmic Domains of UNC5 and DCC Family Receptors Converts Netrin-Induced Growth Cone Attraction to Repulsion", "cited": true, "section": "Netrins", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The switch between attractive and repulsive netrin signaling can be mediated by misexpression of unc-5 in commissural axons.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The switch between attractive and repulsive netrin signaling can be mediated by misexpression of unc-5 in commissural axons. Netrin-1/DCC binding induces DCC homodimerization leading to an attractive response; on the other hand, the chemorepellent response is triggered via netrin-1 binding to unc-5/DCC heterodimers.", "reason": "The UNC5-induced switch from attraction to repulsion and the UNC5/DCC receptor-complex mechanism state the retracted paper's findings as fact; the retraction identifies unreliable results and conclusions.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Manipulation of Images", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:7d00cf45fd576341", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Hong et al., 1999", "marker": "[6]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 34806886 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.2666666666666666, "severity": 1.2666666666666666, "rank": 252 }, { "id": "sha256:85baefc1c16fee34", "key": "RW-29239 / 55841611 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377626591 } ], "first_seen": 1377626591, "last_checked": 1377626591, "page_id": 55841611, "revid": 1377626591, "written_on": "Calcium signaling in cell division", "doi": "10.1074/jbc.m805483200", "pmid": "19056740", "record_id": 29239, "paper_title": "Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II promotes cell cycle progression by directly activating MEK1 and subsequently modulating p27 phosphorylation", "cited": true, "section": "G2/M", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Here, CaMKII activates MEK/ERK, which degrades the cell cycle arresting p27 protein", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It was shown using human cancer cell lines, that the G2/M checkpoint is regulated by CaMKII and MAPK crosstalk. Here, CaMKII activates MEK/ERK, which degrades the cell cycle arresting p27 protein", "reason": "Both sentences present the paper's reported CaMKII–MAPK interaction and downstream p27 degradation as established findings; the retraction raises concerns about images and unavailable original data.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Author(s)", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c014c404667b09ff", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 55841611 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.2, "severity": 1.2, "rank": 253 }, { "id": "sha256:5a45c7ba19ede55e", "key": "RW-70140 / 3474864 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1349564938 } ], "first_seen": 1349564938, "last_checked": 1349564938, "page_id": 3474864, "revid": 1349564938, "written_on": "Acanthocheilonemiasis", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pntd.0004155", "pmid": "26484866", "record_id": 70140, "paper_title": "Mansonella, including a Potential New Species, as Common Parasites in Children in Gabon", "cited": true, "section": "Epidemiology", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The prevalence of this condition does significantly increase with age.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The prevalence of this condition does significantly increase with age.", "reason": "This states the paper's finding that M. perstans prevalence increased significantly with age in the sampled Gabonese children.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Human Subject Welfare", "Conflict of Interest", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Objections by Author(s)", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9fd1f7c9be5dea7a", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":3", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 3474864 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.1666666666666667, "severity": 1.1666666666666667, "rank": 254 }, { "id": "sha256:6b6ff44047878437", "key": "RW-70140 / 3474864 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1349564938 } ], "first_seen": 1349564938, "last_checked": 1349564938, "page_id": 3474864, "revid": 1349564938, "written_on": "Acanthocheilonemiasis", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pntd.0004155", "pmid": "26484866", "record_id": 70140, "paper_title": "Mansonella, including a Potential New Species, as Common Parasites in Children in Gabon", "cited": true, "section": "Epidemiology", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Recent studies focused on Gabon specifically, where febrile and tropical diseases are common.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Recent studies focused on Gabon specifically, where febrile and tropical diseases are common. Contrary to popular recent suggestions, M. perstans does not influence the emergence of febrile diseases, including HIV, tuberculosis, bacteremia, and malaria.", "reason": "The adjacent disease-effect claim appears to generalize the paper's comparison of M. perstans prevalence in febrile and afebrile children; that comparison does not establish the broader claims about these named diseases.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.85, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Human Subject Welfare", "Conflict of Interest", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Objections by Author(s)", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9fd1f7c9be5dea7a", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":3", "marker": "[8]", "others": [ "Simonsen, Paul E.; Onapa, Ambrose W.; Asio, Santa Maria (2011-09-01). \"Mansonella perstans filariasis in Africa\". Acta Tropica. The Diagnostics and Control of Neglected Tropical Helminth Diseases. 120, Supplement 1: S109–S120. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.01.014. PMID 20152790." ], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 3474864 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.1666666666666667, "severity": 1.1666666666666667, "rank": 255 }, { "id": "sha256:48e742915660907d", "key": "RW-5686 / 20938232 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1268142751 } ], "first_seen": 1268142751, "last_checked": 1268142751, "page_id": 20938232, "revid": 1268142751, "written_on": "Acinonyx kurteni", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.0810435106", "pmid": "19114651", "record_id": 5686, "paper_title": "A primitive Late Pliocene cheetah, and evolution of the cheetah lineage", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Further, the study concluded that the cheetahs originated in the Old World, not the New World as previously believed.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The fossil discovery was reported in 2008, and was claimed to be the most primitive Acinonyx lineage so far discovered. Further, the study concluded that the cheetahs originated in the Old World, not the New World as previously believed. It was thought to share some features with the modern cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, such as in having enlarged sinuses for air intake during sprinting, while its teeth show primitive features.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the paper's primitive-lineage, geographic-origin and anatomical findings without locally identifying them as discredited; the Guardian report plausibly supports the attributed origin claim but is reporting the same discovery.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "\"Acinonyx kurteni\", or the Linxia cheetah, is a discredited fossil specimen of an extinct cheetah discovered in China.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After a long suspicion of the authenticity of the fossil, it was finally accepted as a forgery in 2012.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Tao Deng, Professor of Paleontology at the Institute for Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in China, upon proofreading the manuscript, noted the possible forgery of the fossil, and immediately reported this to PNAS.", "section": "Discrediting", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Qiu Zhanxiang, a global expert in mammalian craniums, also supported the claim that the skull was forged.", "section": "Discrediting", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In 2012, Deng was finally allowed access to the original fossil upon invoking the PNAS data access policy, and on examination, his primary observations were proven correct.", "section": "Discrediting", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Deng asked Mazák to retract the paper. Mazák finally conceded by stating (on 20 August 2012 in PNAS) that: “after further examination, it was determined that the fossil used in the study was a composite specimen from the late Miocene laterite and not from the early Pleistocene loess. The article is hereby retracted.”", "section": "Discrediting", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Materials" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4b419066c868ae37", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "chris", "marker": "[2]", "others": [ "Randerson, James (December 29, 2008). \"Fossilised skull suggests cheetahs evolved in Asia not Americas\". The Guardian. London. 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It resembles the true cheetahs in having a tall skull with a domed structure, a very wide braincase relative to skull length, enlarged frontal sinuses, a large nasal aperture, and a well-developed occipital crest. But the upper premolars are very primitive, like those of some extinct felines. It is older than earlier described species, such as the European Acinonyx pardinensis (dated to about 2.2 Ma old) and the North African Acinonyx aicha (about 2.5 Ma old). Thus, it apparently disproved the prevailing notion that cheetahs originated in the New World.", "reason": "The description presents anatomy, relative age and evolutionary implications derived from the composite specimen as valid, with no local retraction warning or other supporting citations.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "\"Acinonyx kurteni\", or the Linxia cheetah, is a discredited fossil specimen of an extinct cheetah discovered in China.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After a long suspicion of the authenticity of the fossil, it was finally accepted as a forgery in 2012.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Tao Deng, Professor of Paleontology at the Institute for Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in China, upon proofreading the manuscript, noted the possible forgery of the fossil, and immediately reported this to PNAS.", "section": "Discrediting", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Qiu Zhanxiang, a global expert in mammalian craniums, also supported the claim that the skull was forged.", "section": "Discrediting", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In 2012, Deng was finally allowed access to the original fossil upon invoking the PNAS data access policy, and on examination, his primary observations were proven correct.", "section": "Discrediting", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Deng asked Mazák to retract the paper. Mazák finally conceded by stating (on 20 August 2012 in PNAS) that: “after further examination, it was determined that the fossil used in the study was a composite specimen from the late Miocene laterite and not from the early Pleistocene loess. The article is hereby retracted.”", "section": "Discrediting", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Materials" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4b419066c868ae37", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "chris", "marker": "[2]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 20938232 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.633333333333334, "severity": 1.1583333333333334, "rank": 257 }, { "id": "sha256:b187b881738ceb25", "key": "RW-23869 / 22791353 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360109387 } ], "first_seen": 1360109387, "last_checked": 1360109387, "page_id": 22791353, "revid": 1360109387, "written_on": "Lawrence Mead", "doi": "10.1007/s12115-020-00496-1", "pmid": "", "record_id": 23869, "paper_title": "Poverty and Culture", "cited": false, "section": "Theories on welfare and poverty", "where": "", "text": "Mead believes that welfare should be means-tested, so as to encourage behaviors among aid recipients to alleviate their poverty. According to Mead, extreme poverty is more commonly found in minority groups not because of a lack of work ethic. Rather, he argues that their belief in work unfortunately does not sufficiently bind their actions. This assessment is identical to JD Vance's assessment of poor, white Appalachians in his book Hillbilly Elegy. Hence, Mead argues \"[t]he ideal in welfare... is to link benefits as tightly as possible to work. That requires a clear work test that employable recipients must meet as soon as they apply for aid, not sometime later. Equally important, there must be ample benefits to support working, particularly child and health care.\"", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "According to Mead, extreme poverty is more commonly found in minority groups not because of a lack of work ethic. Rather, he argues that their belief in work unfortunately does not sufficiently bind their actions.", "reason": "This repeats the hypothesis attributed to the retracted paper in the following paragraph without a local retraction warning; an editor should check whether this paragraph has an independent source, such as Mead's earlier books.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.87, "warnings": [ { "quote": "NYU issued a statement expressing its rejection of \"false, prejudicial, and stigmatizing assertions about the culture of communities of color in the United States\" in his paper.", "section": "Theories on welfare and poverty", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The journal publisher launched an investigation, and on July 31 the editor-in-chief retracted the paper and apologized for publishing it.", "section": "Theories on welfare and poverty", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:48b79b0182f28c8b", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 22791353 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.533333333333333, "severity": 1.1333333333333333, "rank": 258 }, { "id": "sha256:0f79893b80ac2e58", "key": "RW-492 / 25732046 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1365452137 } ], "first_seen": 1365452137, "last_checked": 1365452137, "page_id": 25732046, "revid": 1365452137, "written_on": "Whittemore Peterson Institute", "doi": "10.1126/science.1179052", "pmid": "19815723", "record_id": 492, "paper_title": "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "cited": true, "section": "Science publication and response", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2009, Lombardi et al. reported in the journal Science that they had detected XMRV DNA in 68 of 101 (67%) CFS patients, versus 8 of 218 (3.7%) healthy control subjects.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2009, Lombardi et al. reported in the journal Science that they had detected XMRV DNA in 68 of 101 (67%) CFS patients, versus 8 of 218 (3.7%) healthy control subjects.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the paper's numerical finding without explicitly identifying its retraction; methodological criticism does not clearly refute this specific result.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A report by WPI scientists of an association between CFS and XMRV was forcibly retracted by the journal Science when the results could not be replicated, and it was discovered that XMRV was a laboratory-created recombinant of two mouse viruses.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Immediately after the Science paper publication, Patrick Moore and Masahiro Shuda wrote a highly critical F1000 dissent pointing out basic errors in the paper's methods, results and conclusions, \"...this manuscript has flaws that leave the reader unsure of knowing precisely what was measured\".", "section": "Science publication and response", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In September 2011, the original authors published a \"Partial Retraction\" of their 2009 findings, in which they acknowledged that \"some of the CFS peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) DNA preparations are contaminated with XMRV plasmid DNA.\" In December 2011, Science retracted the 2009 paper.", "section": "Science publication and response", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Virologist John Coffin, who had previously expressed optimism about the initial WPI data, declared, \"It's all contamination.\"", "section": "Contamination", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The editors at Science in May 2011 requested that the authors of the 2009 Lombardi et al. study retract the article due to many independent studies that did not find an association of XMRV with CFS, and studies that have presented data showing contaminated laboratory reagents may have led to false positive results.", "section": "Controversial statements and criticism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The editor-in-chief of the journal Science subsequently published an expression of concern, \"Because the validity of the study by Lombardi et al. is now seriously in question\". In December 2011, Science retracted the 2009 paper.", "section": "Controversial statements and criticism", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Contamination of Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:35df66cf089ec893", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid19815723_Supporting", "marker": "[47]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 25732046 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.466666666666667, "severity": 1.1166666666666667, "rank": 259 }, { "id": "sha256:b0931b4c7b38a3a5", "key": "RW-492 / 25732046 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1365452137 } ], "first_seen": 1365452137, "last_checked": 1365452137, "page_id": 25732046, "revid": 1365452137, "written_on": "Whittemore Peterson Institute", "doi": "10.1126/science.1179052", "pmid": "19815723", "record_id": 492, "paper_title": "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "cited": false, "section": "Controversial statements and criticism", "where": "", "text": "The Whittemore Peterson Institute and its employees have issued statements that have generated additional controversy. Some of these statements have been made to the press, while others are made in presentations to patient groups. Although there is no consensus that XMRV is a human pathogen or even associated with any disease, Mikovits has stated her opinion that the virus \"undoubtedly causes some of the symptoms that are associated with\" CFS. Elsewhere, however, she notes that causation has not been proven. According to Mikovits, XMRV \"is clearly circulating through the population as is our fear and your fear\" and has entered the US blood supply. She has also associated XMRV not only with CFS, but also with autism, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and other diseases. There is no evidence that XMRV is associated with these diseases: all studies that have looked for a connection have produced negative results. Virologist Vincent Racaniello has accused Mikovits of \"inciting fear\".", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Although there is no consensus that XMRV is a human pathogen or even associated with any disease, Mikovits has stated her opinion that the virus \"undoubtedly causes some of the symptoms that are associated with\" CFS.", "reason": "This attributed CFS claim appears to extend the paper's proposed pathogenic role; an editor should check whether the paragraph's own sources adequately contextualize it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.79, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A report by WPI scientists of an association between CFS and XMRV was forcibly retracted by the journal Science when the results could not be replicated, and it was discovered that XMRV was a laboratory-created recombinant of two mouse viruses.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Immediately after the Science paper publication, Patrick Moore and Masahiro Shuda wrote a highly critical F1000 dissent pointing out basic errors in the paper's methods, results and conclusions, \"...this manuscript has flaws that leave the reader unsure of knowing precisely what was measured\".", "section": "Science publication and response", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In September 2011, the original authors published a \"Partial Retraction\" of their 2009 findings, in which they acknowledged that \"some of the CFS peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) DNA preparations are contaminated with XMRV plasmid DNA.\" In December 2011, Science retracted the 2009 paper.", "section": "Science publication and response", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Virologist John Coffin, who had previously expressed optimism about the initial WPI data, declared, \"It's all contamination.\"", "section": "Contamination", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The editors at Science in May 2011 requested that the authors of the 2009 Lombardi et al. study retract the article due to many independent studies that did not find an association of XMRV with CFS, and studies that have presented data showing contaminated laboratory reagents may have led to false positive results.", "section": "Controversial statements and criticism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The editor-in-chief of the journal Science subsequently published an expression of concern, \"Because the validity of the study by Lombardi et al. is now seriously in question\". In December 2011, Science retracted the 2009 paper.", "section": "Controversial statements and criticism", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Contamination of Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:35df66cf089ec893", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 25732046 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.466666666666667, "severity": 1.1166666666666667, "rank": 260 }, { "id": "sha256:32cff0efb6042076", "key": "RW-5206 / 68892222 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1353163515 } ], "first_seen": 1353163515, "last_checked": 1353163515, "page_id": 68892222, "revid": 1353163515, "written_on": "Bacteriophage AP205", "doi": "10.1186/1743-422x-7-146", "pmid": "20604940", "record_id": 5206, "paper_title": "A VLP-based vaccine targeting domain III of the West Nile virus E protein protects from lethal infection in mice", "cited": true, "section": "West Nile virus", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Vaccines made via the conjugation of DIII to AP205 VLPs induced high titers of antibodies specific to DIII after a single injection when compared to the groups of mice who were immunized with free DIII-C proteins and non-conjugated AP205 particles.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Vaccines made via the conjugation of DIII to AP205 VLPs induced high titers of antibodies specific to DIII after a single injection when compared to the groups of mice who were immunized with free DIII-C proteins and non-conjugated AP205 particles.", "reason": "This states the retracted paper's antibody-response result as fact; the incomplete retraction reason requires checking the notice before deciding whether to remove it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Notice - Lack of" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a1f71bfd6e37ceaa", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Spohn_2010", "marker": "[25]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 68892222 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 2.2333333333333334, "severity": 1.1166666666666667, "rank": 261 }, { "id": "sha256:5d5f4bc6889c3c5b", "key": "RW-5206 / 68892222 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1353163515 } ], "first_seen": 1353163515, "last_checked": 1353163515, "page_id": 68892222, "revid": 1353163515, "written_on": "Bacteriophage AP205", "doi": "10.1186/1743-422x-7-146", "pmid": "20604940", "record_id": 5206, "paper_title": "A VLP-based vaccine targeting domain III of the West Nile virus E protein protects from lethal infection in mice", "cited": true, "section": "West Nile virus", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The immunogenicity of the AP205 vaccine proved to be higher than the previous vaccines.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The immunogenicity of the AP205 vaccine proved to be higher than the previous vaccines.", "reason": "This presents the paper's conclusion of superior immunogenicity as fact; the incomplete retraction reason requires checking the notice before deciding whether to remove it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Notice - Lack of" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a1f71bfd6e37ceaa", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Spohn_2010", "marker": "[25]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 68892222 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 2.2333333333333334, "severity": 1.1166666666666667, "rank": 262 }, { "id": "sha256:6ae0416c7cf4de72", "key": "RW-5206 / 68892222 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1353163515 } ], "first_seen": 1353163515, "last_checked": 1353163515, "page_id": 68892222, "revid": 1353163515, "written_on": "Bacteriophage AP205", "doi": "10.1186/1743-422x-7-146", "pmid": "20604940", "record_id": 5206, "paper_title": "A VLP-based vaccine targeting domain III of the West Nile virus E protein protects from lethal infection in mice", "cited": true, "section": "West Nile virus", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The antibodies produced act to neutralize the infectious West Nile Virus particles.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The antibodies produced act to neutralize the infectious West Nile Virus particles.", "reason": "This states the paper's virus-neutralization result as fact; the incomplete retraction reason requires checking the notice before deciding whether to remove it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Notice - Lack of" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a1f71bfd6e37ceaa", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Spohn_2010", "marker": "[25]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 68892222 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 2.2333333333333334, "severity": 1.1166666666666667, "rank": 263 }, { "id": "sha256:db2cd120c5eaa27b", "key": "RW-3030 / 10841641 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375851211 } ], "first_seen": 1375851211, "last_checked": 1375851211, "page_id": 10841641, "revid": 1375851211, "written_on": "Antonio Arnaiz-Villena", "doi": "10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00288-9", "pmid": "11543891", "record_id": 3030, "paper_title": "The origin of Palestinians and their genetic relatedness with other Mediterranean populations", "cited": true, "section": "Greeks and Sub-Saharans", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Arnaiz-Villena et al. published five scientific articles, where, among other claims, they concluded that the Greek population originates from Sub-Saharan Africa and do not cluster with other Mediterraneans.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Arnaiz-Villena et al. published five scientific articles, where, among other claims, they concluded that the Greek population originates from Sub-Saharan Africa and do not cluster with other Mediterraneans.", "reason": "The supplied abstract does not establish this Greek-origin finding; the other cited papers plausibly support it, so the retracted paper's contribution needs source inspection.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.87, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Following a large number of complaints, the article was withdrawn from the journal and deleted from the scientific archive.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Academics who had already received a copy of the journal were urged to \"physically remove\" the article pages in a move that had no precedent in research publishing.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Andrew Goffey, a senior lecturer at Middlesex University, England, observing that \"it was conceded that the article had not been removed on the basis of its scientific evidence,\" failed to find anything offensive in the paper.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Objections by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:30959c8683487fb1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "vil-palestinians", "marker": "[10]", "others": [ "Arnaiz-Villena A, Gomez-Casado E, Martinez-Laso J (August 2002). \"Population genetic relationships between Mediterranean populations determined by HLA allele distribution and a historic perspective\". Tissue Antigens. 60 (2): 111–21. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2002.600201.x. PMID 12392505.", "Arnaiz-Villena A, Dimitroski K, Pacho A, et al. (February 2001). \"HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks\". Tissue Antigens. 57 (2): 118–27. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057002118.x. PMID 11260506. S2CID 652188.", "Arnaiz-Villena A, Martinez-Laso J, Alonso-Garciá J (September 2001). \"The correlation between languages and genes: the Usko-Mediterranean peoples\". Hum. Immunol. 62 (9): 1051–61. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00300-7. PMID 11543906.", "Arnaiz-Villena A, Karin M, Bendikuze N, et al. (April 2001). \"HLA alleles and haplotypes in the Turkish population: relatedness to Kurds, Armenians and other Mediterraneans\". Tissue Antigens. 57 (4): 308–17. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057004308.x. PMID 11380939." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 10841641 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.4, "severity": 1.1, "rank": 264 }, { "id": "sha256:d4d880fdf53d03c5", "key": "RW-3030 / 10841641 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375851211 } ], "first_seen": 1375851211, "last_checked": 1375851211, "page_id": 10841641, "revid": 1375851211, "written_on": "Antonio Arnaiz-Villena", "doi": "10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00288-9", "pmid": "11543891", "record_id": 3030, "paper_title": "The origin of Palestinians and their genetic relatedness with other Mediterranean populations", "cited": true, "section": "Greeks and Sub-Saharans", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The explanation they offered is that a large number of Sub-Saharans had migrated to Greece (but not to Crete) during Minoan times, i.e. predating both Classical and Mycenaean Greece.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The explanation they offered is that a large number of Sub-Saharans had migrated to Greece (but not to Crete) during Minoan times, i.e. predating both Classical and Mycenaean Greece.", "reason": "This migration explanation is absent from the supplied abstract, and the other cited papers may be its source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.87, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Following a large number of complaints, the article was withdrawn from the journal and deleted from the scientific archive.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Academics who had already received a copy of the journal were urged to \"physically remove\" the article pages in a move that had no precedent in research publishing.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Andrew Goffey, a senior lecturer at Middlesex University, England, observing that \"it was conceded that the article had not been removed on the basis of its scientific evidence,\" failed to find anything offensive in the paper.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Objections by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:30959c8683487fb1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "vil-palestinians", "marker": "[10]", "others": [ "Arnaiz-Villena A, Gomez-Casado E, Martinez-Laso J (August 2002). \"Population genetic relationships between Mediterranean populations determined by HLA allele distribution and a historic perspective\". Tissue Antigens. 60 (2): 111–21. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2002.600201.x. PMID 12392505.", "Arnaiz-Villena A, Dimitroski K, Pacho A, et al. (February 2001). \"HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks\". Tissue Antigens. 57 (2): 118–27. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057002118.x. PMID 11260506. S2CID 652188.", "Arnaiz-Villena A, Martinez-Laso J, Alonso-Garciá J (September 2001). \"The correlation between languages and genes: the Usko-Mediterranean peoples\". Hum. Immunol. 62 (9): 1051–61. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00300-7. PMID 11543906." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 10841641 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.4, "severity": 1.1, "rank": 265 }, { "id": "sha256:29bede77d555745d", "key": "RW-3030 / 10841641 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375851211 } ], "first_seen": 1375851211, "last_checked": 1375851211, "page_id": 10841641, "revid": 1375851211, "written_on": "Antonio Arnaiz-Villena", "doi": "10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00288-9", "pmid": "11543891", "record_id": 3030, "paper_title": "The origin of Palestinians and their genetic relatedness with other Mediterranean populations", "cited": true, "section": "Ethnic Macedonians", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Arnaiz-Villena et al. published two scientific articles, where, among other claims, they concluded that ethnic Macedonians are closely related to Mediterraneans, showing the closest genetic relatedness with Cretan Greeks but not with other Greeks.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Arnaiz-Villena et al. published two scientific articles, where, among other claims, they concluded that ethnic Macedonians are closely related to Mediterraneans, showing the closest genetic relatedness with Cretan Greeks but not with other Greeks.", "reason": "The supplied abstract does not mention this Macedonian finding, while the other citation directly concerns Macedonian HLA relationships.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Following a large number of complaints, the article was withdrawn from the journal and deleted from the scientific archive.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Academics who had already received a copy of the journal were urged to \"physically remove\" the article pages in a move that had no precedent in research publishing.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Andrew Goffey, a senior lecturer at Middlesex University, England, observing that \"it was conceded that the article had not been removed on the basis of its scientific evidence,\" failed to find anything offensive in the paper.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Objections by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:30959c8683487fb1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "vil-palestinians", "marker": "[10]", "others": [ "Arnaiz-Villena A, Dimitroski K, Pacho A, et al. (February 2001). \"HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks\". Tissue Antigens. 57 (2): 118–27. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057002118.x. PMID 11260506. S2CID 652188." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 10841641 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.4, "severity": 1.1, "rank": 266 }, { "id": "sha256:68fb160aa734797c", "key": "RW-2516 / 37494943 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370411802 } ], "first_seen": 1370411802, "last_checked": 1370411802, "page_id": 37494943, "revid": 1370411802, "written_on": "Perforator flaps", "doi": "10.1097/01.prs.0000256044.66107.a6", "pmid": "17572536", "record_id": 2516, "paper_title": "Breast Reconstruction With Perforator Flaps", "cited": true, "section": "Oncological background", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In breast reconstruction for example, perforator flaps have raised the standard by replacing like with like.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In breast reconstruction for example, perforator flaps have raised the standard by replacing like with like.", "reason": "This presents the paper's conclusion that perforator flaps provide ideal tissue for breast reconstruction as fact; duplication does not itself invalidate that conclusion.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5db57ab8933c05ce", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Jay W. Granzow", "marker": "[17]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 37494943 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 4.3, "severity": 1.075, "rank": 267 }, { "id": "sha256:71de2469341ec9da", "key": "RW-2516 / 37494943 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370411802 } ], "first_seen": 1370411802, "last_checked": 1370411802, "page_id": 37494943, "revid": 1370411802, "written_on": "Perforator flaps", "doi": "10.1097/01.prs.0000256044.66107.a6", "pmid": "17572536", "record_id": 2516, "paper_title": "Breast Reconstruction With Perforator Flaps", "cited": true, "section": "Oncological background", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The broad option of donor-sites makes practically all patients candidates for autogenous perforator flap reconstruction.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The broad option of donor-sites makes practically all patients candidates for autogenous perforator flap reconstruction.", "reason": "This relies on the paper's account of numerous suitable donor sites, extending it to near-universal eligibility despite the abstract's contraindications; a non-retracted source must support that scope.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5db57ab8933c05ce", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Jay W. Granzow", "marker": "[17]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 37494943 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 4.3, "severity": 1.075, "rank": 268 }, { "id": "sha256:3e0372045ead4e65", "key": "RW-2516 / 37494943 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370411802 } ], "first_seen": 1370411802, "last_checked": 1370411802, "page_id": 37494943, "revid": 1370411802, "written_on": "Perforator flaps", "doi": "10.1097/01.prs.0000256044.66107.a6", "pmid": "17572536", "record_id": 2516, "paper_title": "Breast Reconstruction With Perforator Flaps", "cited": true, "section": "Advantages and disadvantages", "where": "paragraph", "text": "As a matter of fact, preventing damage to the underlying muscle including its innervation, has led to less cases of abdominal hernia, the absence of postoperative muscle atrophy and a better vascularised and functioning donor muscle.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "As a matter of fact, preventing damage to the underlying muscle including its innervation, has led to less cases of abdominal hernia, the absence of postoperative muscle atrophy and a better vascularised and functioning donor muscle.", "reason": "These benefits elaborate the paper's muscle-preservation and reduced donor-site morbidity claims; the other reconstructive-surgery reviews plausibly support them, and the retraction concerns duplication.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5db57ab8933c05ce", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Jay W. Granzow", "marker": "[17]", "others": [ "Granzow JW, Levine JL, Chiu ES, Allen RJ (November 2006). \"Breast reconstruction using perforator flaps\". J Surg Oncol. 94 (6): 441–54. doi:10.1002/jso.20481. PMID 17061279. S2CID 24974920.", "Neligan PC, Lipa JE (May 2006). \"Perforator Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction\". Semin Plast Surg. 20 (2): 56–63. doi:10.1055/s-2006-941711. PMC 2884771." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 37494943 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 4.3, "severity": 1.075, "rank": 269 }, { "id": "sha256:230beadac6ad88e4", "key": "RW-2516 / 37494943 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370411802 } ], "first_seen": 1370411802, "last_checked": 1370411802, "page_id": 37494943, "revid": 1370411802, "written_on": "Perforator flaps", "doi": "10.1097/01.prs.0000256044.66107.a6", "pmid": "17572536", "record_id": 2516, "paper_title": "Breast Reconstruction With Perforator Flaps", "cited": true, "section": "Advantages and disadvantages", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Furthermore, patients have shown decreased postoperative pain and accelerated rehabilitation Nevertheless, there will always be a chance that the displaced tissue partially or completely dies considering the fact that the perfusion of the flap is difficult to assess intraoperatively.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Furthermore, patients have shown decreased postoperative pain and accelerated rehabilitation", "reason": "These asserted recovery benefits elaborate the paper's reduced donor-site morbidity conclusion; the cited review of perforator-flap advantages plausibly supports them, while the angiography source more directly concerns the following perfusion claim.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5db57ab8933c05ce", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Jay W. Granzow", "marker": "[17]", "others": [ "Guerra AB, Lyons GD, Dupin CL, Metzinger SE (July 2005). \"Advantages of perforator flaps in reconstruction of complex defects of the head and neck\". Ear Nose Throat J. 84 (7): 441–7. doi:10.1177/014556130508400717. PMID 16813036.", "Liu DZ, Mathes DW, Zenn MR, Neligan PC (July 2011). \"The application of indocyanine green fluorescence angiography in plastic surgery\". J Reconstr Microsurg. 27 (6): 355–64. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1281515. PMID 21717392. S2CID 260193952." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 37494943 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 4.3, "severity": 1.075, "rank": 270 }, { "id": "sha256:f5e1605cdf37333e", "key": "RW-2516 / 37494943 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370411802 } ], "first_seen": 1370411802, "last_checked": 1370411802, "page_id": 37494943, "revid": 1370411802, "written_on": "Perforator flaps", "doi": "10.1097/01.prs.0000256044.66107.a6", "pmid": "17572536", "record_id": 2516, "paper_title": "Breast Reconstruction With Perforator Flaps", "cited": false, "section": "Fields of application", "where": "", "text": "However, the health of the patient and possible contra-indications play an important role as well. Due to the development and improvement of cutaneous, myocutanous and fasciocutaneous tissue transpositions plastic surgeons are able to successfully restore the defect to its original shape. Nevertheless, functional recovery is not guaranteed in all patients. For the optimal renewal of shape and function, a suitable flap can be chosen to reconstruct the defect. In the case of using a so-called perforator flap, a reliable vascularization and the possibility of sensory (re) innervation can be combined with less donor-site morbidity and limited loss of function in the donor area.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In the case of using a so-called perforator flap, a reliable vascularization and the possibility of sensory (re) innervation can be combined with less donor-site morbidity and limited loss of function in the donor area.", "reason": "The reliable transfer and reduced donor-site morbidity benefits repeat the retracted paper's conclusion and the benefits cited later; an editor must check whether this paragraph has independent sourcing, particularly for sensory innervation.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.85, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5db57ab8933c05ce", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 37494943 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 4.3, "severity": 1.075, "rank": 271 }, { "id": "sha256:b982ff01bfdf87c9", "key": "RW-73562 / 81801325 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-08", "revid": 1374628080 } ], "first_seen": 1374628080, "last_checked": 1374628080, "page_id": 81801325, "revid": 1374628080, "written_on": "Data colonialism", "doi": "10.1080/09614524.2025.2609155", "pmid": "", "record_id": 73562, "paper_title": "Data colonialism and digital sovereignty in the Global South", "cited": true, "section": "Labor and the AI industry", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Recent scholarship situates data colonialism within global development dynamics, arguing that data extraction can reinforce structural dependencies between regions and reproduce asymmetries in control over digital infrastructure and knowledge production.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Recent scholarship situates data colonialism within global development dynamics, arguing that data extraction can reinforce structural dependencies between regions and reproduce asymmetries in control over digital infrastructure and knowledge production.", "reason": "The citation attaches to this claim, but the title alone does not establish whether the paper argued for these specific dependencies and asymmetries; no abstract is available.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e7c2a5ccf97f57ab", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[9]", "others": [ "Blackwell, Alan (2021). \"Ethnographic artificial intelligence\". Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 46 (1–2): 198–211 – via Sage." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 81801325 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 16.866666666666667, "severity": 1.0541666666666667, "rank": 272 }, { "id": "sha256:99da4c76172fac08", "key": "RW-29959 / 1699268 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376804284 } ], "first_seen": 1376804284, "last_checked": 1376804284, "page_id": 1699268, "revid": 1376804284, "written_on": "Type A and Type B personality theory", "doi": "10.1016/s0005-7967(09)80002-8", "pmid": "2012584", "record_id": 29959, "paper_title": "Creative novation behaviour therapy as a prophylactic treatment for cancer and coronary heart disease: Part I—Description of treatment", "cited": true, "section": "Other studies", "where": "paragraph", "text": "While most studies attempt to show the correlation between personality types and coronary heart disease, studies (that also later were questioned for non plausible results were considered unsafe, and were retracted in 2021) suggested that mental attitudes constitute an important prognostic factor for cancer and that as a method of treatment for cancer-prone patients, behavior therapy should be used.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "studies (that also later were questioned for non plausible results were considered unsafe, and were retracted in 2021) suggested that mental attitudes constitute an important prognostic factor for cancer and that as a method of treatment for cancer-prone patients, behavior therapy should be used.", "reason": "This reports the therapy claim with an explicit retraction warning in the same paragraph, rather than presenting the cited study as reliable evidence.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "studies (that also later were questioned for non plausible results were considered unsafe, and were retracted in 2021)", "section": "Other studies", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d58ca4c8c34c2646", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[52]", "others": [ "Pelosi, Anthony J. (2019). \"Personality and fatal diseases: Revisiting a scientific scandal\". Journal of Health Psychology. 24 (4): 421–439. doi:10.1177/1359105318822045. ISSN 1359-1053. PMC 6712909. PMID 30791726.", "\"King's College London enquiry into publications authored by Professor Hans Eysenck with Professor Ronald Grossarth-Maticek\" (PDF). October 2019.", "Nigel Hawkes (2019), Works by eminent psychologist who doubted smoking caused cancer are \"unsafe,\" finds inquiry" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 1699268 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1050.0333333333333, "severity": 1.0500333333333334, "rank": 273 }, { "id": "sha256:93a5610cec4032dd", "key": "RW-216 / 14760447 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1301028146 } ], "first_seen": 1301028146, "last_checked": 1301028146, "page_id": 14760447, "revid": 1301028146, "written_on": "SMARCC1", "doi": "10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00436-7", "pmid": "12837248", "record_id": 216, "paper_title": "The Chromatin-remodeling Complex WINAC Targets a Nuclear Receptor to Promoters and is Impaired in Williams Syndrome", "cited": true, "section": "Interactions", "where": "list", "text": "BAZ1B,", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "BAZ1B,", "reason": "Under the list introduction, this item asserts an interaction between SMARCC1 and BAZ1B (WSTF), relying solely on the retracted WINAC study.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Data", "Error in Image", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:7a057e58f77038e3", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "pmid12837248", "marker": "[7]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 14760447 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.0333333333333334, "severity": 1.0333333333333334, "rank": 274 }, { "id": "sha256:fb4d16dfb06fbf2b", "key": "RW-8561 / 50686685 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1334892185 } ], "first_seen": 1334892185, "last_checked": 1334892185, "page_id": 50686685, "revid": 1334892185, "written_on": "NgAgo", "doi": "10.1038/nbt.3547", "pmid": "27136078", "record_id": 8561, "paper_title": "DNA-guided genome editing using the Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Like the CRISPR/Cas system, NgAgo was reported by Chunyu Han et al. to be suitable for genome editing, but this has not been replicated.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "NgAgo binds 5′ phosphorylated ssDNA of ~24 nucleotides (gDNA) to guide it to its target site and will make DNA double-strand breaks at the gDNA site. Like the CRISPR/Cas system, NgAgo was reported by Chunyu Han et al. to be suitable for genome editing, but this has not been replicated. In contrast to Cas9, the NgAgo–gDNA system does not require a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM).", "reason": "The paragraph states the paper’s guide-binding, DNA-cleavage and PAM-independence findings as facts; the qualification about replication does not qualify all those mechanistic claims.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The authors retracted the study in a statement published in Nature Biotechnology on 3 August 2017, citing the continued inability of the research community to replicate their results.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In 2018, an investigation led by Han's university concluded that while Han's findings were flawed, he and his team did not intend to deceive the scientific community.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Third Party", "Results Not Reproducible" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8d59cdeffc2987f1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "gao", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 50686685 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.0, "severity": 1.0, "rank": 275 }, { "id": "sha256:b183a719f7432070", "key": "RW-8561 / 50686685 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1334892185 } ], "first_seen": 1334892185, "last_checked": 1334892185, "page_id": 50686685, "revid": 1334892185, "written_on": "NgAgo", "doi": "10.1038/nbt.3547", "pmid": "27136078", "record_id": 8561, "paper_title": "DNA-guided genome editing using the Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute", "cited": true, "section": "Role", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The required dosage of ssDNA is less than that of a sgRNA expression plasmid.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "NgAgo was proposed to be useful for genome editing in May 2016 because of the system’s high accuracy and efficiency, which was said to minimize off-target effects. The specificity of the gDNA is essential, as cleavage efficiency is impaired by a single nucleotide mismatch between the guide and target molecules. Using 5’ phosphorylated ssDNAs as guide molecules reduces the possibility of cellular oligonucleotides misleading NgAgo. A guide molecule can only be attached to NgAgo during the expression of the protein. Once the guide is loaded, NgAgo cannot swap free floating ssDNA for its gDNA. Designing, synthesizing, and adjusting the concentration of ssDNAs is easier compared to systems using sgRNA. The required dosage of ssDNA is less than that of a sgRNA expression plasmid.", "reason": "The paragraph presents the study’s claimed editing advantages and guide requirements without a local retraction warning; the terminal citation plausibly covers these preceding claims as well as the dosage comparison.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The authors retracted the study in a statement published in Nature Biotechnology on 3 August 2017, citing the continued inability of the research community to replicate their results.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In 2018, an investigation led by Han's university concluded that while Han's findings were flawed, he and his team did not intend to deceive the scientific community.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Third Party", "Results Not Reproducible" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8d59cdeffc2987f1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "gao", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 50686685 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.0, "severity": 1.0, "rank": 276 }, { "id": "sha256:b0501d1bc377c868", "key": "RW-1844 / 6928455 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1367468495 } ], "first_seen": 1367468495, "last_checked": 1367468495, "page_id": 6928455, "revid": 1367468495, "written_on": "Early prostate cancer antigen-2", "doi": "10.1016/j.urology.2007.01.097", "pmid": "17445657", "record_id": 1844, "paper_title": "EPCA-2: A Highly Specific Serum Marker for Prostate Cancer", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Early prostate cancer antigen-2 (EPCA-2) is a protein of which blood levels are elevated in prostate cancer. It appears to provide more accuracy in identifying early prostate cancer than the standard prostate cancer marker, PSA.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Early prostate cancer antigen-2 (EPCA-2) is a protein of which blood levels are elevated in prostate cancer. It appears to provide more accuracy in identifying early prostate cancer than the standard prostate cancer marker, PSA.", "reason": "These claims repeat the paper's findings about EPCA-2's association with prostate cancer and superior diagnostic performance; an editor should check whether the paragraph has independent sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "This paper has since been retracted by the publisher.", "section": "EPCA-2 versus PSA", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In September 2008 the industry sponsor of EPCA-2, Onconome sued Dr Robert Getzenberg, JHU, and the University of Pittsburgh, his previous institution, claiming that Getzenberg misrepresented and falsified data related to EPCA-2 after Onconome sponsored 13 million dollars of research over five years in Getzenberg's labs at University of Pittsburgh and Johns Hopkins for a blood test for prostate cancer.", "section": "EPCA-2 versus PSA", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Error in Methods", "Results Not Reproducible", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:53f9008120ad56fa", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 6928455 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 0.9333333333333333, "severity": 0.9333333333333333, "rank": 277 }, { "id": "sha256:700c5d65e1f313b1", "key": "RW-48567 / 25671436 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374409703 } ], "first_seen": 1374409703, "last_checked": 1374409703, "page_id": 25671436, "revid": 1374409703, "written_on": "Neo-organ", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61598-6", "pmid": "19022496", "record_id": 48567, "paper_title": "Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway", "cited": true, "section": "Adult Stem Cells", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The method involves obtaining a donor organ, removing the cells and MHC antigens from the donor organ, and colonizing it with stem cells obtained from the patient.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The first stem-cell based organ, a tracheal graft, was transplanted successfully in 2008. The method involves obtaining a donor organ, removing the cells and MHC antigens from the donor organ, and colonizing it with stem cells obtained from the patient. This method does not create an entire organ from stem cells, and it still requires a donor to provide the decellularized graft. However, the first surgery done with this method was successful and the patient has shown no signs of rejection since.", "reason": "The paragraph presents the paper's procedure and claimed successful, rejection-free transplant as established facts, extending its four-month observation to an ongoing absence of rejection.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Criminal Proceedings", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Results", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:05eef46181b822be", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":32", "marker": "[7]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 25671436 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 0.9333333333333333, "severity": 0.9333333333333333, "rank": 278 }, { "id": "sha256:7dd890d9d3d32941", "key": "RW-48567 / 25671436 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374409703 } ], "first_seen": 1374409703, "last_checked": 1374409703, "page_id": 25671436, "revid": 1374409703, "written_on": "Neo-organ", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61598-6", "pmid": "19022496", "record_id": 48567, "paper_title": "Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway", "cited": true, "section": "Decellularization", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This process was used in the first successful stem-cell based organ transplant by removing the cells and MHC antigens from the donor organ.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Researchers have begun to focus on decellularization for organ transplants since it reduces the chance of rejection to almost none. This process was used in the first successful stem-cell based organ transplant by removing the cells and MHC antigens from the donor organ.", "reason": "The paragraph repeats the paper's claimed successful transplant and generalizes its claimed freedom from rejection; fabrication undermines these claims.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Criminal Proceedings", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Results", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:05eef46181b822be", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":32", "marker": "[7]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 25671436 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 0.9333333333333333, "severity": 0.9333333333333333, "rank": 279 }, { "id": "sha256:29215e0b5e8d0287", "key": "RW-48567 / 25671436 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374409703 } ], "first_seen": 1374409703, "last_checked": 1374409703, "page_id": 25671436, "revid": 1374409703, "written_on": "Neo-organ", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61598-6", "pmid": "19022496", "record_id": 48567, "paper_title": "Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "In tissue engineering, neo-organ is the final structure of a procedure based on transplantation consisting of endogenous stem/progenitor cells grown ex vivo within predesigned matrix scaffolds. Current organ donation faces the problems of patients waiting to match for an organ and the possible risk of the patient's body rejecting the organ. Neo-organs are being researched as a solution to those problems with organ donation. Suitable methods for creating neo-organs are still under development. One experimental method is using adult stem cells, which use the patients own stem cells for organ donation. Currently this method can be combined with decellularization, which uses a donor organ for structural support but removes the donors cells from the organ. Similarly, the concept of 3-D bioprinting organs has shown experimental success in printing bioink layers that mimic the layer of organ tissues. However, these bioinks do not provide structural support like a donor organ. Current methods of clinically successful neo-organs use a combination of decellularized donor organs, along with adult stem cells of the organ recipient to account for both the structural support of a donor organ and the personalization of the organ for each individual patient to reduce the chance of rejection.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Current methods of clinically successful neo-organs use a combination of decellularized donor organs, along with adult stem cells of the organ recipient to account for both the structural support of a donor organ and the personalization of the organ for each individual patient to reduce the chance of rejection.", "reason": "The opening summarizes the clinical success and rejection-reduction claims illustrated below by the retracted airway study; an editor should check whether this paragraph has independent sources supporting that generalization.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Criminal Proceedings", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Results", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:05eef46181b822be", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 25671436 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 0.9333333333333333, "severity": 0.9333333333333333, "rank": 280 }, { "id": "sha256:230e4d192114985b", "key": "RW-72108 / 25671436 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374409703 } ], "first_seen": 1374409703, "last_checked": 1374409703, "page_id": 25671436, "revid": 1374409703, "written_on": "Neo-organ", "doi": "10.2217/17460751.4.2.147", "pmid": "19317632", "record_id": 72108, "paper_title": "The first Stem Cell-Based Tissue-Engineered Organ Replacement: Implications for Regenerative Medicine and Society", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Current methods of clinically successful neo-organs use a combination of decellularized donor organs, along with adult stem cells of the organ recipient to account for both the structural support of a donor organ and the personalization of the organ for each individual patient to reduce the chance of rejection.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Current methods of clinically successful neo-organs use a combination of decellularized donor organs, along with adult stem cells of the organ recipient to account for both the structural support of a donor organ and the personalization of the organ for each individual patient to reduce the chance of rejection.", "reason": "The claim of clinical success and reduced rejection generalizes the organ-replacement outcome discussed in the retracted paper.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.91, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Cites Retracted Work", "Concerns/Issues about Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:46e4c95658a53fd1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":02", "marker": "[2]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 25671436 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 0.9333333333333333, "severity": 0.9333333333333333, "rank": 281 }, { "id": "sha256:7330ddfaf2c2eddd", "key": "RW-72108 / 25671436 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374409703 } ], "first_seen": 1374409703, "last_checked": 1374409703, "page_id": 25671436, "revid": 1374409703, "written_on": "Neo-organ", "doi": "10.2217/17460751.4.2.147", "pmid": "19317632", "record_id": 72108, "paper_title": "The first Stem Cell-Based Tissue-Engineered Organ Replacement: Implications for Regenerative Medicine and Society", "cited": true, "section": "Adult Stem Cells", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The first stem-cell based organ, a tracheal graft, was transplanted successfully in 2008.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The first stem-cell based organ, a tracheal graft, was transplanted successfully in 2008.", "reason": "This presents the first stem-cell-based organ replacement discussed by the paper as a successful clinical outcome.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Cites Retracted Work", "Concerns/Issues about Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:46e4c95658a53fd1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":02", "marker": "[2]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 25671436 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 0.9333333333333333, "severity": 0.9333333333333333, "rank": 282 }, { "id": "sha256:9455932e5186b47b", "key": "RW-72108 / 25671436 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374409703 } ], "first_seen": 1374409703, "last_checked": 1374409703, "page_id": 25671436, "revid": 1374409703, "written_on": "Neo-organ", "doi": "10.2217/17460751.4.2.147", "pmid": "19317632", "record_id": 72108, "paper_title": "The first Stem Cell-Based Tissue-Engineered Organ Replacement: Implications for Regenerative Medicine and Society", "cited": true, "section": "Adult Stem Cells", "where": "paragraph", "text": "However, the first surgery done with this method was successful and the patient has shown no signs of rejection since.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "However, the first surgery done with this method was successful and the patient has shown no signs of rejection since.", "reason": "This explicitly asserts successful surgery and absence of rejection for the organ replacement discussed in the retracted paper.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Cites Retracted Work", "Concerns/Issues about Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:46e4c95658a53fd1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":02", "marker": "[2]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 25671436 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 0.9333333333333333, "severity": 0.9333333333333333, "rank": 283 }, { "id": "sha256:e610e4a71b5f754b", "key": "RW-72108 / 25671436 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374409703 } ], "first_seen": 1374409703, "last_checked": 1374409703, "page_id": 25671436, "revid": 1374409703, "written_on": "Neo-organ", "doi": "10.2217/17460751.4.2.147", "pmid": "19317632", "record_id": 72108, "paper_title": "The first Stem Cell-Based Tissue-Engineered Organ Replacement: Implications for Regenerative Medicine and Society", "cited": false, "section": "Decellularization", "where": "", "text": "Researchers have begun to focus on decellularization for organ transplants since it reduces the chance of rejection to almost none. This process was used in the first successful stem-cell based organ transplant by removing the cells and MHC antigens from the donor organ. There are different ways to remove the cells from the organ which can include physical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments. This method is especially useful when trying to create a neo-heart because the heart needs to be created in a way where the structure remains. Since the stem cells used are currently not able to maintain a shape, researchers have started to look more into decellularization of existing organs to be able to perform successful transplant procedures without the problem of rejection. While this method may assist with the problem of rejection, donors are still needed to provide this structure to patients.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This process was used in the first successful stem-cell based organ transplant by removing the cells and MHC antigens from the donor organ.", "reason": "This repeats the same first-transplant success claim cited to the retracted paper in the Adult Stem Cells section; an editor must check whether this paragraph has an independent source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Cites Retracted Work", "Concerns/Issues about Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:46e4c95658a53fd1", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 25671436 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 0.9333333333333333, "severity": 0.9333333333333333, "rank": 284 }, { "id": "sha256:0f4c3b362627ffbd", "key": "RW-50888 / 24365639 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375891403 } ], "first_seen": 1375891403, "last_checked": 1375891403, "page_id": 24365639, "revid": 1375891403, "written_on": "Paolo Macchiarini", "doi": "10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.060", "pmid": "22901964", "record_id": 50888, "paper_title": "Viability and proliferation of rat MSCs on adhesion protein-modified PET and PU scaffolds", "cited": true, "section": "Retractions", "where": "list", "text": "January 2024: a 2012 Biomaterials paper retracted for \"falsification and/or fabrication\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "January 2024: a 2012 Biomaterials paper retracted for \"falsification and/or fabrication\".", "reason": "The item reports the paper's retraction, not its findings on MSC attachment and proliferation on PET and PU scaffolds.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The following papers authored by Macchiarini have been retracted:", "section": "Retractions", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "January 2024: a 2012 Biomaterials paper retracted for \"falsification and/or fabrication\".", "section": "Retractions", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Criminal Proceedings", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Results", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:fb7f180440907d1c", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[73]", "others": [ "Gustafsson, Ylva; Haag, Johannes; Jungebluth, Philipp; Lundin, Vanessa; Ling Lim, Mei; Baiguera, Silvia; Ajalloueian, Fatemeh; Del Gaudio, Costantino; Bianco, Alessandra; Moll, Guido; Sjöqvist, Sebastian; Lemon, Greg; Teixeira, Ana Isabel; Macchiarini, Paolo (4 January 2024). \"Retraction notice to \"Viability and proliferation of rat MSCs on adhesion protein-modified PET and PU scaffolds\" [Biomaterials 33/12 (2012) 8094–8103]\". Biomaterials. 305 122445. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122445. PMID 38176982." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 24365639 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 888.3333333333334, "severity": 0.8883333333333334, "rank": 285 }, { "id": "sha256:6f9f88537ff2aefa", "key": "RW-48568 / 24365639 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375891403 } ], "first_seen": 1375891403, "last_checked": 1375891403, "page_id": 24365639, "revid": 1375891403, "written_on": "Paolo Macchiarini", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62033-4", "pmid": "24161821", "record_id": 48568, "paper_title": "The first tissue-engineered airway transplantation: 5-year follow-up results", "cited": true, "section": "Claudia Castillo", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The trachea came from a cadaver, and was stripped of its cells and seeded with cells taken from Castillo's bone marrow.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The trachea came from a cadaver, and was stripped of its cells and seeded with cells taken from Castillo's bone marrow.", "reason": "This describes the original transplant procedure, not the retracted follow-up findings about graft function, safety or patient recovery; a non-retracted source should support this background.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.92, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The following papers authored by Macchiarini have been retracted:", "section": "Retractions", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "October 2023, 2013 Lancet paper, retracted by the journal for containing fabrication and falsification in several places, and three falsified figures:", "section": "Retractions", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Criminal Proceedings", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ffb8674610833e97", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[30]", "others": [ "Cowell, Alan; Grady, Denise (19 November 2008). \"Europeans Announce Pioneering Surgery\". The New York Times.", "Macchiarini, Paolo; Jungebluth, Philipp; Go, Tetsuhiko; Asnaghi, M Adelaide; Rees, Louisa E; Cogan, Tristan A; Dodson, Amanda; Martorell, Jaume; Bellini, Silvia; Parnigotto, Pier Paolo; Dickinson, Sally C; Hollander, Anthony P; Mantero, Sara; Conconi, Maria Teresa; Birchall, Martin A (December 2008). \"Retracted: Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway\". The Lancet. 372 (9655): 2023–2030. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61598-6. PMID 19022496. S2CID 13153058. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02341-3, PMID 37898523, Retraction Watch)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 24365639 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 888.3333333333334, "severity": 0.8883333333333334, "rank": 286 }, { "id": "sha256:8e5e378b401df245", "key": "RW-23720 / 44751865 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378216353 } ], "first_seen": 1378216353, "last_checked": 1378216353, "page_id": 44751865, "revid": 1378216353, "written_on": "Black Lives Matter", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1903856116", "pmid": "31332014", "record_id": 23720, "paper_title": "Officer characteristics and racial disparities in fatal officer-involved shootings", "cited": true, "section": "Allegations of use of excessive force by police", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A 2019 study in PNAS concluded that black people were actually less likely than white people to be killed by police, based on the death rates in police encounters.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A 2019 study in PNAS concluded that black people were actually less likely than white people to be killed by police, based on the death rates in police encounters.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the study's conclusion but immediately explains its retraction and the authors' admission that their analyses could not address racial disparities in shooting probability.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The authors later retracted the paper because although \"our data and statistical approach were appropriate for investigating whether officer characteristics are related to the race of civilians fatally shot by police,\" the paper had been \"cited as providing support for the idea that there are no racial biases in fatal shootings, or policing in general\" whereas in fact their analyses \"are inadequate to address racial disparities in the probability of being shot.\"", "section": "Allegations of use of excessive force by police", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:dcb1778117bf8845", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[104]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 44751865 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 875.8666666666667, "severity": 0.8758666666666667, "rank": 287 }, { "id": "sha256:376da8c0ec46ae22", "key": "RW-36523 / 54629028 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377637721 } ], "first_seen": 1377637721, "last_checked": 1377637721, "page_id": 54629028, "revid": 1377637721, "written_on": "HD 131399", "doi": "10.1126/science.aaf9671", "pmid": "27386921", "record_id": 36523, "paper_title": "Direct imaging discovery of a Jovian exoplanet within a triple-star system", "cited": true, "section": "Stellar system", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This orbit takes about 3,600 years to complete, and it has an eccentricity of about 0.13 The entire system is about 21.9 million years old.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This orbit takes about 3,600 years to complete, and it has an eccentricity of about 0.13 The entire system is about 21.9 million years old.", "reason": "These stellar-orbit and age estimates are not identified in the supplied abstract as findings of the retracted analysis; the later paper may independently establish them.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.75, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A Jupiter-mass planet or a low-mass brown dwarf was once thought to be orbiting the central star, but this has been ruled out.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Artist's impression of HD 131399 Ab, before it was found to be a background star.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After subsequent data published in 2022 confirmed that the object is a background star, the paper announcing the putative discovery was retracted.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8d067639b799c79d", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wagner", "marker": "[4]", "others": [ "Nielsen, Eric L.; et al. (2017). \"Evidence that the Directly-Imaged Planet HD 131399 Ab is a Background Star\". The Astronomical Journal. 154 (6): 218. arXiv:1705.06851. Bibcode:2017AJ....154..218N. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa8a69. S2CID 55138870." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 54629028 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.4, "severity": 0.85, "rank": 288 }, { "id": "sha256:46fc718a2eafddd7", "key": "RW-36523 / 54629028 / #9", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377637721 } ], "first_seen": 1377637721, "last_checked": 1377637721, "page_id": 54629028, "revid": 1377637721, "written_on": "HD 131399", "doi": "10.1126/science.aaf9671", "pmid": "27386921", "record_id": 36523, "paper_title": "Direct imaging discovery of a Jovian exoplanet within a triple-star system", "cited": true, "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It was thought to be a T-type object with a mass of 4±1 MJ, but its orbit would have been unstable, causing it to be ejected between the primary's red giant phase and white dwarf phase.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It was thought to be a T-type object with a mass of 4±1 MJ, but its orbit would have been unstable, causing it to be ejected between the primary's red giant phase and white dwarf phase.", "reason": "The attributed classification and mass repeat the retracted planetary characterization; the later dynamical paper plausibly supports the conditional fate, not an independent planetary identification.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A Jupiter-mass planet or a low-mass brown dwarf was once thought to be orbiting the central star, but this has been ruled out.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Artist's impression of HD 131399 Ab, before it was found to be a background star.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "After subsequent data published in 2022 confirmed that the object is a background star, the paper announcing the putative discovery was retracted.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8d067639b799c79d", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wagner", "marker": "[4]", "others": [ "Veras, Dimitri; Mustill, Alexander J.; Gänsicke, Boris T. (2017). \"The unstable fate of the planet orbiting the a star in the HD 131399 triple stellar system\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 465 (2): 1499. arXiv:1611.00007. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.465.1499V. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2821. 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Le Monde. Retrieved December 4, 2025." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 93825 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 761.6, "severity": 0.7616, "rank": 291 }, { "id": "sha256:f57aefb91efb1b2d", "key": "RW-68223 / 93825 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377165553 } ], "first_seen": 1377165553, "last_checked": 1377165553, "page_id": 93825, "revid": 1377165553, "written_on": "Monsanto", "doi": "10.1006/rtph.1999.1371", "pmid": "10854122", "record_id": 68223, "paper_title": "Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Herbicide Roundup and Its Active Ingredient, Glyphosate, for Humans", "cited": true, "section": "Ghostwriting", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The paper, in Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, was retracted on November 28, 2025 by the editor-in-chief, citing \"lack of authorial independence\", \"misrepresentation of contributions\", \"questions of financial compensation\", and a variety of concerns over whether the conclusions presented were adequately supported by the scientific data.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The paper, in Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, was retracted on November 28, 2025 by the editor-in-chief, citing \"lack of authorial independence\", \"misrepresentation of contributions\", \"questions of financial compensation\", and a variety of concerns over whether the conclusions presented were adequately supported by the scientific data.", "reason": "The sentence describes the paper's retraction and concerns about its conclusions rather than relying on its safety finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The paper, in Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, was retracted on November 28, 2025 by the editor-in-chief, citing \"lack of authorial independence\", \"misrepresentation of contributions\", \"questions of financial compensation\", and a variety of concerns over whether the conclusions presented were adequately supported by the scientific data.", "section": "Ghostwriting", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Author Unresponsive", "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement", "Conflict of Interest", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:06c116cd8a4079fa", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Williams2000", "marker": "[264]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 93825 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 761.6, "severity": 0.7616, "rank": 292 }, { "id": "sha256:4b3f8aa3f356947a", "key": "RW-22709 / 1021628 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370473101 } ], "first_seen": 1370473101, "last_checked": 1370473101, "page_id": 1021628, "revid": 1370473101, "written_on": "Chernobyl exclusion zone", "doi": "10.2307/3546964", "pmid": "", "record_id": 22709, "paper_title": "Herbivory affects developmental instability of stone oak, Quercus rotundifolia", "cited": true, "section": "Flora and fauna", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Prior to his work at Chernobyl, Møller was accused of falsifying data in a 1998 paper about asymmetry in oak leaves, which he retracted in 2001.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Prior to his work at Chernobyl, Møller was accused of falsifying data in a 1998 paper about asymmetry in oak leaves, which he retracted in 2001.", "reason": "This describes the paper's misconduct controversy and retraction, rather than presenting its finding about herbivory and developmental instability as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Prior to his work at Chernobyl, Møller was accused of falsifying data in a 1998 paper about asymmetry in oak leaves, which he retracted in 2001.", "section": "Flora and fauna", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ff839dab2d65a2ac", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "de Lope", "marker": "[92]", "others": [ "Vogel, Gretchen; Proffitt, Fiona; Stone, Richard (28 January 2004). \"Ecologists Rocked by Misconduct Finding\". Science. Retrieved 17 February 2022.", "Borrell, Brendan (2007). \"A Fluctuating Reality: Accused of fraud, Anders Pape Møller has traveled from superstar evolutionary biologist to pariah\" (PDF). The Scientist. 21 (1): 26–. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 1021628 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 744.0333333333333, "severity": 0.7440333333333333, "rank": 293 }, { "id": "sha256:311477365e49ece6", "key": "RW-6207 / 38501018 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360746292 } ], "first_seen": 1360746292, "last_checked": 1360746292, "page_id": 38501018, "revid": 1360746292, "written_on": "Wegman Report", "doi": "10.1016/j.csda.2007.07.021", "pmid": "", "record_id": 6207, "paper_title": "Social Networks of Author–coauthor Relationships", "cited": false, "section": "Peer review: social network analysis", "where": "", "text": "In the WR, \"we judge that there was too much reliance on peer review, which was not necessarily independent.\" It continued, a \"social network of authorships in temperature reconstruction is described of at least 43 authors with direct ties to Mann by virtue of having coauthored papers with him. The findings from this analysis suggest that authors in the area of paleoclimate studies are closely connected and thus ‘independent studies’ may not be as independent as they might appear on the surface. At the hearings, Wegman stated this was a \"hypothesis\", and \"should be taken with a grain of salt.\" He listed 6 people who had participated in his own informal peer review process via email after the report was finalized and said they had no objection to the subcommittee submitting it. He defined the social network as peer reviewers that had \"actively collaborated with him in writing research papers\" and answered that none of his peer reviewers had. One of those listed by Wegman was the statistician Grace Wahba, who told North by email \"Hey they used my name and they said I was a referee. He sent it to me about 3 days beforehand and I sent him a bunch of criticisms which they didn‘t take into account.\" At the hearings, North criticised aspects of this analysis, which had not been available for the NRC to examine. He \"was not impressed by the social network analysis\" and differed from \"the report's conclusions on this subject\". Indeed, he would look favourably on an application for tenure by a young scientist who \"got busy and found himself 43 coauthors.\" In John Quiggin's opinion, the social network analysis was not based on meaningful criteria, did not prove a conflict of interest and did not apply at the time of the 1998 and 1999 publications. Such a network of co-authorship is not unusual in narrowly defined areas of science. When allegations of plagiarism in this section were examined, Wegman said that material in it had been \"basically copied and pasted\" by a student who was the \"most knowledgeable\" person about such analyses on his team, as she had taken a one-week course on network analysis with Kathleen Carley of Carnegie Mellon University. Carley described the paper based on this section as \"more of an opinion piece\", lacking the data needed to support its argument. The paper based on this social network analysis, published by Wegman and his former student Said, reached the conclusion that eminent scientists ought not work together, and that the findings of studies would be less biased when a \"principal author tends to co-author papers with younger colleagues who were his students\".", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The paper based on this social network analysis, published by Wegman and his former student Said, reached the conclusion that eminent scientists ought not work together, and that the findings of studies would be less biased when a \"principal author tends to co-author papers with younger colleagues who were his students\".", "reason": "This explicitly retells the identified paper's conclusions without a local retraction notice; an editor should check whether the item's unseen footnotes independently support this account.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Wegman and Said published a paper (since retracted) in 2008 in the journal Computational Statistics & Data Analysis", "section": "Social network analysis paper", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 16 March 2011, Wegman sent an email to the journal saying that a student \"had basically copied and pasted\" work by other authors into the Wegman Report, and this text had been used in the journal paper without acknowledgement.", "section": "Social network analysis paper", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In May 2011 the journal's editor, Stanley Azen of the University of Southern California, announced that the journal was retracting the paper, because it used portions of other authors' writings without sufficient attribution.", "section": "Social network analysis paper", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Network analysis expert Kathleen Carley described it as an opinion piece which speculated that collaboration between scientists \"leads to peer review abuse. No data is provided to support this argument\".", "section": "Social network analysis paper", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "A Nature editorial commented on the implication that the plagiarised material in the retracted paper was likely to also be present in the earlier \"infamous\" Wegman Report, including allegations against Mann and his co-authors which had frequently been cited by climate-change deniers.", "section": "Disciplinary procedure", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "He said that the 2008 social network analysis paper was investigated by a separate committee which unanimously found \"that plagiarism occurred in contextual sections of the (CSDA) article, as a result of poor judgment for which Professor Wegman, as team leader, must bear responsibility\", and Wegman was to receive an \"official letter of reprimand\".", "section": "Disciplinary procedure", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Plagiarism of Text" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:78df71f245fdbe21", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 38501018 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.8666666666666667, "severity": 0.7166666666666667, "rank": 294 }, { "id": "sha256:62695d36f6840470", "key": "RW-27844 / 83484354 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370036627 } ], "first_seen": 1370036627, "last_checked": 1370036627, "page_id": 83484354, "revid": 1370036627, "written_on": "Lithium ascorbate", "doi": "10.17116/jnevro20161162199-108", "pmid": "27166488", "record_id": 27844, "paper_title": "Neurotrophic effects of lithium in ischemic and neurodegenerative brain damage", "cited": true, "section": "Adaptogenic and neuroprotective effects", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In addition, by inhibiting NMDA receptors, lithium ions can regulate calcium homeostasis and inhibit the activation of calcium-dependent apotosis, also showing synergy with neuropeptides.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase syntentase-3 (GSK-3) and induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factors are the main mechanisms of the neuroprotective action of lithium salts. In addition, by inhibiting NMDA receptors, lithium ions can regulate calcium homeostasis and inhibit the activation of calcium-dependent apotosis, also showing synergy with neuropeptides.", "reason": "These mechanism claims closely match the retracted paper's abstract; the other citation plausibly supports lithium–neuropeptide synergy, and the retraction was for duplication rather than invalid findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:63b6ef48bfa336ae", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid27166488", "marker": "[12]", "others": [ "Gromova, O. A.; Torshin, I. Yu.; Gogoleva, I. V.; Pronin, A. V.; Stelmashuk, E. V.; Isaev, N. K.; Genrikhs, E. E.; Demidov, V. I.; Volkov, A. Yu.; Khaspekov, G. L.; Alexandrova, O. P. (2015). \"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic synergism between neuropeptides and lithium in the neurotrophic and neuroprotective action of cerebrolysin\". Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii Im. S.s. Korsakova. 115 (3): 65–72. doi:10.17116/jnevro20151153165-72. PMID 26120985." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 83484354 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 2.8, "severity": 0.7, "rank": 295 }, { "id": "sha256:caefe7f8b2bdd31e", "key": "RW-216 / 14723679 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1300842504 } ], "first_seen": 1300842504, "last_checked": 1300842504, "page_id": 14723679, "revid": 1300842504, "written_on": "MED1", "doi": "10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00436-7", "pmid": "12837248", "record_id": 216, "paper_title": "The Chromatin-remodeling Complex WINAC Targets a Nuclear Receptor to Promoters and is Impaired in Williams Syndrome", "cited": true, "section": "Interactions", "where": "list", "text": "Calcitriol receptor,", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Calcitriol receptor,", "reason": "The paper reports VDR interactions with WINAC, but its abstract does not establish a MED1–VDR interaction; the other cited study plausibly supports nuclear receptor interactions independently.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Data", "Error in Image", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:65b69632d2da01d0", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "pmid12837248", "marker": "[10]", "others": [ "Ito M, Yuan CX, Malik S, Gu W, Fondell JD, Yamamura S, Fu ZY, Zhang X, Qin J, Roeder RG (March 1999). \"Identity between TRAP and SMCC complexes indicates novel pathways for the function of nuclear receptors and diverse mammalian activators\". Mol. Cell. 3 (3): 361–70. doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80463-3. PMID 10198638." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 14723679 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.7666666666666666, "severity": 0.6916666666666667, "rank": 296 }, { "id": "sha256:7cc65b3f36756dc3", "key": "RW-216 / 14723679 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1300842504 } ], "first_seen": 1300842504, "last_checked": 1300842504, "page_id": 14723679, "revid": 1300842504, "written_on": "MED1", "doi": "10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00436-7", "pmid": "12837248", "record_id": 216, "paper_title": "The Chromatin-remodeling Complex WINAC Targets a Nuclear Receptor to Promoters and is Impaired in Williams Syndrome", "cited": true, "section": "Interactions", "where": "list", "text": "Estrogen receptor alpha,", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Estrogen receptor alpha,", "reason": "The abstract does not address MED1–estrogen receptor interactions, so this citation's relevance is uncertain; the other cited paper explicitly reports the interaction through TRAP220.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Data", "Error in Image", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:65b69632d2da01d0", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "pmid12837248", "marker": "[10]", "others": [ "Kang YK, Guermah M, Yuan CX, Roeder RG (March 2002). \"The TRAP/Mediator coactivator complex interacts directly with estrogen receptors alpha and beta through the TRAP220 subunit and directly enhances estrogen receptor function in vitro\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (5): 2642–7. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.2642K. doi:10.1073/pnas.261715899. PMC 122401. PMID 11867769." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 14723679 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.7666666666666666, "severity": 0.6916666666666667, "rank": 297 }, { "id": "sha256:85e213a8b1f59a3d", "key": "RW-40388 / 14798929 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1315047393 } ], "first_seen": 1315047393, "last_checked": 1315047393, "page_id": 14798929, "revid": 1315047393, "written_on": "HYAL1", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0022836", "pmid": "21829529", "record_id": 40388, "paper_title": "Upregulation of HYAL1 Expression in Breast Cancer Promoted Tumor Cell Proliferation, Migration, Invasion and Angiogenesis", "cited": false, "section": "Disease Relevance", "where": "", "text": "In breast cancer, HYAL1 is also overexpressed in cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 and invasive duct cancer tissues and metastatic lymph nodes. Higher HYAL1 expression has also been detected in primary tumor tissue from patients with subsequent brain metastases versus those without.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In breast cancer, HYAL1 is also overexpressed in cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 and invasive duct cancer tissues and metastatic lymph nodes.", "reason": "This repeats the breast cancer overexpression claim described in the retracted paper's abstract as prior work; an editor must check whether this paragraph has an independent source for these specific observations.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.78, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Ethical Violations by Author", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8bcb5d80d4f7246a", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 14798929 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.7333333333333334, "severity": 0.6833333333333333, "rank": 298 }, { "id": "sha256:15577706c6f58e13", "key": "RW-54183 / 63493496 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372224137 } ], "first_seen": 1372224137, "last_checked": 1372224137, "page_id": 63493496, "revid": 1372224137, "written_on": "Brenda Bloodgood", "doi": "10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.004", "pmid": "31585079", "record_id": 54183, "paper_title": "Genomic Decoding of Neuronal Depolarization by Stimulus-Specific NPAS4 Heterodimers", "cited": true, "section": "Career and research", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Further, the Bloodgood Lab discovered that Npas4 is induced by action potentials through a completely different mechanism than when Npas4 is induced by excitatory postsynaptic potentials.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Further, the Bloodgood Lab discovered that Npas4 is induced by action potentials through a completely different mechanism than when Npas4 is induced by excitatory postsynaptic potentials.", "reason": "This states the retracted paper's finding of distinct AP- and EPSP-induced NPAS4 mechanisms as fact, without a retraction warning in this paragraph.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2024, a paper from Bloodgood's lab in Cell Journal was retracted after reports of manipulated data. The paper's first author Gian-Stefano Brigidi, admitted to falsifying images and fabricating experiments, and multiple investigations — by UCSD, the University of Utah, and the U.S. Office of Research Integrity — concluded that he had engaged in research misconduct.", "section": "Career and research", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "She co-signed the retraction notice and took the difficult steps of notifying NIH, the journal, and institutional leadership, while also leading her trainees through the scientific and personal fallout of the scientific misconduct.", "section": "Career and research", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Image", "Falsification/Fabrication of Results", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by ORI", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Results Not Reproducible" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e5407b2d8bb1d5e7", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Brigidi 373–391.e27", "marker": "[14]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 63493496 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.7333333333333334, "severity": 0.6833333333333333, "rank": 299 }, { "id": "sha256:9dbc0e600a293afd", "key": "RW-54183 / 63493496 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372224137 } ], "first_seen": 1372224137, "last_checked": 1372224137, "page_id": 63493496, "revid": 1372224137, "written_on": "Brenda Bloodgood", "doi": "10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.004", "pmid": "31585079", "record_id": 54183, "paper_title": "Genomic Decoding of Neuronal Depolarization by Stimulus-Specific NPAS4 Heterodimers", "cited": true, "section": "Career and research", "where": "paragraph", "text": "While both action potential induced and EPSP induced Npas4 yield Npas4 heterodimers, these heterodimers remarkably have distinct effects on gene expression and regulation.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "While both action potential induced and EPSP induced Npas4 yield Npas4 heterodimers, these heterodimers remarkably have distinct effects on gene expression and regulation.", "reason": "This presents the retracted paper's stimulus-specific NPAS4 heterodimer and gene-regulation findings as fact; no other source is cited on the sentence.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2024, a paper from Bloodgood's lab in Cell Journal was retracted after reports of manipulated data. The paper's first author Gian-Stefano Brigidi, admitted to falsifying images and fabricating experiments, and multiple investigations — by UCSD, the University of Utah, and the U.S. Office of Research Integrity — concluded that he had engaged in research misconduct.", "section": "Career and research", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "She co-signed the retraction notice and took the difficult steps of notifying NIH, the journal, and institutional leadership, while also leading her trainees through the scientific and personal fallout of the scientific misconduct.", "section": "Career and research", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Image", "Falsification/Fabrication of Results", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by ORI", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Results Not Reproducible" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e5407b2d8bb1d5e7", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Brigidi 373–391.e27", "marker": "[14]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 63493496 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.7333333333333334, "severity": 0.6833333333333333, "rank": 300 }, { "id": "sha256:83e0ae1dfe807b8e", "key": "RW-52438 / 68602473 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1339032037 } ], "first_seen": 1339032037, "last_checked": 1339032037, "page_id": 68602473, "revid": 1339032037, "written_on": "Noora (vaccine)", "doi": "10.1002/jmv.28097", "pmid": "36029105", "record_id": 52438, "paper_title": "Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant receptor-binding domain-based protein subunit vaccine (Noora vaccine™) against COVID-19 in adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 1 trial", "cited": true, "section": "History", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The first clinical trial led by Salimian and Amani, and supervised by Hassan Abolghasemi and Gholamhossein Alishiri, was published in the Journal of Medical Virology 27 August 2022.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The report claims that the vaccine is effective, safe and capable of providing immunity.", "reason": "Although the footnote ends at the publication details, the paragraph also presents the paper's safety and immunogenicity conclusions without a local retraction warning.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The clinical trial reported in the Journal of Medical Virology met a critical scrutiny in May 2023, after which the journal declared it as an invalid study and retracted it in March 2024.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Forthal pointed out several data inconsistency, misrepresentation, vague experimental methods and conflict of interest that would have used to reject the paper in the first place. He made a concern that \"a manuscript containing so many serious flaws would have been accepted for publication following peer review, and given these issues, a retraction may be in order\". As the criticism was posted on PubPeer, other scientists also raised other concerns in the study. Australian epidemiologist Gideon Meyerowitz-Katz stated that the report had several other \"impossible\" and \"contradictory\" results.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "With no further response from the authors, the journal announced retraction of the paper on 2 March 2024, with a note:", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The retraction has been agreed due to concerns raised by third parties regarding issues with the data presented in the article. Several inconsistencies concerning the information provided about the analyzed subjects were additionally identified. Furthermore, the authors failed to disclose the presence of potential conflicts of interest that may have affected the interpretation of the results presented. Accordingly, the editors consider the conclusions of this manuscript to be invalid. The authors have been informed of the decision to retract but did not agree with it.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "One of the supervisors of the clinical trial, Abolghasemi claimed that the criticism and retraction were not of scientific causes but of prejudices, and his team was not given a chance for explanation.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Conflict of Interest", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:61a0e818ca1c7c77", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Salimian_2023", "marker": "[16]", "others": [ "\"Clinical studies of Noora vaccine published in Medical Virology\". Tehran Times. 12 October 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2024." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 68602473 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.533333333333333, "severity": 0.6333333333333333, "rank": 301 }, { "id": "sha256:ce20d5b1eb30caea", "key": "RW-52438 / 68602473 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1339032037 } ], "first_seen": 1339032037, "last_checked": 1339032037, "page_id": 68602473, "revid": 1339032037, "written_on": "Noora (vaccine)", "doi": "10.1002/jmv.28097", "pmid": "36029105", "record_id": 52438, "paper_title": "Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant receptor-binding domain-based protein subunit vaccine (Noora vaccine™) against COVID-19 in adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 1 trial", "cited": true, "section": "History", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The dose of 80 μg is an appropriate dose for injection in the next phases of the trial.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The results of this Phase 1 trial showed acceptable safety without serious adverse events and significant seroconversions in the humoral and cellular immunity panel. The dose of 80 μg is an appropriate dose for injection in the next phases of the trial.", "reason": "The quotation repeats the retracted paper's safety, immune-response and dose conclusions without identifying the retraction in this passage.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The clinical trial reported in the Journal of Medical Virology met a critical scrutiny in May 2023, after which the journal declared it as an invalid study and retracted it in March 2024.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Forthal pointed out several data inconsistency, misrepresentation, vague experimental methods and conflict of interest that would have used to reject the paper in the first place. He made a concern that \"a manuscript containing so many serious flaws would have been accepted for publication following peer review, and given these issues, a retraction may be in order\". As the criticism was posted on PubPeer, other scientists also raised other concerns in the study. Australian epidemiologist Gideon Meyerowitz-Katz stated that the report had several other \"impossible\" and \"contradictory\" results.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "With no further response from the authors, the journal announced retraction of the paper on 2 March 2024, with a note:", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The retraction has been agreed due to concerns raised by third parties regarding issues with the data presented in the article. Several inconsistencies concerning the information provided about the analyzed subjects were additionally identified. Furthermore, the authors failed to disclose the presence of potential conflicts of interest that may have affected the interpretation of the results presented. Accordingly, the editors consider the conclusions of this manuscript to be invalid. The authors have been informed of the decision to retract but did not agree with it.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "One of the supervisors of the clinical trial, Abolghasemi claimed that the criticism and retraction were not of scientific causes but of prejudices, and his team was not given a chance for explanation.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Conflict of Interest", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:61a0e818ca1c7c77", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Salimian_2023", "marker": "[16]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 68602473 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.533333333333333, "severity": 0.6333333333333333, "rank": 302 }, { "id": "sha256:7987e1f4545743d5", "key": "RW-52438 / 68602473 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1339032037 } ], "first_seen": 1339032037, "last_checked": 1339032037, "page_id": 68602473, "revid": 1339032037, "written_on": "Noora (vaccine)", "doi": "10.1002/jmv.28097", "pmid": "36029105", "record_id": 52438, "paper_title": "Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant receptor-binding domain-based protein subunit vaccine (Noora vaccine™) against COVID-19 in adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 1 trial", "cited": false, "section": "Medical uses", "where": "", "text": "Noora vaccine requires three doses given by intramuscular injection on days 0, 21 and 35. Phase I clinical trial was claimed to indicate successful immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Phase I clinical trial was claimed to indicate successful immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant.", "reason": "This attributes an immunity finding to the same Phase I trial, although the supplied abstract does not establish Omicron-specific protection; an editor should check any independent source attached here.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The clinical trial reported in the Journal of Medical Virology met a critical scrutiny in May 2023, after which the journal declared it as an invalid study and retracted it in March 2024.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Forthal pointed out several data inconsistency, misrepresentation, vague experimental methods and conflict of interest that would have used to reject the paper in the first place. He made a concern that \"a manuscript containing so many serious flaws would have been accepted for publication following peer review, and given these issues, a retraction may be in order\". As the criticism was posted on PubPeer, other scientists also raised other concerns in the study. Australian epidemiologist Gideon Meyerowitz-Katz stated that the report had several other \"impossible\" and \"contradictory\" results.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "With no further response from the authors, the journal announced retraction of the paper on 2 March 2024, with a note:", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The retraction has been agreed due to concerns raised by third parties regarding issues with the data presented in the article. Several inconsistencies concerning the information provided about the analyzed subjects were additionally identified. Furthermore, the authors failed to disclose the presence of potential conflicts of interest that may have affected the interpretation of the results presented. Accordingly, the editors consider the conclusions of this manuscript to be invalid. The authors have been informed of the decision to retract but did not agree with it.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "One of the supervisors of the clinical trial, Abolghasemi claimed that the criticism and retraction were not of scientific causes but of prejudices, and his team was not given a chance for explanation.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Conflict of Interest", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:61a0e818ca1c7c77", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 68602473 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.533333333333333, "severity": 0.6333333333333333, "rank": 303 }, { "id": "sha256:40851b690f323e61", "key": "RW-36523 / 51021135 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373909809 } ], "first_seen": 1373909809, "last_checked": 1373909809, "page_id": 51021135, "revid": 1373909809, "written_on": "HD 131399 Ab", "doi": "10.1126/science.aaf9671", "pmid": "27386921", "record_id": 36523, "paper_title": "Direct imaging discovery of a Jovian exoplanet within a triple-star system", "cited": true, "section": "Characteristics", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Its atmosphere was shown to contain both water and methane through the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (1.4–1.6 μm).", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The planet was thought to be about 16 million years old, with a mass of 4 (± 1) MJ (Jupiter masses), and a temperature of 850 K (577 °C; 1,070 °F) (± 50 K), which would make it one of the coldest and least massive directly imaged exoplanets. Its atmosphere was shown to contain both water and methane through the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (1.4–1.6 μm).", "reason": "These physical and atmospheric properties repeat the retracted planet characterization; past-tense attribution does not explain that it was refuted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "HD 131399 Ab (nicknamed Scorpion-1b) is a K-type or M-type main-sequence star located in the constellation of Centaurus which was mistaken for an exoplanet orbiting the quadruple-star system HD 131399.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In May 2017, observations collected with the Gemini Planet Imager, and including a reanalysis of the SPHERE data, suggested that this target is in fact a background star. Further observations in 2022 confirmed this.", "section": "Discovery", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:33d54b3e30aa7aeb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "scimag", "marker": "[5]", "others": [ "\"Astronomers spot giant planet with 3 suns\". CBC News. The Associated Press. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2026." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 51021135 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.5, "severity": 0.625, "rank": 304 }, { "id": "sha256:904b023e5c81040f", "key": "RW-36523 / 51021135 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373909809 } ], "first_seen": 1373909809, "last_checked": 1373909809, "page_id": 51021135, "revid": 1373909809, "written_on": "HD 131399 Ab", "doi": "10.1126/science.aaf9671", "pmid": "27386921", "record_id": 36523, "paper_title": "Direct imaging discovery of a Jovian exoplanet within a triple-star system", "cited": true, "section": "Characteristics", "where": "paragraph", "text": "One orbit of HD 131399 Ab was thought to take 550 years.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "One orbit of HD 131399 Ab was thought to take 550 years. During about a quarter of the orbit, 100 to 140 years, all three suns would have been visible during a single day: during this period, any spot on the planet would be in perpetual sunlight—as the single sun sets, the binary pair rises.", "reason": "The orbital period and predicted illumination depend on the erroneous interpretation of the object as a planet in the system.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "HD 131399 Ab (nicknamed Scorpion-1b) is a K-type or M-type main-sequence star located in the constellation of Centaurus which was mistaken for an exoplanet orbiting the quadruple-star system HD 131399.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In May 2017, observations collected with the Gemini Planet Imager, and including a reanalysis of the SPHERE data, suggested that this target is in fact a background star. Further observations in 2022 confirmed this.", "section": "Discovery", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:33d54b3e30aa7aeb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "scimag", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 51021135 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.5, "severity": 0.625, "rank": 305 }, { "id": "sha256:4d94153eb0bc28b7", "key": "RW-36523 / 51021135 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373909809 } ], "first_seen": 1373909809, "last_checked": 1373909809, "page_id": 51021135, "revid": 1373909809, "written_on": "HD 131399 Ab", "doi": "10.1126/science.aaf9671", "pmid": "27386921", "record_id": 36523, "paper_title": "Direct imaging discovery of a Jovian exoplanet within a triple-star system", "cited": false, "section": "Characteristics", "where": "", "text": "The central star HD 131399A is orbited by the less massive stars (HD 131399B and HD 131399C) at about 300 astronomical units (AU). HD 131399B and HD 131399C orbit each other at about 10 AU, while HD 131399 Ab was thought to orbit HD 131399A at about 80 AU.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "HD 131399B and HD 131399C orbit each other at about 10 AU, while HD 131399 Ab was thought to orbit HD 131399A at about 80 AU.", "reason": "The claimed 80 AU orbit repeats the retracted planet interpretation; an editor should check whether this paragraph has an independent source addressing the refutation.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "HD 131399 Ab (nicknamed Scorpion-1b) is a K-type or M-type main-sequence star located in the constellation of Centaurus which was mistaken for an exoplanet orbiting the quadruple-star system HD 131399.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In May 2017, observations collected with the Gemini Planet Imager, and including a reanalysis of the SPHERE data, suggested that this target is in fact a background star. Further observations in 2022 confirmed this.", "section": "Discovery", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:33d54b3e30aa7aeb", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 51021135 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.5, "severity": 0.625, "rank": 306 }, { "id": "sha256:abae5e73e2bbeb16", "key": "RW-36523 / 51021135 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373909809 } ], "first_seen": 1373909809, "last_checked": 1373909809, "page_id": 51021135, "revid": 1373909809, "written_on": "HD 131399 Ab", "doi": "10.1126/science.aaf9671", "pmid": "27386921", "record_id": 36523, "paper_title": "Direct imaging discovery of a Jovian exoplanet within a triple-star system", "cited": false, "section": "Gallery", "where": "", "text": "This artist's impression shows the orbit of the planet in the triple-star system.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This artist's impression shows the orbit of the planet in the triple-star system.", "reason": "The caption presents the retracted planetary orbit without qualification; an editor should check the illustration's sourcing and context.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [ { "quote": "HD 131399 Ab (nicknamed Scorpion-1b) is a K-type or M-type main-sequence star located in the constellation of Centaurus which was mistaken for an exoplanet orbiting the quadruple-star system HD 131399.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In May 2017, observations collected with the Gemini Planet Imager, and including a reanalysis of the SPHERE data, suggested that this target is in fact a background star. Further observations in 2022 confirmed this.", "section": "Discovery", "position": "earlier" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:33d54b3e30aa7aeb", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 51021135 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.5, "severity": 0.625, "rank": 307 }, { "id": "sha256:32db100b0af0081b", "key": "RW-34844 / 69797747 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1333292424 } ], "first_seen": 1333292424, "last_checked": 1333292424, "page_id": 69797747, "revid": 1333292424, "written_on": "LetUsTalk", "doi": "10.1503/cmaj.80742", "pmid": "34930770", "record_id": 34844, "paper_title": "Don’t use an instrument of oppression as a symbol of diversity and inclusion", "cited": false, "section": "Creation", "where": "", "text": "“Don’t use an instrument of oppression as a symbol of diversity and inclusion […] It has become “liberal” to see the hijab as a symbol of equity, diversity and inclusion. […] But respect does not alter the fact that the hijab, the niqab and the burka are also instruments of oppression for millions of girls and women around the world who are not allowed to make a choice”.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "But respect does not alter the fact that the hijab, the niqab and the burka are also instruments of oppression for millions of girls and women around the world who are not allowed to make a choice", "reason": "The separately presented quotation explicitly attributes this claim to Emil’s letter; it repeats that letter’s central argument, not an independently sourced finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [ { "quote": "This campaign has started when a letter written by Dr Sherif Emil—a Canadian Children’s surgeon—and published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal, in which he criticizes promotion of hijab as a symbol of diversity, was retracted due to the accusations of Islamophobia.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The letter got retracted and the editor of CMAJ apologized for publishing a “wrong, hurtful, and offensive” letter.", "section": "Creation", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Error by Journal/Publisher", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:bef8852cbc5a9e24", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 69797747 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.3333333333333335, "severity": 0.5833333333333334, "rank": 308 }, { "id": "sha256:c87df9033568a7e0", "key": "RW-51983 / 71151961 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376498512 } ], "first_seen": 1376498512, "last_checked": 1376498512, "page_id": 71151961, "revid": 1376498512, "written_on": "Midjourney", "doi": "10.3389/fcell.2023.1339390", "pmid": "", "record_id": 51983, "paper_title": "Cellular functions of spermatogonial stem cells in relation to JAK/STAT signaling pathway", "cited": true, "section": "Notable usage and controversy", "where": "caption", "text": "An anatomically incorrect diagram of a rat's penis and testicles illustrated by Midjourney, published in a now-retracted Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology paper, which went viral in 2024", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "An anatomically incorrect diagram of a rat's penis and testicles illustrated by Midjourney, published in a now-retracted Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology paper, which went viral in 2024", "reason": "The caption describes the paper's flawed illustration and explicitly identifies the paper as retracted; it does not endorse its scientific findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "An anatomically incorrect diagram of a rat's penis and testicles illustrated by Midjourney, published in a now-retracted Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology paper, which went viral in 2024", "section": "Notable usage and controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted a day after the images went viral on Twitter.", "section": "Notable usage and controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Investigation by Third Party", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:dc064a61923e0f34", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[59]", "others": [ "Schultz, Isaac (February 15, 2024). \"'Rat Dck' Among Gibberish AI Images Published in Science Journal\". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2024." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 71151961 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 574.3666666666667, "severity": 0.5743666666666667, "rank": 309 }, { "id": "sha256:9b7ad7f0612ce63d", "key": "RW-51983 / 71151961 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376498512 } ], "first_seen": 1376498512, "last_checked": 1376498512, "page_id": 71151961, "revid": 1376498512, "written_on": "Midjourney", "doi": "10.3389/fcell.2023.1339390", "pmid": "", "record_id": 51983, "paper_title": "Cellular functions of spermatogonial stem cells in relation to JAK/STAT signaling pathway", "cited": true, "section": "Notable usage and controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2024, a Frontiers journal published a paper which contained gibberish figures generated with Midjourney, one of which was a diagram of a rat with large testicles and a large penis towering over himself.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2024, a Frontiers journal published a paper which contained gibberish figures generated with Midjourney, one of which was a diagram of a rat with large testicles and a large penis towering over himself.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the paper's publication controversy and explicitly states its retraction, rather than relying on its scientific findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "An anatomically incorrect diagram of a rat's penis and testicles illustrated by Midjourney, published in a now-retracted Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology paper, which went viral in 2024", "section": "Notable usage and controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted a day after the images went viral on Twitter.", "section": "Notable usage and controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Investigation by Third Party", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:dc064a61923e0f34", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[61]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 71151961 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 574.3666666666667, "severity": 0.5743666666666667, "rank": 310 }, { "id": "sha256:7f3fd115e6878d53", "key": "RW-32790 / 44940009 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372807261 } ], "first_seen": 1372807261, "last_checked": 1372807261, "page_id": 44940009, "revid": 1372807261, "written_on": "Surgery for temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002970", "pmid": "12535445", "record_id": 32790, "paper_title": "Hyaluronate for temporomandibular joint disorders", "cited": true, "section": "Intra-articular injections", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Reported adverse events are minor and temporary.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A systematic review found that hyaluronate might be beneficial for clinical TMD signs in the long term, but that this may be unstable. The effects of hyaluronate may be similar to glucocorticoids. There may be added benefit in arthrocentesis or arthroscopy if intra-articular injections are combined with these procedures. Reported adverse events are minor and temporary.", "reason": "These sentences report the review's findings on long-term benefit, comparison with glucocorticoids, adjunctive use and adverse events; the review was withdrawn as out of date.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:54f441fc95b80028", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Shi 2003", "marker": "[6]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 44940009 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 2.2333333333333334, "severity": 0.5583333333333333, "rank": 311 }, { "id": "sha256:8ff1a3ad3a918402", "key": "RW-31698 / 44940009 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372807261 } ], "first_seen": 1372807261, "last_checked": 1372807261, "page_id": 44940009, "revid": 1372807261, "written_on": "Surgery for temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd004973.pub2", "pmid": "19821335", "record_id": 31698, "paper_title": "Arthrocentesis and lavage for treating temporomandibular joint disorders (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Arthrocentesis", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The review concluded by suggesting that arthrocentesis only be used for TMD within well designed randomized controlled trial (i.e. for the purposes of further research and not for routine management).", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Although it has been suggested that arthrocentesis decreases pain, increases maximal incisal opening and has prolonged effects, when the procedure was investigated by a systematic review, the impact on pain was comparable to arthroscopy and the results are unstable. The review concluded by suggesting that arthrocentesis only be used for TMD within well designed randomized controlled trial (i.e. for the purposes of further research and not for routine management).", "reason": "These sentences report the withdrawn review's pain comparison and conclusions; the research-only recommendation is stronger than the supplied abstract, and withdrawal as out of date calls for a current source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3aa9eec627eebcd9", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Guo 2009", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 44940009 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 2.2333333333333334, "severity": 0.5583333333333333, "rank": 312 }, { "id": "sha256:2df7c8edbac097a4", "key": "RW-55662 / 68179014 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369762884 } ], "first_seen": 1369762884, "last_checked": 1369762884, "page_id": 68179014, "revid": 1369762884, "written_on": "Peter A. McCullough", "doi": "10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112115", "pmid": "39120477", "record_id": 55662, "paper_title": "A Systematic Review of Autopsy Findings in Deaths after COVID-19 Vaccination", "cited": true, "section": "COVID-19 misinformation", "where": "paragraph", "text": "He is a co-author of a 2023 review, \"A systematic review of autopsy findings in deaths after COVID-19 vaccination\", that was retracted and heavily criticized for its methodological errors.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "He is a co-author of a 2023 review, \"A systematic review of autopsy findings in deaths after COVID-19 vaccination\", that was retracted and heavily criticized for its methodological errors.", "reason": "This describes authorship, retraction, and methodological criticism, rather than presenting the review's findings as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "He is a co-author of a 2023 review, \"A systematic review of autopsy findings in deaths after COVID-19 vaccination\", that was retracted and heavily criticized for its methodological errors.", "section": "COVID-19 misinformation", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Error in Methods", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:001bd9b2561953f4", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "COVID_autopsy", "marker": "[59]", "others": [ "Carballo-Carbajal, Iria (July 31, 2023). \"Flawed preprint based on autopsies inadequate to demonstrate that COVID-19 vaccines caused 74% of those deaths\". Health Feedback. Retrieved March 15, 2026.", "McDonald, Jessica (July 5, 2024). \"Flawed Autopsy 'Review' Revives Unsupported Claims of COVID-19 Vaccine Harm, Censorship\". FactCheck.org. Retrieved June 2, 2025.", "Roley, Gwen (July 6, 2023). \"Misinformation swirls around unpublished paper on Covid-19 vaccine risks\". Fact Check. Retrieved June 2, 2025." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 68179014 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 553.5333333333333, "severity": 0.5535333333333333, "rank": 313 }, { "id": "sha256:3ef2cdbaca5fa99e", "key": "RW-17243 / 15349652 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1301002514 } ], "first_seen": 1301002514, "last_checked": 1301002514, "page_id": 15349652, "revid": 1301002514, "written_on": "BCAS3", "doi": "10.1210/me.2006-0514", "pmid": "17505058", "record_id": 17243, "paper_title": "Estrogen Induces Expression of BCAS3, A Novel Estrogen Receptor-a Coactivator, through Proline-, Glutamic Acid-, and Leucine-Rich Protein-1 (PELP1)", "cited": true, "section": "Function", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In addition BCAS3 possesses histone acetyltransferase activity and itself appears to act as a coactivator of ER-α.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The PELP1 protein acts as a transcriptional coactivator of estrogen receptor induced BCAS3 gene expression. In addition BCAS3 possesses histone acetyltransferase activity and itself appears to act as a coactivator of ER-α.", "reason": "These claims match the paper's findings on PELP1-mediated BCAS3 expression and BCAS3's acetyltransferase and ER-α coactivator activities.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4a25fadbb7bbb12c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid17505058", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 15349652 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 1.0666666666666667, "severity": 0.5333333333333333, "rank": 314 }, { "id": "sha256:4f977d2575c23997", "key": "RW-17243 / 15349652 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1301002514 } ], "first_seen": 1301002514, "last_checked": 1301002514, "page_id": 15349652, "revid": 1301002514, "written_on": "BCAS3", "doi": "10.1210/me.2006-0514", "pmid": "17505058", "record_id": 17243, "paper_title": "Estrogen Induces Expression of BCAS3, A Novel Estrogen Receptor-a Coactivator, through Proline-, Glutamic Acid-, and Leucine-Rich Protein-1 (PELP1)", "cited": true, "section": "Function", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Hence BCAS3 apparently is involved in a positive feedback loop leading to ER-α mediated signal amplification.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Furthermore, BCAS3 requires PELP1 to function as a coactivator in ER-α. Hence BCAS3 apparently is involved in a positive feedback loop leading to ER-α mediated signal amplification.", "reason": "The PELP1 requirement and resulting positive-feedback mechanism directly repeat the retracted paper's findings and conclusion.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "remove", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4a25fadbb7bbb12c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid17505058", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 15349652 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 1.0666666666666667, "severity": 0.5333333333333333, "rank": 315 }, { "id": "sha256:5488af9899ab6540", "key": "RW-29253 / 67069486 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1314999644 } ], "first_seen": 1314999644, "last_checked": 1314999644, "page_id": 67069486, "revid": 1314999644, "written_on": "Pib2", "doi": "10.1074/jbc.m502190200", "pmid": "16188880", "record_id": 29253, "paper_title": "The Lysosome-associated Apoptosis-inducing Protein Containing the Pleckstrin Homology (PH) and FYVE Domains (LAPF), Representative of a Novel Family of PH and FYVE Domain-containing Proteins, Induces Caspase-independent Apoptosis via the Lysosomal-Mitochondrial Pathway", "cited": true, "section": "Mammalian homologs", "where": "paragraph", "text": "These proteins have not been shown to be involved in the regulation of mammalian TORC1 signaling but have been shown to be involved in related processes.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "These proteins have not been shown to be involved in the regulation of mammalian TORC1 signaling but have been shown to be involved in related processes.", "reason": "The claim about related processes incorporates the retracted paper's finding that LAPF/Phafin1 induces apoptosis through a lysosomal pathway; the other citation plausibly supports related activity of Phafin2.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Manipulation of Images", "Objections by Author(s)", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:849b4ceea11ddb15", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[8]", "others": [ "Matsuda-Lennikov M, Suizu F, Hirata N, Hashimoto M, Kimura K, Nagamine T, et al. (2014-01-08). Chiorini JA (ed.). \"Lysosomal interaction of Akt with Phafin2: a critical step in the induction of autophagy\". PLOS ONE. 9 (1) e79795. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...979795M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079795. PMC 3885392. PMID 24416124." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 67069486 ], "group": "1", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 0.5333333333333333, "severity": 0.5333333333333333, "rank": 316 }, { "id": "sha256:0816674aee4cc225", "key": "RW-23577 / 753338 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373917333 } ], "first_seen": 1373917333, "last_checked": 1373917333, "page_id": 753338, "revid": 1373917333, "written_on": "Herbalife", "doi": "10.1016/j.jceh.2018.08.002", "pmid": "31024209", "record_id": 23577, "paper_title": "Slimming to the Death: Herbalife®-Associated Fatal Acute Liver Failure—Heavy Metals, Toxic Compounds, Bacterial Contaminants and Psychotropic Agents in Products Sold in India", "cited": true, "section": "Liver disease inquiries", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In December 2020, the journal retracted the aforementioned article, contrary to the COPE guidelines, which advise that the original paper should remain available but prominently marked as retracted.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This paper examined the connection between Herbalife slimming products and a case of fatal acute liver failure in one patient in India.", "reason": "The paragraph describes the paper's subject and explicitly identifies its retraction rather than presenting its finding as established fact.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In December 2020, the journal retracted the aforementioned article, contrary to the COPE guidelines, which advise that the original paper should remain available but prominently marked as retracted.", "section": "Liver disease inquiries", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "According to one of the co-authors of the paper, this retraction happened because Herbalife engaged DSK Legal, a New Delhi–based law firm, to consistently issue legal threats to the journal's editor-in-chief.", "section": "Liver disease inquiries", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Methods", "Legal Reasons and/or Threats", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a72b11ba8b92c6f1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[83]", "others": [ "Bik, Elisabeth (December 20, 2020). \"Paper about Herbalife®-related patient death removed after company threatens to sue the journal\". Science Integrity Digest. Archived from the original on July 31, 2024. Retrieved December 21, 2020." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 753338 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 475.46666666666664, "severity": 0.47546666666666665, "rank": 317 }, { "id": "sha256:9158e13e2bd4e663", "key": "RW-29957 / 24931 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372436934 } ], "first_seen": 1372436934, "last_checked": 1372436934, "page_id": 24931, "revid": 1372436934, "written_on": "Psychotherapy", "doi": "10.1016/s0005-7967(09)80003-x", "pmid": "2012585", "record_id": 29957, "paper_title": "Creative novation behaviour therapy as a prophylactic treatment for cancer and coronary heart disease: Part II-Effects of treatment", "cited": true, "section": "Efficacy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Rod Buchanan, a biographer of Eysenck, has argued that 87 publications by Eysenck should be retracted.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Rod Buchanan, a biographer of Eysenck, has argued that 87 publications by Eysenck should be retracted.", "reason": "This reports a call for retractions rather than relying on the paper's therapeutic findings; the accompanying investigation and misconduct sources plausibly support it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, it was revealed that Eysenck (who died in 1997) falsified data in his studies about this subject, fabricating data that would indicate that behavioral therapy enables achievements that are impossible to believe.", "section": "Efficacy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Fourteen of his papers were retracted by journals in 2020, and journals issued 64 statements of concern about publications by him.", "section": "Efficacy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Rod Buchanan, a biographer of Eysenck, has argued that 87 publications by Eysenck should be retracted.", "section": "Efficacy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a235a326f99feb02", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[175]", "others": [ "King's College London (May 2019). King's College London enquiry into publications authored by Professor Hans Eysenck with Professor Ronald Grossarth-Maticek. https://retractionwatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/HE-Enquiry.pdf", "Marks, D. F. (2019). The Hans Eysenck affair: Time to correct the scientific record. Journal of Health Psychology, 1–12.", "Marks, D. F. & Buchanan, R. D. (2020). King's College London's enquiry into Hans J. Eysenck's 'unsafe' publications must be properly completed. Journal of Health Psychology, 25, 1, 3–6.", "O'Grady, C. (15 July 2020). Misconduct allegations push psychology hero off his pedestal. Science Mag. https://www.science.org/content/article/misconduct-allegations-push-psychology-hero-his-pedestal", "Pelosi, A. J. (2019). Personality and fatal diseases: Revisiting a scientific scandal. Journal of Health Psychology, 24, 4, 421–439.", "Rolls, G. (2015). Classic case studies in psychology. Routledge Taylor & Francis." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 24931 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 466.26666666666665, "severity": 0.46626666666666666, "rank": 318 }, { "id": "sha256:a42bcf7b67d42c28", "key": "RW-4036 / 69149 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375536739 } ], "first_seen": 1375536739, "last_checked": 1375536739, "page_id": 69149, "revid": 1375536739, "written_on": "MMR vaccine", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "False claims about autism", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 1998 Andrew Wakefield et al. published a fraudulent paper about twelve children, reportedly with bowel symptoms and autism or other disorders acquired soon after administration of MMR vaccine, while supporting a competing vaccine.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 1998 Andrew Wakefield et al. published a fraudulent paper about twelve children, reportedly with bowel symptoms and autism or other disorders acquired soon after administration of MMR vaccine, while supporting a competing vaccine.", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the paper's claims as part of its history and explicitly identifies the paper as fraudulent and retracted, rather than presenting its findings as valid.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "False claims about autism", "section": "False claims about autism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 1998 Andrew Wakefield et al. published a fraudulent paper about twelve children, reportedly with bowel symptoms and autism or other disorders acquired soon after administration of MMR vaccine, while supporting a competing vaccine.", "section": "False claims about autism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2010, Wakefield's research was found by the General Medical Council to have been \"dishonest\", and The Lancet fully retracted the paper.", "section": "False claims about autism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Three months following The Lancet's retraction, Wakefield was struck off the UK medical register, with a statement identifying deliberate falsification in the research published in The Lancet, and was barred from practising medicine in the UK.", "section": "False claims about autism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The research was declared fraudulent in 2011 by the British Medical Journal.", "section": "False claims about autism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "This has had no effect on autism rates in the country, further disproving the MMR autism hypothesis.", "section": "False claims about autism", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:488f5b6febc2268c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[49]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 69149 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 436.0, "severity": 0.436, "rank": 319 }, { "id": "sha256:8d409e34156426a7", "key": "RW-3030 / 25579891 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362165677 } ], "first_seen": 1362165677, "last_checked": 1362165677, "page_id": 25579891, "revid": 1362165677, "written_on": "Human Immunology", "doi": "10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00288-9", "pmid": "11543891", "record_id": 3030, "paper_title": "The origin of Palestinians and their genetic relatedness with other Mediterranean populations", "cited": true, "section": "Controversies", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2001, Antonio Arnaiz-Villena co-authored a research paper in the journal on the genetic history of Jews, Palestinians, and other Mediterranean populations.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The research results, which concluded that there are strong genetic ties between Israeli Jews and Palestinians, were controversial because of their political implications, as well as what some readers perceived to be political undertones in the article.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the paper's genetic-relatedness conclusion without saying locally that it was withdrawn; the withdrawal warning appears in the next paragraph.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Following a large number of complaints, the article was withdrawn from the journal and deleted from the scientific archive.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Academics who had already received a copy of the journal were urged to \"physically remove\" the article pages in a move that had no precedent in research publishing.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Andrew Goffey, a senior lecturer at Middlesex University in England, observed that \"it was conceded that the article had not been removed on the basis of its scientific evidence,\" failed to find anything offensive in the paper.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Objections by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:05160e075ea2bcce", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[3]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 25579891 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.4666666666666666, "severity": 0.36666666666666664, "rank": 320 }, { "id": "sha256:e5274955efa5a9cc", "key": "RW-54180 / 43427 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378356736 } ], "first_seen": 1378356736, "last_checked": 1378356736, "page_id": 43427, "revid": 1378356736, "written_on": "Nature (journal)", "doi": "10.1038/nature00870", "pmid": "12077603", "record_id": 54180, "paper_title": "Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow", "cited": true, "section": "Retractions", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2024, a paper titled \"Pluripotency of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Adult Marrow\", published in 2002, was retracted due to concerns raised regarding some of the panels shown in a figure, making it the most-cited retracted paper ever.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2024, a paper titled \"Pluripotency of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Adult Marrow\", published in 2002, was retracted due to concerns raised regarding some of the panels shown in a figure, making it the most-cited retracted paper ever.", "reason": "This describes the paper's publication and retraction, not its stem-cell findings; the accompanying news report and retraction notice plausibly support this account.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2024, a paper titled \"Pluripotency of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Adult Marrow\", published in 2002, was retracted due to concerns raised regarding some of the panels shown in a figure, making it the most-cited retracted paper ever.", "section": "Retractions", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3616ec486c43f936", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[61]", "others": [ "\"University of Minnesota retracts pioneering studies in stem cells, Alzheimer's disease\". 7 July 2024. Archived from the original on 7 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.", "Jiang, Yuehua; Jahagirdar, Balkrishna N.; Reinhardt, R. Lee; Schwartz, Robert E.; Keene, C. Dirk; Ortiz-Gonzalez, Xilma R.; Reyes, Morayma; Lenvik, Todd; Lund, Troy; Blackstad, Mark; Du, Jingbo; Aldrich, Sara; Lisberg, Aaron; Low, Walter C.; Largaespada, David A. (June 2024). \"Retraction Note: Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow\". Nature. 630 (8018): 1020. Bibcode:2024Natur.630.1020J. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07653-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 38886620." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 43427 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 342.1666666666667, "severity": 0.3421666666666667, "rank": 321 }, { "id": "sha256:e06f27a13a9017fa", "key": "RW-34471 / 28547 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1365391661 } ], "first_seen": 1365391661, "last_checked": 1365391661, "page_id": 28547, "revid": 1365391661, "written_on": "Sokal affair", "doi": "10.1111/hequ.12360", "pmid": "", "record_id": 34471, "paper_title": "Donor money and the academy: Perceptions of undue donor pressure in political science, economics, and philosophy", "cited": true, "section": "Sokal III", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The Quarterly retracted the article.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The Quarterly retracted the article.", "reason": "The paragraph describes the bogus paper and its retraction, without relying on its purported findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In October 2021, the scholarly journal Higher Education Quarterly published a bogus article \"authored\" by \"Sage Owens\" and \"Kal Avers-Lynde III\".", "section": "Sokal III", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The Quarterly retracted the article.", "section": "Sokal III", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Hoax Paper" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:763a3e1aa95d91cf", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[35]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 28547 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 341.03333333333336, "severity": 0.34103333333333335, "rank": 322 }, { "id": "sha256:aa276f8257257674", "key": "RW-1007 / 33821 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377556143 } ], "first_seen": 1377556143, "last_checked": 1377556143, "page_id": 33821, "revid": 1377556143, "written_on": "Whistleblowing", "doi": "10.1126/science.1112286", "pmid": "15905366", "record_id": 1007, "paper_title": "Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts", "cited": true, "section": "Whistleblowing in the scientific community", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Dr. Hwang had a claim to successfully clone human embryos and derived patient-specific stem cell lines, forwarding the field of regenerative medicine which was published in the Journal of Science.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Dr. Hwang had a claim to successfully clone human embryos and derived patient-specific stem cell lines, forwarding the field of regenerative medicine which was published in the Journal of Science.", "reason": "This recounts the paper's claimed stem-cell result in a research-misconduct paragraph that explicitly identifies the work's subsequent retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Independent committees, as well as journalists, scrutinized the research data and methodology, leading to an eventual retraction of his work.", "section": "Whistleblowing in the scientific community", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:1e7bc1cbf6f732cb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[29]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 33821 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 328.6333333333333, "severity": 0.32863333333333333, "rank": 323 }, { "id": "sha256:74468aba0aaa304d", "key": "RW-3330 / 8729837 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1357177569 } ], "first_seen": 1357177569, "last_checked": 1357177569, "page_id": 8729837, "revid": 1357177569, "written_on": "CGK733 fraud", "doi": "10.1038/nchembio800", "pmid": "16767085", "record_id": 3330, "paper_title": "Small molecule-based reversible reprogramming of cellular lifespan", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "CGK733 was claimed to be an inhibitor of ATM/ATR kinases, which are involved in DNA damage repair. CGK was claimed to extend the lifetime of cultured cells by approximately 20 divisions, or roughly 25%, specifically in mammalian cells.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "CGK733 was claimed to be an inhibitor of ATM/ATR kinases, which are involved in DNA damage repair. CGK was claimed to extend the lifetime of cultured cells by approximately 20 divisions, or roughly 25%, specifically in mammalian cells.", "reason": "These attributed inhibition and lifespan-extension claims repeat this paper’s findings without a local retraction warning; an editor should check whether this paragraph has independent sourcing.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, the entire work behind the discovery of this compound has since been found to be falsified and the authors of the original reports have retracted all their claims.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The original report garnered scientific attention, but was retracted in 2008. The retraction states that the screen to identify CGK733 as an anti-senescence agent was not carried out; experiments exploring the cellular effects of CGK733 were misrepresented; the identification of ATM as the target of CGK733 was fabricated; a compound which was essential for ATM target validation had not been synthesized; and the chemical structure of CGK733 was misrepresented.", "section": "", "position": "opening" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Text", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Results Not Reproducible" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ef4c19deac1568eb", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 8729837 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.2666666666666666, "severity": 0.31666666666666665, "rank": 324 }, { "id": "sha256:814c38b7f9616297", "key": "RW-779 / 29839319 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1292433851 } ], "first_seen": 1292433851, "last_checked": 1292433851, "page_id": 29839319, "revid": 1292433851, "written_on": "Hexacyclinol", "doi": "10.1002/anie.200504033", "pmid": "16470558", "record_id": 779, "paper_title": "Total Syntheses of Hexacyclinol, 5-epi-Hexacyclinol, and Desoxohexacyclinol Unveil an Antimalarial Prodrug Motif", "cited": false, "section": "Controversy over structure", "where": "", "text": "(2) The structure of hexacyclinol proposed by Gräfe and purportedly synthesized by La Clair.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "(2) The structure of hexacyclinol proposed by Gräfe and purportedly synthesized by La Clair.", "reason": "The caption repeats the retracted paper's claimed synthesis without a local retraction warning; an editor should check whether the caption has independent sourcing.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The scientific community then began criticizing La Clair's work, claiming that his work was sloppy or that he fabricated data.", "section": "Controversy over structure", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "La Clair's publication of his purported synthesis was retracted in 2012, citing a lack of validation of its claims.", "section": "Controversy over structure", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In response to the controversy, Nobel Prize-winning synthetic chemist E.J. Corey remarked, \"Occasionally, blatantly wrong science is published, and to the credit of synthetic chemistry, the corrections usually come quickly and cleanly.\"", "section": "Controversy over structure", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:baefba5dabb54fde", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 29839319 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.2666666666666666, "severity": 0.31666666666666665, "rank": 325 }, { "id": "sha256:cd1418a5e6e76d94", "key": "RW-49334 / 958 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1368873164 } ], "first_seen": 1368873164, "last_checked": 1368873164, "page_id": 958, "revid": 1368873164, "written_on": "Axon", "doi": "10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80804-1", "pmid": "10399920", "record_id": 49334, "paper_title": "A Ligand-Gated Association between Cytoplasmic Domains of UNC5 and DCC Family Receptors Converts Netrin-Induced Growth Cone Attraction to Repulsion", "cited": true, "section": "Extracellular signaling", "where": "paragraph", "text": "When the UNC-5 netrin receptor is mutated, several neurites are irregularly projected out of neurons and finally a single axon is extended anteriorly.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "When the UNC-5 netrin receptor is mutated, several neurites are irregularly projected out of neurons and finally a single axon is extended anteriorly.", "reason": "This describes a mutant axon-guidance phenotype, not the retracted paper’s finding that ligand-triggered UNC5–DCC association converts attraction to repulsion; the cited C. elegans genetics paper plausibly supports this background claim.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Manipulation of Images", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5f40644539f4090a", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[36]", "others": [ "Neuroglia and pioneer neurons express UNC-6 to provide global and local netrin cues for guiding migrations in C. elegans", "Serafini T, Kennedy TE, Galko MJ, Mirzayan C, Jessell TM, Tessier-Lavigne M (August 1994). \"The netrins define a family of axon outgrowth-promoting proteins homologous to C. elegans UNC-6\". Cell. 78 (3): 409–24. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90420-0. PMID 8062384. S2CID 22666205.", "Hedgecock EM, Culotti JG, Hall DH (January 1990). \"The unc-5, unc-6, and unc-40 genes guide circumferential migrations of pioneer axons and mesodermal cells on the epidermis in C. elegans\". Neuron. 4 (1): 61–85. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(90)90444-K. PMID 2310575. S2CID 23974242." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 958 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 302.46666666666664, "severity": 0.30246666666666666, "rank": 326 }, { "id": "sha256:6fe6eef3f0a334f5", "key": "RW-30287 / 13943035 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378385916 } ], "first_seen": 1378385916, "last_checked": 1378385916, "page_id": 13943035, "revid": 1378385916, "written_on": "MDPI", "doi": "10.3390/vaccines9070693", "pmid": "34202529", "record_id": 30287, "paper_title": "The Safety of COVID-19 Vaccinations—We Should Rethink the Policy", "cited": true, "section": "Resignations of editors", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2021, five members of the editorial board of the journal Vaccines resigned after Vaccines published a controversial article that misused data to reach the incorrect conclusion that vaccines against COVID-19 had no clear benefit.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "a controversial article that misused data to reach the incorrect conclusion that vaccines against COVID-19 had no clear benefit.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the paper's conclusion as incorrect in the context of editorial resignations, rather than relying on it as evidence.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "a controversial article that misused data to reach the incorrect conclusion that vaccines against COVID-19 had no clear benefit.", "section": "Resignations of editors", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The article was heavily criticized for misusing data and as a result reaching a false conclusion.", "section": "Controversial articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Shortly afterwards, the journal published an \"expression of concern\" regarding the article and opened an investigation into the review process.", "section": "Controversial articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Vaccines eventually decided to retract the article.", "section": "Controversial articles", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:571efa4ae52275a0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":2", "marker": "[60]", "others": [ "Wadman, Meredith (1 July 2021). \"Scientists quit journal board, protesting 'grossly irresponsible' study claiming COVID-19 vaccines kill\". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abk2629. S2CID 243092907. Retrieved 2 July 2021." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 13943035 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 291.06666666666666, "severity": 0.2910666666666667, "rank": 327 }, { "id": "sha256:b1173a062c90c27d", "key": "RW-30287 / 13943035 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378385916 } ], "first_seen": 1378385916, "last_checked": 1378385916, "page_id": 13943035, "revid": 1378385916, "written_on": "MDPI", "doi": "10.3390/vaccines9070693", "pmid": "34202529", "record_id": 30287, "paper_title": "The Safety of COVID-19 Vaccinations—We Should Rethink the Policy", "cited": true, "section": "Controversial articles", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2021, the MDPI journal Vaccines published an article by pseudoscience advocate Harald Walach and colleagues claiming a \"lack of clear benefit\" for COVID-19 vaccines.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2021, the MDPI journal Vaccines published an article by pseudoscience advocate Harald Walach and colleagues claiming a \"lack of clear benefit\" for COVID-19 vaccines.", "reason": "The same paragraph explicitly identifies the conclusion as false and states that the article was retracted; the citation documents the controversy.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "a controversial article that misused data to reach the incorrect conclusion that vaccines against COVID-19 had no clear benefit.", "section": "Resignations of editors", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The article was heavily criticized for misusing data and as a result reaching a false conclusion.", "section": "Controversial articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Shortly afterwards, the journal published an \"expression of concern\" regarding the article and opened an investigation into the review process.", "section": "Controversial articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Vaccines eventually decided to retract the article.", "section": "Controversial articles", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:571efa4ae52275a0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":2", "marker": "[60]", "others": [ "Ansede, Manuel; Urra, Susana (22 July 2021). \"Harald Walach, the researcher contributing misinformation about the Covid-19 pandemic\". EL PAÍS." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 13943035 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 291.06666666666666, "severity": 0.2910666666666667, "rank": 328 }, { "id": "sha256:e8e11e1321eaa57e", "key": "RW-2240 / 29537 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378579895 } ], "first_seen": 1378579895, "last_checked": 1378579895, "page_id": 29537, "revid": 1378579895, "written_on": "Scientific misconduct", "doi": "10.1038/nature08456", "pmid": "19829383", "record_id": 2240, "paper_title": "DNA Demethylation in Hormone-induced Transcriptional Derepression", "cited": true, "section": "Photo manipulation", "where": "paragraph", "text": "One Nature paper published in 2009 has subsequently been reported to contain around 20 separate instances of image fraud.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "One Nature paper published in 2009 has subsequently been reported to contain around 20 separate instances of image fraud.", "reason": "This describes reported image fraud in the paper, not its scientific findings; the accompanying blog citation plausibly supports the report.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "One Nature paper published in 2009 has subsequently been reported to contain around 20 separate instances of image fraud.", "section": "Photo manipulation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In one case, Nature allowed a corrigendum to be published despite clear evidence of image fraud. Subsequent retraction of the paper required the actions of an independent whistleblower.", "section": "Journals", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Data", "Error in Image", "Manipulation of Images", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:76dcc18ba981b730", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Kato", "marker": "[38]", "others": [ "11jigen (2012-01-15). \"Shigeaki Kato (the University of Tokyo): DNA demethylation in hormone-induced transcriptional derepression\". Katolab-imagefraud.blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-08-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 29537 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 282.53333333333336, "severity": 0.28253333333333336, "rank": 329 }, { "id": "sha256:d69b979d4cc52023", "key": "RW-2240 / 29537 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378579895 } ], "first_seen": 1378579895, "last_checked": 1378579895, "page_id": 29537, "revid": 1378579895, "written_on": "Scientific misconduct", "doi": "10.1038/nature08456", "pmid": "19829383", "record_id": 2240, "paper_title": "DNA Demethylation in Hormone-induced Transcriptional Derepression", "cited": true, "section": "Journals", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In one case, Nature allowed a corrigendum to be published despite clear evidence of image fraud.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In one case, Nature allowed a corrigendum to be published despite clear evidence of image fraud.", "reason": "This concerns the journal's handling of the paper rather than its findings, and the paragraph explicitly states that the paper was subsequently retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "One Nature paper published in 2009 has subsequently been reported to contain around 20 separate instances of image fraud.", "section": "Photo manipulation", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "In one case, Nature allowed a corrigendum to be published despite clear evidence of image fraud. Subsequent retraction of the paper required the actions of an independent whistleblower.", "section": "Journals", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Data", "Error in Image", "Manipulation of Images", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:76dcc18ba981b730", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Kato", "marker": "[38]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 29537 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 282.53333333333336, "severity": 0.28253333333333336, "rank": 330 }, { "id": "sha256:e1666c3a77a386b8", "key": "RW-5206 / 68892222 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1353163515 } ], "first_seen": 1353163515, "last_checked": 1353163515, "page_id": 68892222, "revid": 1353163515, "written_on": "Bacteriophage AP205", "doi": "10.1186/1743-422x-7-146", "pmid": "20604940", "record_id": 5206, "paper_title": "A VLP-based vaccine targeting domain III of the West Nile virus E protein protects from lethal infection in mice", "cited": true, "section": "West Nile virus", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Antigen presenting cells uptake the VLP, present the DIII antigen epitopes on the MHC II receptor to activate T helper cells.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Antigen presenting cells uptake the VLP, present the DIII antigen epitopes on the MHC II receptor to activate T helper cells.", "reason": "This describes an immune mechanism in the study's vaccine context, but the abstract does not establish whether the paper demonstrated it or merely discussed background immunology.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.85, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Notice - Lack of" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a1f71bfd6e37ceaa", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Spohn_2010", "marker": "[25]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 68892222 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 2.2333333333333334, "severity": 0.2791666666666667, "rank": 331 }, { "id": "sha256:4402ab730285c561", "key": "RW-5206 / 68892222 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1353163515 } ], "first_seen": 1353163515, "last_checked": 1353163515, "page_id": 68892222, "revid": 1353163515, "written_on": "Bacteriophage AP205", "doi": "10.1186/1743-422x-7-146", "pmid": "20604940", "record_id": 5206, "paper_title": "A VLP-based vaccine targeting domain III of the West Nile virus E protein protects from lethal infection in mice", "cited": true, "section": "West Nile virus", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Bacterial RNA packaged within the BLP enhances antigen-presenting cell activity when it is delivered to the endosomal compartment and activates TLR 3 and TLR7/8.", "verdict": "unclear", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Bacterial RNA packaged within the BLP enhances antigen-presenting cell activity when it is delivered to the endosomal compartment and activates TLR 3 and TLR7/8.", "reason": "The abstract does not establish whether this RNA-mediated mechanism was a finding of the retracted study or background drawn from other research.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "unclear", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.85, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Notice - Lack of" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a1f71bfd6e37ceaa", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Spohn_2010", "marker": "[25]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 68892222 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 2.2333333333333334, "severity": 0.2791666666666667, "rank": 332 }, { "id": "sha256:8b8aeabe8e290a1b", "key": "RW-889 / 12339 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374510745 } ], "first_seen": 1374510745, "last_checked": 1374510745, "page_id": 12339, "revid": 1374510745, "written_on": "Genetically modified organism", "doi": "10.1126/science.285.5426.384", "pmid": "10411496", "record_id": 889, "paper_title": "Worlds apart? The reception of genetically modified foods in Europe and the U.S", "cited": true, "section": "Regulation", "where": "paragraph", "text": "There are differences in the regulation for the release of GMOs between countries, with some of the most marked differences occurring between the US and Europe.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "There are differences in the regulation for the release of GMOs between countries, with some of the most marked differences occurring between the US and Europe.", "reason": "This is a general regulatory comparison, rather than the paper's survey finding about public reception; it needs an unretracted background source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.76, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Breach of Policy by Author", "Error in Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:633ad3c1afd8aed1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[325]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 12339 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 255.43333333333334, "severity": 0.25543333333333335, "rank": 333 }, { "id": "sha256:a8a4f6cceaa2d6d5", "key": "RW-66335 / 7316 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376527071 } ], "first_seen": 1376527071, "last_checked": 1376527071, "page_id": 7316, "revid": 1376527071, "written_on": "Hypothetical types of biochemistry", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Arsenic as an alternative to phosphorus", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The authors of a 2010 geomicrobiology study, supported in part by NASA, have postulated that a bacterium named GFAJ-1, collected in the sediments of Mono Lake in eastern California, can employ such 'arsenic DNA' when cultured without phosphorus.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The authors of a 2010 geomicrobiology study, supported in part by NASA, have postulated that a bacterium named GFAJ-1, collected in the sediments of Mono Lake in eastern California, can employ such 'arsenic DNA' when cultured without phosphorus.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the study's arsenic-DNA claim but explicitly describes failed replication and the paper's retraction, rather than presenting the finding as established.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "This claim was heavily criticized almost immediately after publication for the perceived lack of appropriate controls.", "section": "Arsenic as an alternative to phosphorus", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Other authors were unable to reproduce their results and showed that the study had issues with phosphate contamination, suggesting that the low amounts present could sustain extremophile lifeforms.", "section": "Arsenic as an alternative to phosphorus", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The 2010 paper was retracted in 2025.", "section": "Arsenic as an alternative to phosphorus", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8222fa538198dd92", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wolfe-Simon", "marker": "[40]", "others": [ "\"NASA-Funded Research Discovers Life Built With Toxic Chemical\". NASA.gov. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-08-28. Retrieved 2010-12-02." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 7316 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 245.53333333333333, "severity": 0.24553333333333333, "rank": 334 }, { "id": "sha256:2f3c26849368fb2b", "key": "RW-66335 / 7316 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376527071 } ], "first_seen": 1376527071, "last_checked": 1376527071, "page_id": 7316, "revid": 1376527071, "written_on": "Hypothetical types of biochemistry", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Arsenic as an alternative to phosphorus", "where": "paragraph", "text": "They proposed that the bacterium may employ high levels of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate or other means to reduce the effective concentration of water and stabilize its arsenate esters.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "They proposed that the bacterium may employ high levels of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate or other means to reduce the effective concentration of water and stabilize its arsenate esters.", "reason": "This proposed mechanism is reported within a paragraph that explicitly identifies the study's failed replication and retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "This claim was heavily criticized almost immediately after publication for the perceived lack of appropriate controls.", "section": "Arsenic as an alternative to phosphorus", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Other authors were unable to reproduce their results and showed that the study had issues with phosphate contamination, suggesting that the low amounts present could sustain extremophile lifeforms.", "section": "Arsenic as an alternative to phosphorus", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The 2010 paper was retracted in 2025.", "section": "Arsenic as an alternative to phosphorus", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8222fa538198dd92", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wolfe-Simon", "marker": "[40]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 7316 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 245.53333333333333, "severity": 0.24553333333333333, "rank": 335 }, { "id": "sha256:6a3c645e97482e7e", "key": "RW-5686 / 69508 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378485511 } ], "first_seen": 1378485511, "last_checked": 1378485511, "page_id": 69508, "revid": 1378485511, "written_on": "Acinonyx", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.0810435106", "pmid": "19114651", "record_id": 5686, "paper_title": "A primitive Late Pliocene cheetah, and evolution of the cheetah lineage", "cited": true, "section": "Taxonomy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The \"Linxia Cheetah\" (\"A. kurteni\") was initially described by Christiansen and Mazák in 2009 on the basis of a skull from Pliocene strata in China, and touted as the most primitive member of the genus.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The \"Linxia Cheetah\" (\"A. kurteni\") was initially described by Christiansen and Mazák in 2009 on the basis of a skull from Pliocene strata in China, and touted as the most primitive member of the genus.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the original description but immediately explains that the species was invalidated because its holotype was a forgery, rather than endorsing the finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2012, \"A. kurteni\" was invalidated as a species when the holotype was determined to be a forgery composed of Miocene-aged fragments.", "section": "Taxonomy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Materials" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d06552c756708a4b", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[17]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 69508 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 243.03333333333333, "severity": 0.24303333333333332, "rank": 336 }, { "id": "sha256:ff9f9fd41e279953", "key": "RW-23529 / 463899 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372163734 } ], "first_seen": 1372163734, "last_checked": 1372163734, "page_id": 463899, "revid": 1372163734, "written_on": "The Lancet", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31180-6", "pmid": "32450107", "record_id": 23529, "paper_title": "Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis", "cited": true, "section": "Surgisphere study on the use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine (2020)", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The authors of the study then asked The Lancet to retract the article, which was done on 3 June 2020.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The authors of the study then asked The Lancet to retract the article, which was done on 3 June 2020.", "reason": "This describes the paper's retraction rather than relying on its clinical findings; both news sources plausibly support the retraction account.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The authors of the study then asked The Lancet to retract the article, which was done on 3 June 2020.", "section": "Surgisphere study on the use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine (2020)", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "To improve quality control, the editors of The Lancet Group announced changes to the editorial policy in a comment titled \"Learning from a retraction\" which was published on 22 September 2020.", "section": "Surgisphere study on the use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine (2020)", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4f1fef1548e41126", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "thelancet.com", "marker": "[37]", "others": [ "Hopkins, Jared (5 June 2020). \"Hydroxychloroquine Studies Tied to Data Firm Surgisphere Retracted\". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2021.", "\"Covid-19: Lancet retracts paper that halted hydroxychloroquine trials\". the Guardian. 4 June 2020. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2021." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 463899 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 234.6, "severity": 0.2346, "rank": 337 }, { "id": "sha256:af41b71613cbd3ce", "key": "RW-1844 / 6928455 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1367468495 } ], "first_seen": 1367468495, "last_checked": 1367468495, "page_id": 6928455, "revid": 1367468495, "written_on": "Early prostate cancer antigen-2", "doi": "10.1016/j.urology.2007.01.097", "pmid": "17445657", "record_id": 1844, "paper_title": "EPCA-2: A Highly Specific Serum Marker for Prostate Cancer", "cited": false, "section": "EPCA-2 versus PSA", "where": "", "text": "A study was initiated which suggested that the EPCA-2 protein serum assay exhibits favorable performance characteristics which are potentially superior to serum PSA. However more studies are necessary to see if this test will retain its sensitivity when used in a screening population.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A study was initiated which suggested that the EPCA-2 protein serum assay exhibits favorable performance characteristics which are potentially superior to serum PSA.", "reason": "This repeats the retracted study's diagnostic-performance claim without a retraction warning in this paragraph; an editor should check whether any local sources independently support it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "This paper has since been retracted by the publisher.", "section": "EPCA-2 versus PSA", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In September 2008 the industry sponsor of EPCA-2, Onconome sued Dr Robert Getzenberg, JHU, and the University of Pittsburgh, his previous institution, claiming that Getzenberg misrepresented and falsified data related to EPCA-2 after Onconome sponsored 13 million dollars of research over five years in Getzenberg's labs at University of Pittsburgh and Johns Hopkins for a blood test for prostate cancer.", "section": "EPCA-2 versus PSA", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Error in Methods", "Results Not Reproducible", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:53f9008120ad56fa", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 6928455 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 0.9333333333333333, "severity": 0.23333333333333334, "rank": 338 }, { "id": "sha256:f9004e701f71b72a", "key": "RW-20119 / 424348 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371774857 } ], "first_seen": 1371774857, "last_checked": 1371774857, "page_id": 424348, "revid": 1371774857, "written_on": "Cardiac muscle", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61590-0", "pmid": "22088800", "record_id": 20119, "paper_title": "Cardiac stem cells in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (SCIPIO): initial results of a randomised phase 1 trial", "cited": true, "section": "Regeneration", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In the 2000s, the discovery of adult endogenous cardiac stem cells was reported, and studies were published that claimed that various stem cell lineages, including bone marrow stem cells were able to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, and could be used to treat heart failure.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "studies were published that claimed that various stem cell lineages, including bone marrow stem cells were able to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, and could be used to treat heart failure.", "reason": "This reports the stem-cell treatment claim historically, and the same paragraph explicitly notes failed replication and retractions for scientific fraud.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, other teams were unable to replicate these findings, and many of the original studies were later retracted for scientific fraud.", "section": "Regeneration", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:398e3732350370a0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[33]", "others": [ "Orlic D, Kajstura J, Chimenti S, Jakoniuk I, Anderson SM, Li B, Pickel K, McKay R, Nadal-Ginard B, Bodine DM, Anversa P (April 2001). \"Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium\". Nature. 410 (6829): 701–705. Bibcode:2001Natur.410..701O. doi:10.1038/35070587. PMID 11287958. S2CID 4424399." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 424348 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 225.43333333333334, "severity": 0.22543333333333335, "rank": 339 }, { "id": "sha256:f40710163306a13f", "key": "RW-2098 / 4155456 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376665179 } ], "first_seen": 1376665179, "last_checked": 1376665179, "page_id": 4155456, "revid": 1376665179, "written_on": "Effects of the Chernobyl disaster", "doi": "10.1038/380707a0", "pmid": "8614463", "record_id": 2098, "paper_title": "High Levels of Genetic Change in Rodents of Chernobyl", "cited": true, "section": "Contested wildlife mutation research", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 1996, geneticist Ronald Chesser and Robert Baker published a paper on the thriving vole population within the exclusion zone, in which the central conclusion was essentially that \"The mutation rate in these animals is hundreds and probably thousands of times greater than normal\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 1996, geneticist Ronald Chesser and Robert Baker published a paper on the thriving vole population within the exclusion zone, in which the central conclusion was essentially that \"The mutation rate in these animals is hundreds and probably thousands of times greater than normal\".", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the paper's conclusion but explicitly explains the species-identification error and subsequent retraction, rather than presenting the finding as valid.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The authors discovered they had incorrectly classified the species of vole and were genetically comparing two different vole species. They issued a retraction in 1997.", "section": "Contested wildlife mutation research", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:45ba735b07476a3f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[70]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 4155456 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 224.33333333333334, "severity": 0.22433333333333336, "rank": 340 }, { "id": "sha256:01a347eac99fd8a5", "key": "RW-59596 / 27015334 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372760393 } ], "first_seen": 1372760393, "last_checked": 1372760393, "page_id": 27015334, "revid": 1372760393, "written_on": "Didier Raoult", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949", "pmid": "32205204", "record_id": 59596, "paper_title": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial", "cited": true, "section": "COVID-19", "where": "paragraph", "text": "On 20 March, he published a preliminary report of his study online in the International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "On 20 March, he published a preliminary report of his study online in the International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.", "reason": "This records publication rather than relying on the study's results; the same paragraph explicitly reports its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The study was retracted on 17 December 2024 over a lack of informed consent for patients and after scientists—including three of its co-authors—raised concerns over methodological problems.", "section": "COVID-19", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Concerns/Issues about Article", "Concerns/Issues about Human Subject Welfare", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Informed/Patient Consent - None/Withdrawn", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d9a42db5ea4c2e54", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[59]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 27015334 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 220.43333333333334, "severity": 0.22043333333333334, "rank": 341 }, { "id": "sha256:13bcf89ad418068a", "key": "RW-59596 / 27015334 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372760393 } ], "first_seen": 1372760393, "last_checked": 1372760393, "page_id": 27015334, "revid": 1372760393, "written_on": "Didier Raoult", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949", "pmid": "32205204", "record_id": 59596, "paper_title": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial", "cited": false, "section": "Accusations of falsified images, and legal threats", "where": "", "text": "On 5 May 2021, Elisabeth Bik (who specializes in identifying manipulated images in scientific papers) raised concerns about dozens of Raoult's papers—including ethical, procedural, and methodological problems in a March 2020 paper reporting success in a small hydroxychloroquine trial. Raoult's lawyer subsequently announced that Raoult was accusing and suing the scientific integrity consultant of harassment and blackmail. The French non-profit association Citizen4Science, formed by scientists and citizens, published a press release and a petition that day, denouncing the harassment of scientists and defenders of science integrity, specifically defending Bik and calling on French authorities to intervene and for journalists to look into the matter. Several French newspapers immediately reported Citizen4Science's initiative. The petition was signed by thousands of scientists and others throughout the world. By 22 May 2021 Raoult had begun legal proceedings against Bik. There followed various articles in international mainstream media supporting Bik, and an article in Science updated on 4 June 2021 in issue 6546, reporting over 3,000 signatures for the Citizen4Science petition.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "On 5 May 2021, Elisabeth Bik (who specializes in identifying manipulated images in scientific papers) raised concerns about dozens of Raoult's papers—including ethical, procedural, and methodological problems in a March 2020 paper reporting success in a small hydroxychloroquine trial.", "reason": "The description of trial success refers to this paper's finding, but appears as background to a scientific-integrity controversy rather than evidence of efficacy; an editor should check the paragraph's own sources for this characterization.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The study was retracted on 17 December 2024 over a lack of informed consent for patients and after scientists—including three of its co-authors—raised concerns over methodological problems.", "section": "COVID-19", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Concerns/Issues about Article", "Concerns/Issues about Human Subject Welfare", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Informed/Patient Consent - None/Withdrawn", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d9a42db5ea4c2e54", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 27015334 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 220.43333333333334, "severity": 0.22043333333333334, "rank": 342 }, { "id": "sha256:b6a469dc9a70af91", "key": "RW-31614 / 28598 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373933225 } ], "first_seen": 1373933225, "last_checked": 1373933225, "page_id": 28598, "revid": 1373933225, "written_on": "Sinusitis", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006394.pub2", "pmid": "17636843", "record_id": 31614, "paper_title": "Nasal saline irrigations for the symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Treatment", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Breathing high-temperature steam, such as from a hot shower or gargling, can relieve symptoms.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Breathing high-temperature steam, such as from a hot shower or gargling, can relieve symptoms.", "reason": "The review evaluated saline irrigation for chronic rhinosinusitis, not steam inhalation; the accompanying patient guidance plausibly supports this background treatment claim.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8879c3d05f2a7c8c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[76]", "others": [ "Consumer Reports, American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (July 2012), \"Treating sinusitis: Don't rush to antibiotics\" (PDF), Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, Consumer Reports, archived (PDF) from the original on January 24, 2013, retrieved August 14, 2012" ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 28598 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 425.43333333333334, "severity": 0.21271666666666667, "rank": 343 }, { "id": "sha256:4a1068f0f268b1b6", "key": "RW-10920 / 20975731 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371880440 } ], "first_seen": 1371880440, "last_checked": 1371880440, "page_id": 20975731, "revid": 1371880440, "written_on": "Lamprey", "doi": "10.1002/dvdy.24245", "pmid": "26095777", "record_id": 10920, "paper_title": "Development, metamorphosis, morphology, and diversity: The evolution of chordate muscles and the origin of vertebrates", "cited": true, "section": "Lamprey and chordate synapomorphies", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Similarities between adult amphioxus and lamprey larvae include a pharynx with pharyngeal slits, a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and a series of somites that extend anterior to the otic vesicle.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Similarities between adult amphioxus and lamprey larvae include a pharynx with pharyngeal slits, a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and a series of somites that extend anterior to the otic vesicle.", "reason": "This is background comparative anatomy, not the paper's proposed conclusions about metamorphosis, heterochrony, and evolutionary diversity; the publisher-error retraction calls for checking the replacement source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error by Journal/Publisher", "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5333461eebbe0837", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":3", "marker": "[83]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 20975731 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 816.3333333333334, "severity": 0.20408333333333334, "rank": 344 }, { "id": "sha256:aa9cdabe58d3e76b", "key": "RW-31408 / 452461 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376498073 } ], "first_seen": 1376498073, "last_checked": 1376498073, "page_id": 452461, "revid": 1376498073, "written_on": "Myocarditis", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003711.pub5", "pmid": "23986406", "record_id": 31408, "paper_title": "Herbal medicines for viral myocarditis (Pub 5)", "cited": true, "section": "Treatment", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Supportive therapies can be divided into two broad categories, medications and mechanical support.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Supportive therapies can be divided into two broad categories, medications and mechanical support.", "reason": "This is a general classification of supportive care, not a finding of the review about herbal medicines; the withdrawn review should be replaced with a current source for this background claim.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Removed", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2042447289c11d17", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[47]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 452461 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 777.8333333333334, "severity": 0.19445833333333334, "rank": 345 }, { "id": "sha256:01bbe76de3d0d270", "key": "RW-4036 / 21053550 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377781515 } ], "first_seen": 1377781515, "last_checked": 1377781515, "page_id": 21053550, "revid": 1377781515, "written_on": "Measles vaccine", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "False claims about autism", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 1998, Andrew Wakefield et al. published a now retracted and fraudulent The Lancet paper linking the MMR vaccine to autism, leading to a decline in vaccination rates.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 1998, Andrew Wakefield et al. published a now retracted and fraudulent The Lancet paper linking the MMR vaccine to autism, leading to a decline in vaccination rates.", "reason": "This describes the paper and its historical consequences while explicitly identifying it as retracted and fraudulent, rather than endorsing its finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "False claims about autism", "section": "False claims about autism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 1998, Andrew Wakefield et al. published a now retracted and fraudulent The Lancet paper linking the MMR vaccine to autism, leading to a decline in vaccination rates.", "section": "False claims about autism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In Japan, where the MMR vaccine is not used as a combined vaccine, autism rates have remained unaffected, further disproving Wakefield's hypothesis.", "section": "False claims about autism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Wakefield's disproven theory that vaccines cause autism", "section": "False claims about autism", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2a332671640f593f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[48]", "others": [ "The Editors of The Lancet (February 2010). \"Retraction—Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children\". Lancet. 375 (9713): 445. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60175-4. PMID 20137807. S2CID 26364726.", "Triggle N (2 February 2010). \"Lancet accepts MMR study 'false'\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2022." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 21053550 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 190.7, "severity": 0.19069999999999998, "rank": 346 }, { "id": "sha256:cdfa091e77e45dfd", "key": "RW-19280 / 558559 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370320390 } ], "first_seen": 1370320390, "last_checked": 1370320390, "page_id": 558559, "revid": 1370320390, "written_on": "Taylor & Francis", "doi": "10.1080/0966369x.2018.1475346", "pmid": "", "record_id": 19280, "paper_title": "Human reactions to rape culture and queer performativity at urban dog parks in Portland, Oregon", "cited": true, "section": "Academic practices", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2018, another Grievance studies affair article \"Human reactions to rape culture and queer performativity at urban dog parks in Portland, Oregon\" was published in Gender, Place & Culture, which was also retracted later that year.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2018, another Grievance studies affair article \"Human reactions to rape culture and queer performativity at urban dog parks in Portland, Oregon\" was published in Gender, Place & Culture, which was also retracted later that year.", "reason": "This describes the paper's publication and retraction in a hoax controversy, without asserting its findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2018, another Grievance studies affair article \"Human reactions to rape culture and queer performativity at urban dog parks in Portland, Oregon\" was published in Gender, Place & Culture, which was also retracted later that year.", "section": "Academic practices", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Author Unresponsive", "Breach of Policy by Author", "Hoax Paper", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e6c1c25b60a44654", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[47]", "others": [ "Pluckrose, Helen; Lindsay, James A.; Boghossian, Peter (2 October 2018). \"Academic Grievance Studies and the Corruption of Scholarship\". Areo Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 October 2018." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 558559 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 189.73333333333332, "severity": 0.18973333333333334, "rank": 347 }, { "id": "sha256:5ea7121fbc7caba1", "key": "RW-948 / 246458 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374816022 } ], "first_seen": 1374816022, "last_checked": 1374816022, "page_id": 246458, "revid": 1374816022, "written_on": "Golden rice", "doi": "10.3945/ajcn.111.030775", "pmid": "22854406", "record_id": 948, "paper_title": "Beta-Carotene in Golden Rice is as good as beta-carotene in oil at providing vitamin A to children", "cited": true, "section": "Research", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A 2012 study showed that the beta-carotene produced by golden rice is as effective as beta-carotene in oil at providing vitamin A to children.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A 2012 study showed that the beta-carotene produced by golden rice is as effective as beta-carotene in oil at providing vitamin A to children.", "reason": "This reports the paper's efficacy finding, but the same paragraph explicitly tells readers that the study was retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, in 2015, the journal retracted the study, claiming that the researchers had acted unethically when providing Chinese children golden rice without their parents' consent.", "section": "Research", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Complaints about Third Party", "Conflict of Interest", "Ethical Violations by Author", "Ethical Violations by Company/Institution/Third Party", "Informed/Patient Consent - 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Wakefield's claims of a link between the MMR vaccine, autism and inflammatory bowel disease have been reported in the British Medical Journal as \"based not on bad science but on a deliberate fraud\", and the 1998 paper originally presenting his theory was retracted in 2010 by The Lancet. Wakefield was unsuccessful in an attempt to sue detractors/critics for libel and defamation. Wakefield has had two papers retracted and one corrected.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Wakefield's claims of a link between the MMR vaccine, autism and inflammatory bowel disease have been reported in the British Medical Journal as \"based not on bad science but on a deliberate fraud\", and the 1998 paper originally presenting his theory was retracted in 2010 by The Lancet.", "reason": "The item describes the paper's claim as fraudulent and explicitly reports its retraction rather than presenting its findings as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Wakefield's claims of a link between the MMR vaccine, autism and inflammatory bowel disease have been reported in the British Medical Journal as \"based not on bad science but on a deliberate fraud\", and the 1998 paper originally presenting his theory was retracted in 2010 by The Lancet.", "section": "Biology and biomedical sciences", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c1fa905ae2ab1e7a", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[208]", "others": [ "\"Dr. Andrew Jeremy Wakefield: Determination on Serious Professional Misconduct (SPM) and Sanction\" (PDF). General Medical Council. 24 May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.", "Godlee, F. (6 January 2011). \"The fraud behind the MMR scare\". BMJ. 342: d22. doi:10.1136/bmj.d22. S2CID 73020733. Retrieved 30 March 2018.", "Dyer, C. (2 February 2010). \"Lancet retracts Wakefield's MMR paper\". British Medical Journal. 340: c696. doi:10.1136/bmj.c696. PMID 20124366. S2CID 43465004. Retrieved 30 March 2018.", "\"Wakefield Libel Suit Rejected\". MedPage Today LLC. 6 August 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2018.", "Dyer, C. (6 August 2012). \"Texas judge throws out Wakefield's libel action against BMJ\". British Medical Journal. 345 e5328. doi:10.1136/bmj.e5328. PMID 22867918. Retrieved 30 March 2018.", "\"Retraction Watch Database – Andrew Wakefield\". Retraction Watch. The Center for Scientific Integrity. Retrieved 22 January 2019." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 56023027 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 173.66666666666666, "severity": 0.17366666666666666, "rank": 352 }, { "id": "sha256:fb4f32574237011a", "key": "RW-54364 / 56023027 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374378694 } ], "first_seen": 1374378694, "last_checked": 1374378694, "page_id": 56023027, "revid": 1374378694, "written_on": "List of scientific misconduct incidents", "doi": "10.1038/nature04533", "pmid": "16541076", "record_id": 54364, "paper_title": "A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory", "cited": true, "section": "Biology and biomedical sciences", "where": "list", "text": "Sylvain Lesné (France, US), a neuroscientist, co-authored a study in Nature proposing that a specific amyloid-beta protein assembly, Aβ*56, impairs memory and contributes to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. In 2024, Nature retracted this paper after investigations revealed manipulated images, with co-authors Michela Gallagher and Karen H. Ashe agreeing to the retraction, while Lesné disagreed. The story was revealed in 2022 by Charles Piller in Science, based upon investigations by Matthew Schrag, a neuroscientist and physician at Vanderbilt University. This narrative is a key component of Piller's 2025 book Doctored: Fraud, Arrogance, and Tragedy in the Quest to Cure Alzheimer's.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Sylvain Lesné (France, US), a neuroscientist, co-authored a study in Nature proposing that a specific amyloid-beta protein assembly, Aβ*56, impairs memory and contributes to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.", "reason": "The item reports the study's proposal as part of its misconduct history and explicitly states that the same paper was retracted for manipulated images.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2024, Nature retracted this paper after investigations revealed manipulated images, with co-authors Michela Gallagher and Karen H. Ashe agreeing to the retraction, while Lesné disagreed.", "section": "Biology and biomedical sciences", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Manipulation of Images", "Objections by Author(s)", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:435322ad28e44608", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[121]", "others": [ "Lesné, Sylvain; Koh, Ming Teng; Kotilinek, Linda; Kayed, Rakez; Glabe, Charles G.; Yang, Austin; Gallagher, Michela; Ashe, Karen H. (July 2024). \"Retraction Note: A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory\". Nature. 631 (8019): 240. Bibcode:2024Natur.631..240L. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07691-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 38914864.", "\"Potential fabrication in research images threatens key theory of Alzheimer's disease\". science.org. Retrieved 30 January 2025.", "Piller, Charles (13 February 2025). Doctored: Fraud, Arrogance and Tragedy in the Quest to Cure Alzheimers. Icon Books. ISBN 978-1-83773-259-3." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 56023027 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 173.66666666666666, "severity": 0.17366666666666666, "rank": 353 }, { "id": "sha256:cc7752904e0f5475", "key": "RW-73244 / 56023027 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-08", "revid": 1379120205 } ], "first_seen": 1379120205, "last_checked": 1379120205, "page_id": 56023027, "revid": 1379120205, "written_on": "List of scientific misconduct incidents", "doi": "10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.09.008", "pmid": "", "record_id": 73244, "paper_title": "Weaker priming and mineralisation of low molecular weight organic substances in paddy than in upland soil", "cited": true, "section": "Biology and biomedical sciences", "where": "list", "text": "Yakov Kuzyakov lost 4 papers because he edited his own papers in the Elsevier journal European Journal of Soil Biology. For three of these papers one of the reviewers was also closely linked to Y. Kuzyakov. He lost a fourth paper in a second Elsevier journal, Science of the Total Environment, due to suspicious changes in authors on the paper during the review process.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Yakov Kuzyakov lost 4 papers because he edited his own papers in the Elsevier journal European Journal of Soil Biology. For three of these papers one of the reviewers was also closely linked to Y. Kuzyakov.", "reason": "The item describes retractions and compromised editorial handling, not the paper's findings about priming and mineralisation in soils.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Yakov Kuzyakov lost 4 papers because he edited his own papers in the Elsevier journal European Journal of Soil Biology. For three of these papers one of the reviewers was also closely linked to Y. Kuzyakov.", "section": "Biology and biomedical sciences", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Compromised Peer Review", "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Conflict of Interest", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Rogue Editor", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:1883bc520414772f", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[225]", "others": [ "Liang, Qiong; Chen, Haiqing; Gong, Yuanshi; Yang, Hefa; Fan, Mingsheng; Kuzyakov, Yakov (1 January 2014). \"RETRACTED: Effects of 15 years of manure and mineral fertilizers on enzyme activities in particle-size fractions in a North China Plain soil\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 60: 112–119. Bibcode:2014EJSB...60..112L. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2013.11.009.", "Maharjan, Menuka; Maranguit, Deejay; Kuzyakov, Yakov (May 2018). \"RETRACTED: Phosphorus fractions in subtropical soils depending on land use\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 87: 17–24. Bibcode:2018EJSB...87...17M. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2018.04.002.", "Qiu, Husen; Ge, Tida; Liu, Jieyun; Chen, Xiangbi; Hu, Yajun; Wu, Jinshui; Su, Yirong; Kuzyakov, Yakov (January 2018). \"RETRACTED: Effects of biotic and abiotic factors on soil organic matter mineralization: Experiments and structural modeling analysis\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 84: 27–34. Bibcode:2018EJSB...84...27Q. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.12.003.", "Wu, Cuiyan; Huang, Wei; Liu, Yixian; Li, Han; Ding, Shuai; Zhu, Zhenke; Wang, Feng; Dijkstra, Feike A.; Zhang, Guangbin; Kuzyakov, Yakov; Cheng, Weiguo; Xiao, Mouliang; Ge, Tida (10 December 2024). \"RETRACTED: Physicochemically protected organic carbon release is the rate-limiting step of rhizosphere priming in paddy soils\". Science of the Total Environment. 955 176859. Bibcode:2024ScTEn.95576859W. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176859. PMID 39414056." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 56023027 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 173.66666666666666, "severity": 0.17366666666666666, "rank": 354 }, { "id": "sha256:30bed115f022e13a", "key": "RW-73246 / 56023027 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-08", "revid": 1379120205 } ], "first_seen": 1379120205, "last_checked": 1379120205, "page_id": 56023027, "revid": 1379120205, "written_on": "List of scientific misconduct incidents", "doi": "10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.12.003", "pmid": "", "record_id": 73246, "paper_title": "Effects of biotic and abiotic factors on soil organic matter mineralization: Experiments and structural modeling analysis", "cited": true, "section": "Biology and biomedical sciences", "where": "list", "text": "Yakov Kuzyakov lost 4 papers because he edited his own papers in the Elsevier journal European Journal of Soil Biology. For three of these papers one of the reviewers was also closely linked to Y. Kuzyakov. He lost a fourth paper in a second Elsevier journal, Science of the Total Environment, due to suspicious changes in authors on the paper during the review process.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Yakov Kuzyakov lost 4 papers because he edited his own papers in the Elsevier journal European Journal of Soil Biology. For three of these papers one of the reviewers was also closely linked to Y. Kuzyakov.", "reason": "The item describes retractions and compromised editorial review, not the paper's findings about soil organic matter mineralization.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Yakov Kuzyakov lost 4 papers because he edited his own papers in the Elsevier journal European Journal of Soil Biology. For three of these papers one of the reviewers was also closely linked to Y. Kuzyakov.", "section": "Biology and biomedical sciences", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Compromised Peer Review", "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Conflict of Interest", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Rogue Editor", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:38de197da2e78dc0", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[226]", "others": [ "Liang, Qiong; Chen, Haiqing; Gong, Yuanshi; Yang, Hefa; Fan, Mingsheng; Kuzyakov, Yakov (1 January 2014). \"RETRACTED: Effects of 15 years of manure and mineral fertilizers on enzyme activities in particle-size fractions in a North China Plain soil\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 60: 112–119. Bibcode:2014EJSB...60..112L. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2013.11.009.", "Maharjan, Menuka; Maranguit, Deejay; Kuzyakov, Yakov (May 2018). \"RETRACTED: Phosphorus fractions in subtropical soils depending on land use\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 87: 17–24. Bibcode:2018EJSB...87...17M. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2018.04.002.", "Qiu, Husen; Zheng, Xiaodong; Ge, Tida; Dorodnikov, Maxim; Chen, Xiangbi; Hu, Yajun; Kuzyakov, Yakov; Wu, Jinshui; Su, Yirong; Zhang, Zhenhua (November 2017). \"RETRACTED: Weaker priming and mineralisation of low molecular weight organic substances in paddy than in upland soil\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 83: 9–17. Bibcode:2017EJSB...83....9Q. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.09.008.", "Wu, Cuiyan; Huang, Wei; Liu, Yixian; Li, Han; Ding, Shuai; Zhu, Zhenke; Wang, Feng; Dijkstra, Feike A.; Zhang, Guangbin; Kuzyakov, Yakov; Cheng, Weiguo; Xiao, Mouliang; Ge, Tida (10 December 2024). \"RETRACTED: Physicochemically protected organic carbon release is the rate-limiting step of rhizosphere priming in paddy soils\". Science of the Total Environment. 955 176859. Bibcode:2024ScTEn.95576859W. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176859. PMID 39414056." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 56023027 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 173.66666666666666, "severity": 0.17366666666666666, "rank": 355 }, { "id": "sha256:00bdc66700622f03", "key": "RW-73247 / 56023027 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-08", "revid": 1379120205 } ], "first_seen": 1379120205, "last_checked": 1379120205, "page_id": 56023027, "revid": 1379120205, "written_on": "List of scientific misconduct incidents", "doi": "10.1016/j.ejsobi.2018.04.002", "pmid": "", "record_id": 73247, "paper_title": "Phosphorus fractions in subtropical soils depending on land use", "cited": true, "section": "Biology and biomedical sciences", "where": "list", "text": "Yakov Kuzyakov lost 4 papers because he edited his own papers in the Elsevier journal European Journal of Soil Biology. For three of these papers one of the reviewers was also closely linked to Y. Kuzyakov. He lost a fourth paper in a second Elsevier journal, Science of the Total Environment, due to suspicious changes in authors on the paper during the review process.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Yakov Kuzyakov lost 4 papers because he edited his own papers in the Elsevier journal European Journal of Soil Biology.", "reason": "This reports retractions and editorial misconduct, not the paper's findings about soil phosphorus fractions.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Yakov Kuzyakov lost 4 papers because he edited his own papers in the Elsevier journal European Journal of Soil Biology. For three of these papers one of the reviewers was also closely linked to Y. Kuzyakov.", "section": "Biology and biomedical sciences", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Compromised Peer Review", "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Rogue Editor", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:13c163e473d810df", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[224]", "others": [ "Liang, Qiong; Chen, Haiqing; Gong, Yuanshi; Yang, Hefa; Fan, Mingsheng; Kuzyakov, Yakov (1 January 2014). \"RETRACTED: Effects of 15 years of manure and mineral fertilizers on enzyme activities in particle-size fractions in a North China Plain soil\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 60: 112–119. Bibcode:2014EJSB...60..112L. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2013.11.009.", "Qiu, Husen; Zheng, Xiaodong; Ge, Tida; Dorodnikov, Maxim; Chen, Xiangbi; Hu, Yajun; Kuzyakov, Yakov; Wu, Jinshui; Su, Yirong; Zhang, Zhenhua (November 2017). \"RETRACTED: Weaker priming and mineralisation of low molecular weight organic substances in paddy than in upland soil\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 83: 9–17. Bibcode:2017EJSB...83....9Q. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.09.008.", "Qiu, Husen; Ge, Tida; Liu, Jieyun; Chen, Xiangbi; Hu, Yajun; Wu, Jinshui; Su, Yirong; Kuzyakov, Yakov (January 2018). \"RETRACTED: Effects of biotic and abiotic factors on soil organic matter mineralization: Experiments and structural modeling analysis\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 84: 27–34. Bibcode:2018EJSB...84...27Q. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.12.003.", "Wu, Cuiyan; Huang, Wei; Liu, Yixian; Li, Han; Ding, Shuai; Zhu, Zhenke; Wang, Feng; Dijkstra, Feike A.; Zhang, Guangbin; Kuzyakov, Yakov; Cheng, Weiguo; Xiao, Mouliang; Ge, Tida (10 December 2024). \"RETRACTED: Physicochemically protected organic carbon release is the rate-limiting step of rhizosphere priming in paddy soils\". Science of the Total Environment. 955 176859. Bibcode:2024ScTEn.95576859W. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176859. PMID 39414056." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 56023027 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 173.66666666666666, "severity": 0.17366666666666666, "rank": 356 }, { "id": "sha256:867b8d3a9b7347ea", "key": "RW-21363 / 59162859 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374845546 } ], "first_seen": 1374845546, "last_checked": 1374845546, "page_id": 59162859, "revid": 1374845546, "written_on": "He Jiankui affair", "doi": "10.1038/s41591-019-0459-6", "pmid": "31160814", "record_id": 21363, "paper_title": "CCR5-delta32 is deleterious in the homozygous state in humans", "cited": true, "section": "Effects of mutations", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Rasmus Nielsen and Wei Xinzhu, both at the University of California, Berkeley, reported in Nature Medicine of their analysis of the longevity of 409,693 individuals from British death registry (UK BioBank) with the conclusion that two copies of CCR5Δ32 mutations (homozygotes) were about 20% more likely than the rest of the population to die before they were 76 years of age.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Rasmus Nielsen and Wei Xinzhu, both at the University of California, Berkeley, reported in Nature Medicine of their analysis of the longevity of 409,693 individuals from British death registry (UK BioBank) with the conclusion that two copies of CCR5Δ32 mutations (homozygotes) were about 20% more likely than the rest of the population to die before they were 76 years of age.", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the paper's mortality finding but explicitly labels it incorrect and explains the sampling bias and subsequent retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In June 2019, researchers incorrectly suggested that the purportedly genetically edited humans may have been mutated in a way that shortens life expectancy.", "section": "Effects of mutations", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "However, the article overlooked sampling bias in UK Biobank's data, resulting in an erroneous interpretation, and was retracted four months later.", "section": "Effects of mutations", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c42b6fd0b2bfcd44", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "NAT-20190603", "marker": "[126]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 59162859 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 171.73333333333332, "severity": 0.17173333333333332, "rank": 357 }, { "id": "sha256:0690c42a036eb4d8", "key": "RW-41581 / 69363482 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374223939 } ], "first_seen": 1374223939, "last_checked": 1374223939, "page_id": 69363482, "revid": 1374223939, "written_on": "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant", "doi": "10.1126/science.add8737", "pmid": "36454863", "record_id": 41581, "paper_title": "Gradual emergence followed by exponential spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Africa", "cited": true, "section": "Origin hypotheses", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In December 2022, a team of researchers from the Charité (Berlin) published a now-retracted study in Science that claimed that \"data revealed genetically diverse Omicron ancestors already existed across Africa by August 2021\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In December 2022, a team of researchers from the Charité (Berlin) published a now-retracted study in Science that claimed that \"data revealed genetically diverse Omicron ancestors already existed across Africa by August 2021\".", "reason": "The finding is reported as a claim of an explicitly retracted study, and the paragraph explains the sample contamination.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "now-retracted study", "section": "Origin hypotheses", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "After a re-analysis because of doubts, the team retracted the article on 20 December 2022, due to contamination of the samples.", "section": "Origin hypotheses", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Contamination of Cell Lines/Tissues", "Contamination of Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b1c6ae54e0adcff2", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[44]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 69363482 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 171.73333333333332, "severity": 0.17173333333333332, "rank": 358 }, { "id": "sha256:540d08e760396fee", "key": "RW-4036 / 32473 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372277133 } ], "first_seen": 1372277133, "last_checked": 1372277133, "page_id": 32473, "revid": 1372277133, "written_on": "Vaccination", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "Vaccination and autism", "where": "paragraph", "text": "His study concluded that eight of the twelve patients, aged three years of age to 10 years of age, developed behavioral symptoms consistent with autism following the administration of the MMR vaccine (an immunization against measles, mumps, and rubella).", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "His study concluded that eight of the twelve patients, aged three years of age to 10 years of age, developed behavioral symptoms consistent with autism following the administration of the MMR vaccine (an immunization against measles, mumps, and rubella).", "reason": "The study's claimed finding is reported in a paragraph that explicitly identifies its data as falsified and the paper as retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2011, Andrew Wakefield, a leading proponent of the theory that MMR vaccine causes autism, was found to have been financially motivated to falsify research data and was subsequently stripped of his medical license.", "section": "Opposition", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The article was widely criticized for lack of scientific rigor and it was proven that Wakefield falsified data in the article.", "section": "Vaccination and autism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2004, 10 of the original 12 co-authors (not including Wakefield) published a retraction of the article and stated the following: \"We wish to make it clear that in this paper no causal link was established between MMR vaccine and autism as the data were insufficient.\"", "section": "Vaccination and autism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2010, The Lancet officially retracted the article, stating that several elements of the article were incorrect, including falsified data and protocols.", "section": "Vaccination and autism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "even though the article was shown to be fraudulent and was heavily retracted", "section": "Vaccination and autism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Even though there is much evidence to go against the Wakefield study and retractions were published by most of the co-authors, many people continue to believe and base decisions on the study as it still lingers in their memory.", "section": "Vaccination and autism", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:7d4990a9aecaf99f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wakefield", "marker": "[121]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 32473 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 156.8, "severity": 0.15680000000000002, "rank": 359 }, { "id": "sha256:0ff60e716200e023", "key": "RW-4036 / 32473 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372277133 } ], "first_seen": 1372277133, "last_checked": 1372277133, "page_id": 32473, "revid": 1372277133, "written_on": "Vaccination", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "Vaccination and autism", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The article was widely criticized for lack of scientific rigor and it was proven that Wakefield falsified data in the article.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The article was widely criticized for lack of scientific rigor and it was proven that Wakefield falsified data in the article.", "reason": "This sentence concerns the paper's misconduct rather than relying on its findings; the paragraph also explicitly describes its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2011, Andrew Wakefield, a leading proponent of the theory that MMR vaccine causes autism, was found to have been financially motivated to falsify research data and was subsequently stripped of his medical license.", "section": "Opposition", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The article was widely criticized for lack of scientific rigor and it was proven that Wakefield falsified data in the article.", "section": "Vaccination and autism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2004, 10 of the original 12 co-authors (not including Wakefield) published a retraction of the article and stated the following: \"We wish to make it clear that in this paper no causal link was established between MMR vaccine and autism as the data were insufficient.\"", "section": "Vaccination and autism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2010, The Lancet officially retracted the article, stating that several elements of the article were incorrect, including falsified data and protocols.", "section": "Vaccination and autism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "even though the article was shown to be fraudulent and was heavily retracted", "section": "Vaccination and autism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Even though there is much evidence to go against the Wakefield study and retractions were published by most of the co-authors, many people continue to believe and base decisions on the study as it still lingers in their memory.", "section": "Vaccination and autism", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:7d4990a9aecaf99f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wakefield", "marker": "[121]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 32473 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 156.8, "severity": 0.15680000000000002, "rank": 360 }, { "id": "sha256:c3759daef811a1fe", "key": "RW-72836 / 2119179 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378412033 } ], "first_seen": 1378412033, "last_checked": 1378412033, "page_id": 2119179, "revid": 1378412033, "written_on": "Climate change mitigation", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-024-07219-0", "pmid": "38632481", "record_id": 72836, "paper_title": "The economic commitment of climate change", "cited": true, "section": "Costs and funding", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.", "reason": "This is a background estimate of mitigation costs, not the paper's finding about committed economic damages; the Oxford Martin School source may independently support it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.91, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Methods", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:079cefee6072c239", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Kotz2024", "marker": "[315]", "others": [ "\"Can cost benefit analysis grasp the climate change nettle? And can we...\" Oxford Martin School. Retrieved 11 November 2019." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 2119179, 2649947 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 151.6, "severity": 0.15159999999999998, "rank": 361 }, { "id": "sha256:e60cc5275c6267f0", "key": "RW-39363 / 375140 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376767946 } ], "first_seen": 1376767946, "last_checked": 1376767946, "page_id": 375140, "revid": 1376767946, "written_on": "Room-temperature superconductor", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z", "pmid": "33057222", "record_id": 39363, "paper_title": "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "cited": true, "section": "Retracted or unreliable studies", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In October 2020, they reported room-temperature superconductivity at 288 K (at 15 °C) in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride at 267 GPa, triggered into crystallisation via green laser.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In October 2020, they reported room-temperature superconductivity at 288 K (at 15 °C) in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride at 267 GPa, triggered into crystallisation via green laser.", "reason": "This reports the paper's claimed result, but the same paragraph explicitly identifies its subsequent retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Retracted or unreliable studies", "section": "Retracted or unreliable studies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Since 2016, a team led by Ranga P. Dias has produced a number of retracted or challenged papers in this field.", "section": "Retracted or unreliable studies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "This was retracted in 2022 after flaws in their statistical methods were identified and led to questioning of other data.", "section": "Retracted or unreliable studies", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b5e55e84877ffcd6", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[28]", "others": [ "Chang, Kenneth (14 October 2020). \"Finally, the First Room-Temperature Superconductor\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 375140 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 147.43333333333334, "severity": 0.14743333333333333, "rank": 362 }, { "id": "sha256:958f468c48bf6535", "key": "RW-48932 / 375140 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376767946 } ], "first_seen": 1376767946, "last_checked": 1376767946, "page_id": 375140, "revid": 1376767946, "written_on": "Room-temperature superconductor", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-023-05742-0", "pmid": "36890373", "record_id": 48932, "paper_title": "Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride", "cited": true, "section": "Retracted or unreliable studies", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This was retracted in 2022 after flaws in their statistical methods were identified and led to questioning of other data.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2023 he reported superconductivity at 294 K and 1 GPa in nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride, in a paper widely met with skepticism about its methods and data.", "reason": "Despite the footnote's placement on the preceding study's retraction, this is the claim matching the cited paper; the same paragraph explicitly says the lutetium hydride paper was retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Retracted or unreliable studies", "section": "Retracted or unreliable studies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2023 he reported superconductivity at 294 K and 1 GPa in nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride, in a paper widely met with skepticism about its methods and data.", "section": "Retracted or unreliable studies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The lutetium hydride paper was also retracted.", "section": "Retracted or unreliable studies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The first attempts to replicate those results failed.", "section": "Retracted or unreliable studies", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:305267d395130630", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[31]", "others": [ "van der Marel, Dirk; Hirsch, Jorge E. (19 January 2022). \"Comment on Nature 586, 373 (2020) by E. Snider et al\". International Journal of Modern Physics B. 37 (4): 2375001. arXiv:2201.07686. doi:10.1142/S0217979223750012. ISSN 0217-9792. S2CID 252324362.", "Hand, Eric (26 September 2022). \"'Something is Seriously Wrong':Room-Temperature superconductivity study retracted\". Science. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.", "Woodward, Aylin (8 March 2023). \"The Scientific Breakthrough That Could Make Batteries Last Longer\". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.", "\"'Revolutionary' blue crystal resurrects hope of room temperature superconductivity\". www.science.org. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.", "Anderson, Margo (8 March 2023). \"Room-Temperature Superconductivity Claimed\". IEEE Spectrum. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.", "Wood, Charlie; Savitsky, Zack (8 March 2023). \"Room-Temperature Superconductor Discovery Meets With Resistance\". Quanta Magazine. Simons Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 375140 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 147.43333333333334, "severity": 0.14743333333333333, "rank": 363 }, { "id": "sha256:1562515d11ae6323", "key": "RW-4036 / 1742315 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377520078 } ], "first_seen": 1377520078, "last_checked": 1377520078, "page_id": 1742315, "revid": 1377520078, "written_on": "Vaccine hesitancy", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "MMR vaccine", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In the UK, the MMR vaccine was the subject of controversy after the publication in The Lancet of a 1998 paper by Andrew Wakefield and others reporting case histories of twelve children mostly with autism spectrum disorders with onset soon after administration of the vaccine.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "reporting case histories of twelve children mostly with autism spectrum disorders with onset soon after administration of the vaccine.", "reason": "This reports the paper's claimed temporal association, but the same paragraph explicitly identifies its retraction and falsification rather than presenting the finding as reliable.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2004, the MMR-and-autism interpretation of the paper was formally retracted by ten of its thirteen coauthors, and in 2010 The Lancet's editors fully retracted the paper.", "section": "MMR vaccine", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Wakefield was struck off the UK medical register, with a statement identifying deliberate falsification in the research published in The Lancet, and is barred from practicing medicine in the UK.", "section": "MMR vaccine", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2009, The Sunday Times reported that Wakefield had manipulated patient data and misreported results in his 1998 paper, creating the appearance of a link with autism. A 2011 article in the British Medical Journal described how the data in the study had been falsified by Wakefield so that it would arrive at a predetermined conclusion. An accompanying editorial in the same journal described Wakefield's work as an \"elaborate fraud\" that led to lower vaccination rates, putting hundreds of thousands of children at risk and diverting energy and money away from research into the true cause of autism.", "section": "MMR vaccine", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In March 2015, the Oregon Chiropractic Association invited Andrew Wakefield, chief author of a fraudulent research paper, to testify against Senate Bill 442, \"a bill that would eliminate nonmedical exemptions from Oregon's school immunization law\".", "section": "Policy positions", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "the 1998 publication of a fraudulent academic article by Andrew Wakefield which sparked the MMR vaccine controversy.", "section": "Later vaccines and antitoxins", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:22fab06f9d21b7ab", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[45]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 1742315 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 142.2, "severity": 0.1422, "rank": 364 }, { "id": "sha256:8ab1a1b5b44585a4", "key": "RW-4036 / 1742315 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377520078 } ], "first_seen": 1377520078, "last_checked": 1377520078, "page_id": 1742315, "revid": 1377520078, "written_on": "Vaccine hesitancy", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": false, "section": "MMR vaccine", "where": "", "text": "In 2009, The Sunday Times reported that Wakefield had manipulated patient data and misreported results in his 1998 paper, creating the appearance of a link with autism. A 2011 article in the British Medical Journal described how the data in the study had been falsified by Wakefield so that it would arrive at a predetermined conclusion. An accompanying editorial in the same journal described Wakefield's work as an \"elaborate fraud\" that led to lower vaccination rates, putting hundreds of thousands of children at risk and diverting energy and money away from research into the true cause of autism.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2009, The Sunday Times reported that Wakefield had manipulated patient data and misreported results in his 1998 paper, creating the appearance of a link with autism.", "reason": "This explicitly retells the same paper's apparent vaccine–autism finding as manipulated; an editor can check its own footnotes, but it does not endorse that finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2004, the MMR-and-autism interpretation of the paper was formally retracted by ten of its thirteen coauthors, and in 2010 The Lancet's editors fully retracted the paper.", "section": "MMR vaccine", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Wakefield was struck off the UK medical register, with a statement identifying deliberate falsification in the research published in The Lancet, and is barred from practicing medicine in the UK.", "section": "MMR vaccine", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2009, The Sunday Times reported that Wakefield had manipulated patient data and misreported results in his 1998 paper, creating the appearance of a link with autism. A 2011 article in the British Medical Journal described how the data in the study had been falsified by Wakefield so that it would arrive at a predetermined conclusion. 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Therefore, we are retracting the paper, with apologies from author Stapel.", "section": "\"Coping with chaos\"", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "'The science article is based on fake data', was his verdict, just like at least 29 other publications by Stapel, and probably more.", "section": "Further reading", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:def675720657d33a", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "R watch 2011", "marker": "[44]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 33055034 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 135.96666666666667, "severity": 0.13596666666666668, "rank": 366 }, { "id": "sha256:181fcbfe8738c767", "key": "RW-491 / 33055034 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370648131 } ], "first_seen": 1370648131, "last_checked": 1370648131, "page_id": 33055034, "revid": 1370648131, "written_on": "Diederik Stapel", "doi": "10.1126/science.1201068", "pmid": "21474762", "record_id": 491, "paper_title": "Coping with Chaos: How Disordered Contexts Promote Stereotyping and Discrimination", "cited": false, "section": "\"Coping with chaos\"", "where": "", "text": "Our report \"Coping with chaos: How disordered contexts promote stereotyping and discrimination\" reported the effects of the physical environment on human stereotyping and discriminatory behavior. On 31 October 2011, the University of Tilburg held a press conference to announce findings of their investigation into possible data fraud on the part of author Stapel. These findings of the university's interim report included fabrication of data in this Science paper. Therefore, we are retracting the paper, with apologies from author Stapel. Coauthor Lindenberg was in no way involved in the generation of the data, and agrees to the retraction of the paper.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Our report \"Coping with chaos: How disordered contexts promote stereotyping and discrimination\" reported the effects of the physical environment on human stereotyping and discriminatory behavior.", "reason": "The quoted retraction notice retells this paper's finding, but the same paragraph explicitly identifies fabricated data and retracts the paper.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In December 2011, the journal Science posted a retraction notice for Stapel's co-authored paper entitled \"Coping with chaos: How disordered contexts promote stereotyping and discrimination\".", "section": "\"Coping with chaos\"", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The journal expressed initial concern regarding the paper's validity on 1 November.", "section": "\"Coping with chaos\"", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "These findings of the university's interim report included fabrication of data in this Science paper. Therefore, we are retracting the paper, with apologies from author Stapel.", "section": "\"Coping with chaos\"", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "'The science article is based on fake data', was his verdict, just like at least 29 other publications by Stapel, and probably more.", "section": "Further reading", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:def675720657d33a", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 33055034 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 135.96666666666667, "severity": 0.13596666666666668, "rank": 367 }, { "id": "sha256:3e6da48b8d49532f", "key": "RW-492 / 16824033 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376392525 } ], "first_seen": 1376392525, "last_checked": 1376392525, "page_id": 16824033, "revid": 1376392525, "written_on": "Controversies related to ME/CFS", "doi": "10.1126/science.1179052", "pmid": "19815723", "record_id": 492, "paper_title": "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "cited": false, "section": "XMRV retrovirus", "where": "", "text": "XMRV, a virus claimed to be associated with CFS in a paper that was later retracted", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "XMRV, a virus claimed to be associated with CFS in a paper that was later retracted", "reason": "This caption repeats the association claimed by the specified paper but explicitly identifies its retraction; an editor can check any caption sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "XMRV, a virus claimed to be associated with CFS in a paper that was later retracted", "section": "XMRV retrovirus", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2011, the editor of Science formally retracted its XMRV paper while the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences similarly retracted a 2010 paper which had appeared to support the finding of a connection between XMRV and CFS.", "section": "XMRV retrovirus", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Studies eventually concluded that neither people nor the blood supply had been infected with the XMRV virus, and the origin of the virus was likely a lab contaminant in the supplies used by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process of the studies that found virus in blood.", "section": "XMRV retrovirus", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Contamination of Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8ec31e0c1470fb68", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 16824033 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 123.4, "severity": 0.12340000000000001, "rank": 368 }, { "id": "sha256:926243874a13fc8d", "key": "RW-8161 / 11568969 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375365469 } ], "first_seen": 1375365469, "last_checked": 1375365469, "page_id": 11568969, "revid": 1375365469, "written_on": "CrossFit", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0b013e318289e59f", "pmid": "23439334", "record_id": 8161, "paper_title": "CrossFit-Based High-Intensity Power Training Improves Maximal Aerobic Fitness and Body Composition", "cited": true, "section": "Lawsuit by CrossFit, Inc. against the NSCA", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In an erratum later published by the journal, it is stated that \"after the article was published, 10 of the 11 participants who did not complete the study have provided their reasons for not finishing, with only 2 mentioning injury or health conditions that prevented them from completing follow-up testing.\"", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In an erratum later published by the journal, it is stated that \"after the article was published, 10 of the 11 participants who did not complete the study have provided their reasons for not finishing, with only 2 mentioning injury or health conditions that prevented them from completing follow-up testing.\"", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the study in a lawsuit history and explicitly presents a correction to its injury-related account, rather than relying on the original finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In an erratum later published by the journal, it is stated that \"after the article was published, 10 of the 11 participants who did not complete the study have provided their reasons for not finishing, with only 2 mentioning injury or health conditions that prevented them from completing follow-up testing.\"", "section": "Lawsuit by CrossFit, Inc. against the NSCA", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The NSCA denies CrossFit, Inc.'s allegations but issued an erratum acknowledging that the injury data were incorrect.", "section": "Lawsuit by CrossFit, Inc. against the NSCA", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In September 2016, the District Court ruled in favor of CrossFit because the injury data were found to be false, but not that the NSCA was commercially motivated or that publishing the study was defamatory, as the NSCA no longer stood behind the study. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research eventually retracted the paper in its July 2017 issue.", "section": "Lawsuit by CrossFit, Inc. against the NSCA", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In May 2017, the Court issued 17 issues sanctions against the NSCA, writing that the organization did have a commercial motive to falsify the data, had published the false data knowingly to disparage CrossFit, and had misled the public with their erratum.", "section": "Lawsuit by CrossFit, Inc. against the NSCA", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ba8d4d15e714a175", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[151]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 11568969 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 475.3, "severity": 0.118825, "rank": 369 }, { "id": "sha256:d62fd1a4abd5df71", "key": "RW-22813 / 32138986 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378294473 } ], "first_seen": 1378294473, "last_checked": 1378294473, "page_id": 32138986, "revid": 1378294473, "written_on": "Scientific Reports", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-019-45584-3", "pmid": "31235834", "record_id": 22813, "paper_title": "Oscillations of the baseline of solar magnetic field and solar irradiance on a millennial timescale", "cited": true, "section": "2020", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A study published in the journal on June 24, 2019, claimed that fluctuations in the sun were causing global warming.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A study published in the journal on June 24, 2019, claimed that fluctuations in the sun were causing global warming.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the study's claim as part of its retraction history and explicitly tells readers that it was retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Based on severe criticism from the scientific community, Scientific Reports started an investigation on the validity of this study, and it was retracted by the editors in March 2020.", "section": "2020", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Methods", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a87c9f43b885e035", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "zharkova", "marker": "[20]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 32138986 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 117.46666666666667, "severity": 0.11746666666666668, "rank": 370 }, { "id": "sha256:37891e7be34d84a4", "key": "RW-4036 / 4071231 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376296858 } ], "first_seen": 1376296858, "last_checked": 1376296858, "page_id": 4071231, "revid": 1376296858, "written_on": "Causes of autism", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "MMR vaccine", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Although the paper, which was later retracted by the journal, concluded that there was no association between the MMR vaccine and autism, Wakefield nevertheless suggested a false notion during a 1998 press conference that giving children the vaccines in three separate doses would be safer than a single dose.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Andrew Wakefield et al. reported a study of 12 children who had autism and bowel symptoms, in some cases reportedly with onset after MMR.", "reason": "This reports the study's observations, but the same paragraph explicitly identifies the paper as retracted and frames Wakefield's vaccine advice as false.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "known for his fraudulent study on another cause of autism", "section": "Gastrointestinal connection", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Although the paper, which was later retracted by the journal, concluded that there was no association between the MMR vaccine and autism, Wakefield nevertheless suggested a false notion during a 1998 press conference that giving children the vaccines in three separate doses would be safer than a single dose.", "section": "MMR vaccine", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2004, the interpretation of a causal link between MMR vaccine and autism was formally retracted by ten of Wakefield's twelve co-authors.", "section": "MMR vaccine", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The retraction followed an investigation by The Sunday Times, which stated that Wakefield \"acted dishonestly and irresponsibly\".", "section": "MMR vaccine", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In February 2010, The Lancet, which published Wakefield's study, fully retracted it after an independent auditor found the study to be flawed.", "section": "MMR vaccine", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In January 2011, an investigation published in the journal BMJ described the Wakefield study as the result of deliberate fraud and manipulation of data.", "section": "MMR vaccine", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9bcdd018f6ca9714", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wakefield_1998", "marker": "[189]", "others": [ "The Editors Of The Lancet (February 2010). \"Retraction—Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children\". Lancet. 375 (9713): 445. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60175-4. PMID 20137807. S2CID 26364726. For a lay summary, see Triggle N (2010-02-02). \"Lancet accepts MMR study 'false'\". 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The New York Times." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 101336 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 116.0, "severity": 0.116, "rank": 372 }, { "id": "sha256:aa8bcaba81508fe2", "key": "RW-4036 / 59849415 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377289380 } ], "first_seen": 1377289380, "last_checked": 1377289380, "page_id": 59849415, "revid": 1377289380, "written_on": "Wakefield MMR-autism fraud", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "On 28 February 1998, a fraudulent research paper primarily authored by the English physician Andrew Wakefield, along with twelve other coauthors (titled \"Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children\"), was published in The Lancet, a British medical journal.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "On 28 February 1998, a fraudulent research paper primarily authored by the English physician Andrew Wakefield, along with twelve other coauthors (titled \"Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children\"), was published in The Lancet, a British medical journal.", "reason": "The citation documents publication of the paper, explicitly identified here as fraudulent, rather than endorsing its findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Fraudulent Lancet MMR vaccine-autism study", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper falsely claimed causative links between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and colitis, and between colitis and autism. 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But expert analyses of these reports found bowel biopsies from the children to be overwhelmingly normal and with no evidence of any enterocolitis at all.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "One described the paper as \"fraudulent\" while another complained of \"outright fabrication\".", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Promotion of the claimed link, which continues in anti-vaccination propaganda despite being refuted, led to an increase in the incidence of measles and mumps, resulting in deaths and serious permanent injuries.", "section": "Aftermath", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Among commentators drawing on Deer's investigation, academic Peter N. Steinmetz summarizes six fabrications and falsifications in the paper itself and in Wakefield's response: findings of non-specific colitis; timing of MMR vaccine administration and first behavioral symptoms; findings of regressive autism; ethics consent statement; conflict of interest statement; and methods of patient referral.", "section": "Aftermath", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:965e879cad3d9d4e", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 59849415 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 105.13333333333334, "severity": 0.10513333333333334, "rank": 375 }, { "id": "sha256:c33526bd80607c76", "key": "RW-4036 / 59849415 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377289380 } ], "first_seen": 1377289380, "last_checked": 1377289380, "page_id": 59849415, "revid": 1377289380, "written_on": "Wakefield MMR-autism fraud", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": false, "section": "Retraction of an interpretation", "where": "", "text": "Interpretation We identified associated gastrointestinal disease and developmental regression in a group of previously normal children, which was generally associated in time with possible environmental triggers.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Interpretation We identified associated gastrointestinal disease and developmental regression in a group of previously normal children, which was generally associated in time with possible environmental triggers.", "reason": "This is the paper's interpretation reproduced verbatim, not an independent finding; the section heading identifies its retraction, and an editor can verify the quotation's sourcing.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Fraudulent Lancet MMR vaccine-autism study", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper falsely claimed causative links between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and colitis, and between colitis and autism. The fraud involved data bias and manipulation, and two undisclosed conflicts of interest. It was exposed in a lengthy Sunday Times investigation by reporter Brian Deer, resulting in the paper's retraction in February 2010 and Wakefield's being discredited and struck off the UK medical register three months later. In the paper, Wakefield fabricated evidence to suggest a new \"syndrome\" existed, which he called \"autistic enterocolitis\".", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "a fraudulent research paper", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Based on Deer's evidence, the Lancet's editor-in-chief Richard Horton said Wakefield's paper should have never been published because its findings were \"entirely flawed\".", "section": "Conflict of interest", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The dispute over this would remain unresolved, however, until settled in the English High Court in March 2012, where a senior judge vindicated Deer. Quoting the text, Justice Mitting ruled, \"This statement was untrue and should not have been included in the paper.\"", "section": "No ethical approval", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Retraction of an interpretation", "section": "Retraction of an interpretation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In March 2004, immediately following the news of the conflict of interest allegations, ten of Wakefield's 12 coauthors retracted this interpretation, while insisting that the possibility of a distinctive gastrointestinal condition in children with autism merited further investigation.", "section": "Retraction of an interpretation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The Lancet paper was partially retracted in 2004 and fully retracted in 2010, when Lancet's editor-in-chief Richard Horton described it as \"utterly false\" and said that the journal had been deceived.", "section": "Retraction of an interpretation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2011, Deer provided further information on Wakefield's improper research practices to the British Medical Journal, which in a signed editorial described the original paper as fraudulent.", "section": "Retraction of an interpretation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The Sunday Times continued the investigation, and on 8 February 2009, Brian Deer reported that Wakefield had \"fixed\" results and \"manipulated\" patient data in the Lancet, creating the appearance of a link with autism. Wakefield falsely denied these allegations, and even filed a complaint with the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) over this article on 13 March 2009.", "section": "Manipulation of data", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In response to the GMC investigation and findings, the editors of the Lancet announced on 2 February 2010 that they \"fully retract this paper from the published record\". The Lancet's editor-in-chief Richard Horton described it as \"utterly false\" and said that the journal had been deceived.", "section": "UK General Medical Council inquiry", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In an April 2010 report in The BMJ, Deer expanded on the laboratory aspects of his findings recounting how normal clinical histopathology results generated by the Royal Free Hospital were later changed in the medical school to abnormal results, published in the Lancet.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 5 January 2011, The BMJ published the first of a series of articles by Brian Deer, detailing how Wakefield and his colleagues had faked some of the data behind the 1998 Lancet article. By looking at the records and interviewing the parents, Deer found that for all 12 children in the Wakefield study, diagnoses had been tweaked or dates changed to fit the article's conclusion.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In an editorial accompanying Deer's 2011 series, The BMJ said, \"it has taken the diligent scepticism of one man, standing outside medicine and science, to show that the paper was in fact an elaborate fraud\", and asked:", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "A great deal of thought and effort must have gone into drafting the paper to achieve the results he wanted: the discrepancies all led in one direction; misreporting was gross.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The Lancet paper was a case series of 12 child patients; it reported a proposed \"new syndrome\" of enterocolitis and regressive autism and associated this with MMR as an \"apparent precipitating event\". But in fact:", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Three of nine children reported with regressive autism did not have autism diagnosed at all. Only one child clearly had regressive autism.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Despite the paper claiming that all 12 children were \"previously normal\", five had documented pre-existing developmental concerns.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Some children were reported to have experienced first behavioural symptoms within days of MMR, but the records documented these as starting some months after vaccination.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In nine cases, unremarkable colonic histopathology results—noting no or minimal fluctuations in inflammatory cell populations—were changed after a medical school \"research review\" to \"non-specific colitis\".", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The parents of eight children were reported as blaming MMR, but 11 families made this allegation at the hospital. The exclusion of three allegations—all giving times to onset of problems in months—helped to create the appearance of a 14 day temporal link.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In subsequent disclosures from the investigation, Deer obtained copies of unpublished gastrointestinal pathology reports on the children in the Lancet study that Wakefield had claimed showed \"non-specific colitis\" and \"autistic enterocolitis\". But expert analyses of these reports found bowel biopsies from the children to be overwhelmingly normal and with no evidence of any enterocolitis at all.", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "One described the paper as \"fraudulent\" while another complained of \"outright fabrication\".", "section": "Full retraction and fraud revelations", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Promotion of the claimed link, which continues in anti-vaccination propaganda despite being refuted, led to an increase in the incidence of measles and mumps, resulting in deaths and serious permanent injuries.", "section": "Aftermath", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Among commentators drawing on Deer's investigation, academic Peter N. Steinmetz summarizes six fabrications and falsifications in the paper itself and in Wakefield's response: findings of non-specific colitis; timing of MMR vaccine administration and first behavioral symptoms; findings of regressive autism; ethics consent statement; conflict of interest statement; and methods of patient referral.", "section": "Aftermath", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:965e879cad3d9d4e", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 59849415 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 105.13333333333334, "severity": 0.10513333333333334, "rank": 376 }, { "id": "sha256:9c2c4a65ddc1f414", "key": "RW-63958 / 154826 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378181988 } ], "first_seen": 1378181988, "last_checked": 1378181988, "page_id": 154826, "revid": 1378181988, "written_on": "Committee for Skeptical Inquiry", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-021-97778-3", "pmid": "34545151", "record_id": 63958, "paper_title": "A Tunguska sized airburst destroyed Tall el-Hammam a Middle Bronze Age city in the Jordan Valley near the Dead Sea", "cited": true, "section": "Footnotes", "where": "note", "text": "He resigned in March 2022 in protest against the publication of an article in Skeptical Inquirer by CSI fellow Mark Boslough regarding the Bunch et al. Tall el-Hammam air burst paper, citing a departure by the CSI from \"every tenet of proper skepticism\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "He resigned in March 2022 in protest against the publication of an article in Skeptical Inquirer by CSI fellow Mark Boslough regarding the Bunch et al. Tall el-Hammam air burst paper, citing a departure by the CSI from \"every tenet of proper skepticism\".", "reason": "This describes a resignation and controversy about the paper, not reliance on its airburst findings; the same paragraph explicitly reports its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, further research published by Boslough led to Scientific Reports retracting the Bunch et al. paper, indicating this criticism was unfounded.", "section": "Footnotes", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Methods", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:450a96890905dbdb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[92]", "others": [ "Boslough, Mark (January 2022). \"Sodom Meteor Strike Claims Should Be Taken with a Pillar of Salt: A controversial, widely publicized paper claiming that a cosmic impact destroyed a biblical city has had key images photoshopped and rotated to fit the biblical hypothesis\". Skeptical Inquirer. Vol. 46, no. 1. New York City: Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. pp. 10–14. ISSN 0194-6730. Wikidata Q110293090.", "Lawrence Powell, James (March 19, 2022). \"Powell CSI Resignation\". Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022. I hereby resign from the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Please inform the members of the committee of my resignation. My reason is the publication of Mark Boslough's recent article in Skeptical Inquirer. It violates nearly every tenet of proper skepticism as defined by CSICOP and CSI." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 154826 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 102.8, "severity": 0.1028, "rank": 377 }, { "id": "sha256:3002b5da50cf07c7", "key": "RW-40648 / 4643400 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374472812 } ], "first_seen": 1374472812, "last_checked": 1374472812, "page_id": 4643400, "revid": 1374472812, "written_on": "Majorana fermion", "doi": "10.1126/science.aag2792", "pmid": "28729508", "record_id": 40648, "paper_title": "Chiral Majorana fermion modes in a quantum anomalous Hall insulator–superconductor structure", "cited": true, "section": "Experiments in superconductivity", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Chiral Majorana fermions were claimed to be detected in 2017 by Q.L. He et al., in a quantum anomalous Hall effect/superconductor hybrid device.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Chiral Majorana fermions were claimed to be detected in 2017 by Q.L. He et al., in a quantum anomalous Hall effect/superconductor hybrid device. In this system, Majorana fermions edge mode give a rise to a \\tfrac{1}{2} \\tfrac{e^{2}}{h} conductance edge current.", "reason": "These sentences recount the paper's detection claim and conductance signature, but the same paragraph explicitly reports its retraction and failed replication.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Subsequent experiments by other groups, however, could not reproduce these findings.", "section": "Experiments in superconductivity", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In November 2022, the article by He et al. was retracted by the editors, because \"analysis of the raw and published data revealed serious irregularities and discrepancies\".", "section": "Experiments in superconductivity", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Results Not Reproducible" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2255aa0516a8dcae", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[45]", "others": [ "Conover, Emily (20 July 2017). \"Majorana fermion detected in a quantum layer cake\". Science News." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 4643400 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 101.23333333333333, "severity": 0.10123333333333334, "rank": 378 }, { "id": "sha256:a3db79667e33b47c", "key": "RW-45066 / 31550227 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1359708478 } ], "first_seen": 1359708478, "last_checked": 1359708478, "page_id": 31550227, "revid": 1359708478, "written_on": "Mongolarachne", "doi": "10.1111/1755-6724.13780", "pmid": "", "record_id": 45066, "paper_title": "A New Species of Mongolarachnidae from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A second putative species, Mongolarachne chaoyangensis, was described in 2019, but it was subsequently shown to be a forgery based on a fossil crayfish.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A second putative species, Mongolarachne chaoyangensis, was described in 2019, but it was subsequently shown to be a forgery based on a fossil crayfish.", "reason": "The sentence reports the species description but explicitly refutes its identification as a spider; it does not present the retracted finding as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A second putative species, Mongolarachne chaoyangensis, was described in 2019, but it was subsequently shown to be a forgery based on a fossil crayfish.", "section": "", "position": "opening" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Results Not Reproducible", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b742d7e471fa83b6", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Cheng2019", "marker": "[4]", "others": [ "Paul A. Selden; Alison N. Olcott; Matt R. Downen; Dong Ren; Chungkun Shih; Xiaodong Cheng (2019). \"The supposed giant spider Mongolarachne chaoyangensis, from the Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China, is a crayfish\" (PDF). Palaeoentomology. 2 (5): 515–522. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.5.15. S2CID 208124459." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 31550227 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 101.03333333333333, "severity": 0.10103333333333334, "rank": 379 }, { "id": "sha256:df49aa611cfd4db4", "key": "RW-4036 / 6842601 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373069015 } ], "first_seen": 1373069015, "last_checked": 1373069015, "page_id": 6842601, "revid": 1373069015, "written_on": "PLOS One", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "CreatorGate", "where": "paragraph", "text": "To contrast PLOS One's handling of the problem, she used a 12-year history of retraction of the fraudulent paper on vaccine and autism by The Lancet and the then lack of a retraction of a debunked study on \"arsenic life\" by Science.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "she used a 12-year history of retraction of the fraudulent paper on vaccine and autism by The Lancet", "reason": "This describes the paper's fraud and retraction history rather than presenting its findings as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "a 12-year history of retraction of the fraudulent paper on vaccine and autism by The Lancet", "section": "CreatorGate", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9633c3600019b679", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[49]", "others": [ "The article eventually got retracted on 24 July 2025.", "Wolfe-Simon, Felisa; Blum, Jodi Switzer; Kulp, Thomas R.; Gordon, Gwyneth W.; Hoeft, Shelley E.; Pett-Ridge, Jennifer; Stolz, John F.; Webb, Samuel M.; Weber, Peter K.; Davies, P. C. W.; Anbar, A. D.; Oremland, R. S. (December 2, 2010). \"A bacterium that can grow by using arsenic instead of phosphorus\". Science. 332 (6034): 1163–1166. Bibcode:2011Sci...332.1163W. doi:10.1126/science.1197258. PMID 21127214. (Retracted, see doi:10.1126/science.adu5488, PMID 40705905, Retraction Watch)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 6842601 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 97.23333333333333, "severity": 0.09723333333333334, "rank": 380 }, { "id": "sha256:f2da4dc244cf3b1a", "key": "RW-66335 / 6842601 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373069015 } ], "first_seen": 1373069015, "last_checked": 1373069015, "page_id": 6842601, "revid": 1373069015, "written_on": "PLOS One", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "CreatorGate", "where": "paragraph", "text": "To contrast PLOS One's handling of the problem, she used a 12-year history of retraction of the fraudulent paper on vaccine and autism by The Lancet and the then lack of a retraction of a debunked study on \"arsenic life\" by Science.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "the then lack of a retraction of a debunked study on \"arsenic life\" by Science.", "reason": "This describes the paper's historical retraction status and explicitly calls it debunked, rather than presenting its finding as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "the then lack of a retraction of a debunked study on \"arsenic life\" by Science.", "section": "CreatorGate", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The article eventually got retracted on 24 July 2025.", "section": "References", "position": "note" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6dbfba9f7a348ac8", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[50]", "others": [ "The article eventually got retracted on 24 July 2025.", "Wakefield, AJ; Murch, SH; Anthony, A; Linnell, J; Casson, DM; Malik, M; Berelowitz, M; Dhillon, AP; Thomson, MA; Harvey, P; Valentine, A; Davies, SE; Walker-Smith, JA (1998). \"Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children\". The Lancet. 351 (9103): 637–641. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0. PMID 9500320. S2CID 439791. Retrieved 2016-03-09. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60175-4, PMID 20137807, Retraction Watch)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 6842601 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 97.23333333333333, "severity": 0.09723333333333334, "rank": 381 }, { "id": "sha256:d8dcbe2f86890f56", "key": "RW-2170 / 6842601 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373069015 } ], "first_seen": 1373069015, "last_checked": 1373069015, "page_id": 6842601, "revid": 1373069015, "written_on": "PLOS One", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0146193", "pmid": "26730579", "record_id": 2170, "paper_title": "Biomechanical Characteristics of Hand Coordination in Grasping Activities of Daily Living", "cited": true, "section": "CreatorGate", "where": "paragraph", "text": "On March 3, 2016, the editors of PLOS One initiated a reevaluation of an article about the functioning of the human hand due to outrage among the journal's readership over a reference to \"Creator\" inside the paper.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "On March 3, 2016, the editors of PLOS One initiated a reevaluation of an article about the functioning of the human hand due to outrage among the journal's readership over a reference to \"Creator\" inside the paper.", "reason": "This describes the controversy surrounding the paper, not its biomechanical findings; the paragraph explicitly reports its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Despite the authors' protests, the article was retracted.", "section": "CreatorGate", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Sarah Kaplan of The Washington Post presented a detailed analysis of the problem, which she named #CreatorGate, and concluded that the journal's hasty retraction may have been an even bigger offense than the publication of the paper in the first place.", "section": "CreatorGate", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Signe Dean of SBS put #CreatorGate in perspective: it is not the most scandalous retraction in science, yet it shows how a social media outrage storm does expedite a retraction.", "section": "CreatorGate", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:71686c84a84316b2", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Liu", "marker": "[43]", "others": [ "Davis, Nicola (March 7, 2016). \"Hand of God? Scientific anatomy paper citing a 'creator' retracted after furore\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-03-09." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 6842601 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 97.23333333333333, "severity": 0.09723333333333334, "rank": 382 }, { "id": "sha256:810fcc5f4cd380af", "key": "RW-2170 / 6842601 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373069015 } ], "first_seen": 1373069015, "last_checked": 1373069015, "page_id": 6842601, "revid": 1373069015, "written_on": "PLOS One", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0146193", "pmid": "26730579", "record_id": 2170, "paper_title": "Biomechanical Characteristics of Hand Coordination in Grasping Activities of Daily Living", "cited": true, "section": "CreatorGate", "where": "paragraph", "text": "From March 2 to 9, the research article received a total of 67 post-publication reader comments and 129 responses on PLOS One site.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "From March 2 to 9, the research article received a total of 67 post-publication reader comments and 129 responses on PLOS One site.", "reason": "The counts describe post-publication discussion rather than scientific findings, and the paragraph identifies the episode as a retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Despite the authors' protests, the article was retracted.", "section": "CreatorGate", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Sarah Kaplan of The Washington Post presented a detailed analysis of the problem, which she named #CreatorGate, and concluded that the journal's hasty retraction may have been an even bigger offense than the publication of the paper in the first place.", "section": "CreatorGate", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Signe Dean of SBS put #CreatorGate in perspective: it is not the most scandalous retraction in science, yet it shows how a social media outrage storm does expedite a retraction.", "section": "CreatorGate", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:71686c84a84316b2", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Liu", "marker": "[43]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 6842601 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 97.23333333333333, "severity": 0.09723333333333334, "rank": 383 }, { "id": "sha256:eb919132fe55b981", "key": "RW-30943 / 400199 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372897774 } ], "first_seen": 1372897774, "last_checked": 1372897774, "page_id": 400199, "revid": 1372897774, "written_on": "Weight loss", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008427.pub2", "pmid": "22258985", "record_id": 30943, "paper_title": "Interventions for fatigue and weight loss in adults with advanced progressive illness (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Characteristics", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It is generally regarded as a medical problem when at least 10% of a person's body weight has been lost in six months or 5% in the last month.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It is generally regarded as a medical problem when at least 10% of a person's body weight has been lost in six months or 5% in the last month.", "reason": "These are background clinical thresholds, not findings of this overview of interventions; the other clinical and nutrition references plausibly support them.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a7d5f83e5e4e27c0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Payne 2012", "marker": "[62]", "others": [ "National Cancer Institute (November 2011). \"Nutrition in cancer care (PDQ)\". Physician Data Query. National Cancer Institute. PMID 26389293. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.", "Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Nutrition Services for Medicare Beneficiaries (9 June 2000). The role of nutrition in maintaining health in the nation's elderly: evaluating coverage of nutrition services for the Medicare population. National Academies Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-309-06846-8." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 400199 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 192.46666666666667, "severity": 0.09623333333333334, "rank": 384 }, { "id": "sha256:45f13704d3f5c112", "key": "RW-30943 / 400199 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372897774 } ], "first_seen": 1372897774, "last_checked": 1372897774, "page_id": 400199, "revid": 1372897774, "written_on": "Weight loss", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008427.pub2", "pmid": "22258985", "record_id": 30943, "paper_title": "Interventions for fatigue and weight loss in adults with advanced progressive illness (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Characteristics", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Poor nutrient utilization can lead to weight loss, and can be caused by fistulae in the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, drug-nutrient interaction, enzyme depletion and muscle atrophy.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Poor nutrient utilization can lead to weight loss, and can be caused by fistulae in the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, drug-nutrient interaction, enzyme depletion and muscle atrophy.", "reason": "This describes background causes of weight loss rather than findings about intervention efficacy from the retracted overview.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.91, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a7d5f83e5e4e27c0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Payne 2012", "marker": "[62]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 400199 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 192.46666666666667, "severity": 0.09623333333333334, "rank": 385 }, { "id": "sha256:00bf3f5b25fb8ca8", "key": "RW-30943 / 400199 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372897774 } ], "first_seen": 1372897774, "last_checked": 1372897774, "page_id": 400199, "revid": 1372897774, "written_on": "Weight loss", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008427.pub2", "pmid": "22258985", "record_id": 30943, "paper_title": "Interventions for fatigue and weight loss in adults with advanced progressive illness (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Characteristics", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Symptoms of weight loss from ACS include severe weight loss from muscle rather than body fat, loss of appetite and feeling full after eating small amounts, nausea, anemia, weakness and fatigue.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Symptoms of weight loss from ACS include severe weight loss from muscle rather than body fat, loss of appetite and feeling full after eating small amounts, nausea, anemia, weakness and fatigue.", "reason": "This symptom description is clinical background, not a finding of the overview's assessment of interventions.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.92, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a7d5f83e5e4e27c0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Payne 2012", "marker": "[62]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 400199 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 192.46666666666667, "severity": 0.09623333333333334, "rank": 386 }, { "id": "sha256:450c6fb285ea3c25", "key": "RW-30943 / 400199 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372897774 } ], "first_seen": 1372897774, "last_checked": 1372897774, "page_id": 400199, "revid": 1372897774, "written_on": "Weight loss", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008427.pub2", "pmid": "22258985", "record_id": 30943, "paper_title": "Interventions for fatigue and weight loss in adults with advanced progressive illness (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Disease-related", "where": "list", "text": "Oral, taste or dental problems (including infections) can reduce nutrient intake leading to weight loss.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Oral, taste or dental problems (including infections) can reduce nutrient intake leading to weight loss.", "reason": "This is a background explanation of reduced intake, not a result of the overview of interventions for advanced illness.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a7d5f83e5e4e27c0", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "Payne 2012", "marker": "[62]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 400199 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 192.46666666666667, "severity": 0.09623333333333334, "rank": 387 }, { "id": "sha256:03903f1e82074238", "key": "RW-30943 / 400199 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372897774 } ], "first_seen": 1372897774, "last_checked": 1372897774, "page_id": 400199, "revid": 1372897774, "written_on": "Weight loss", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008427.pub2", "pmid": "22258985", "record_id": 30943, "paper_title": "Interventions for fatigue and weight loss in adults with advanced progressive illness (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Social conditions", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Nutrient intake can also be affected by culture, family and belief systems.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Nutrient intake can also be affected by culture, family and belief systems.", "reason": "This general contextual statement does not report a finding of the overview's intervention assessment.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a7d5f83e5e4e27c0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Payne 2012", "marker": "[62]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 400199 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 192.46666666666667, "severity": 0.09623333333333334, "rank": 388 }, { "id": "sha256:7f4f9d76a78f1209", "key": "RW-30943 / 400199 / #7", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372897774 } ], "first_seen": 1372897774, "last_checked": 1372897774, "page_id": 400199, "revid": 1372897774, "written_on": "Weight loss", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008427.pub2", "pmid": "22258985", "record_id": 30943, "paper_title": "Interventions for fatigue and weight loss in adults with advanced progressive illness (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Social conditions", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Ill-fitting dentures and other dental or oral health problems can also affect adequacy of nutrition.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Ill-fitting dentures and other dental or oral health problems can also affect adequacy of nutrition.", "reason": "This describes a background contributor to inadequate nutrition rather than an intervention finding of the retracted overview.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a7d5f83e5e4e27c0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Payne 2012", "marker": "[62]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 400199 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 192.46666666666667, "severity": 0.09623333333333334, "rank": 389 }, { "id": "sha256:a108cfb6b1541824", "key": "RW-30943 / 400199 / #8", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372897774 } ], "first_seen": 1372897774, "last_checked": 1372897774, "page_id": 400199, "revid": 1372897774, "written_on": "Weight loss", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008427.pub2", "pmid": "22258985", "record_id": 30943, "paper_title": "Interventions for fatigue and weight loss in adults with advanced progressive illness (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Social conditions", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Loss of hope, status or social contact and spiritual distress can cause depression, which may be associated with reduced nutrition, as can fatigue.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Loss of hope, status or social contact and spiritual distress can cause depression, which may be associated with reduced nutrition, as can fatigue.", "reason": "These background associations concern causes of reduced nutrition, not the overview's findings about efficacy of fatigue or weight-loss interventions.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a7d5f83e5e4e27c0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Payne 2012", "marker": "[62]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 400199 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 192.46666666666667, "severity": 0.09623333333333334, "rank": 390 }, { "id": "sha256:4e8f76453e4e9ce7", "key": "RW-194 / 173905 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372698426 } ], "first_seen": 1372698426, "last_checked": 1372698426, "page_id": 173905, "revid": 1372698426, "written_on": "David Baltimore", "doi": "10.1016/0092-8674(86)90389-2", "pmid": "3084104", "record_id": 194, "paper_title": "Altered Repertoire of Endogenous Immunoglobulin Gene Expression in Transgenic Mice Containing a Rearranged mu Heavy Chain Gene", "cited": true, "section": "Imanishi-Kari case", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 1986, while a professor of biology at MIT and director at Whitehead, Baltimore co-authored a scientific paper on immunology with Thereza Imanishi-Kari (an assistant professor of biology who had her own laboratory at MIT) as well as four others.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 1986, while a professor of biology at MIT and director at Whitehead, Baltimore co-authored a scientific paper on immunology with Thereza Imanishi-Kari (an assistant professor of biology who had her own laboratory at MIT) as well as four others.", "reason": "This identifies the paper and its authors in a history of the controversy, without stating or relying on its scientific findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A postdoctoral fellow in Imanishi-Kari's laboratory, Margot O'Toole, who was not an author, reported concerns about the paper, ultimately accusing Imanishi-Kari of fabricating data in a cover-up.", "section": "Imanishi-Kari case", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Baltimore and three co-authors then retracted the paper; however, Imanishi-Kari and Moema H. Reis did not sign the retraction.", "section": "Imanishi-Kari case", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "It did conclude that \"The Cell paper as a whole is rife with errors of all sorts ... [including] some which, despite all these years and layers of review, have never previously been pointed out or corrected. Responsibility ... must be shared by all participants.\"", "section": "Imanishi-Kari case", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:7ccd1518485b1e93", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[90]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 173905 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 95.16666666666667, "severity": 0.09516666666666668, "rank": 391 }, { "id": "sha256:36a2e6ec3bd476be", "key": "RW-5674 / 46460303 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1361323214 } ], "first_seen": 1361323214, "last_checked": 1361323214, "page_id": 46460303, "revid": 1361323214, "written_on": "Lymphocyte expansion molecule", "doi": "10.1126/science.aaa7516", "pmid": "25883318", "record_id": 5674, "paper_title": "The protein LEM promotes CD8+ T cell immunity through effects on mitochondrial respiration", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "The protein was considered responsible for an increased production of T cells in mice. The protein was believed to be a potential target for drug discovery. Scientists at Imperial College planned a gene therapy based on this protein.", "verdict": "yes", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The protein was considered responsible for an increased production of T cells in mice. The protein was believed to be a potential target for drug discovery. Scientists at Imperial College planned a gene therapy based on this protein.", "reason": "This separate paragraph repeats the paper's T-cell expansion finding and therapeutic implications without a local retraction warning; an editor should check whether its own sources independently support the claims and reported plans.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "yes", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.92, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The original paper however has since been retracted upon recommendation of Imperial College's investigators due to concerns about duplication of data.", "section": "", "position": "opening" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Manipulation of Images", "Misconduct by Author" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:1ee61d09d5f87fd7", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 46460303 ], "group": "2", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 0.36666666666666664, "severity": 0.09166666666666666, "rank": 392 }, { "id": "sha256:0448d36d36a5c2ed", "key": "RW-1004 / 1962277 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376690909 } ], "first_seen": 1376690909, "last_checked": 1376690909, "page_id": 1962277, "revid": 1376690909, "written_on": "Hwang Woo-suk", "doi": "10.1126/science.1094515", "pmid": "14963337", "record_id": 1004, "paper_title": "Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Hwang was best known for two articles published in the journal Science in 2004 and 2005, where he reported he had succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning. However, soon after the first paper was released, an article in the journal Nature accused Hwang of having committed ethical violations by using eggs from his graduate students and from the black market. Although he denied the charges at first, Hwang admitted the allegations were true in November 2005. Shortly after this, data from his human cloning experiments was revealed to have been falsified.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Hwang was best known for two articles published in the journal Science in 2004 and 2005, where he reported he had succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning.", "reason": "This summarizes the 2004 paper's central claim, but the same paragraph explicitly says the cloning data were falsified; an editor can check any local sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, he became infamous around November 2005 for fabricating a series of stem cell experiments that were published in high-profile journals in a case known as the Hwang affair.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Shortly after this, data from his human cloning experiments was revealed to have been falsified.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much of his stem cell research had been faked.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On the same day, CNN reported that the scientist in 2006 had admitted faking his findings after questions of impropriety had emerged.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The university announced on January 10, 2006, that Hwang's 2004 and 2005 papers in Science were both fabricated. Following on the confirmation of scientific misconduct, on January 11, Science unconditionally retracted both of Hwang's papers.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel stated that Hwang's 2004 Science paper was also fabricated", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel, in conclusion, stated that Hwang's team intentionally fabricated the data in both the 2004 and the 2005 papers, as described by Myung Hee Chung (Head of Seoul National University's investigation) and that it was an act of \"deception of the scientific community and the public at large\".", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "However, further examination of the cells' chromosomes shows the same indicators of parthenogenesis in those extracted stem cells as are found in the mice created by Tokyo scientists in 2004. Although Hwang deceived the world about being the first to create artificially cloned human embryos, he did contribute a major breakthrough to the field of stem cell research.", "section": "Parthenogenesis", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "when the fabricated cloning results were announced", "section": "Parthenogenesis", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After most of Hwang's claims were confirmed to be false on January 10, 2006, some lawmakers revealed that Hwang had made several campaign donations to them and other lawmakers.", "section": "Supporting lawmakers group", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:88773be28441b859", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1962277 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 87.8, "severity": 0.0878, "rank": 393 }, { "id": "sha256:ecc981eedd7ac195", "key": "RW-1004 / 1962277 / #7", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376690909 } ], "first_seen": 1376690909, "last_checked": 1376690909, "page_id": 1962277, "revid": 1376690909, "written_on": "Hwang Woo-suk", "doi": "10.1126/science.1094515", "pmid": "14963337", "record_id": 1004, "paper_title": "Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst", "cited": false, "section": "Parthenogenesis", "where": "", "text": "On August 2, 2007, after much independent investigation, it was revealed that Hwang's team succeeded in extracting cells from eggs that had undergone parthenogenesis. Hwang claimed he and his team had extracted stem cells from cloned human embryos. However, further examination of the cells' chromosomes shows the same indicators of parthenogenesis in those extracted stem cells as are found in the mice created by Tokyo scientists in 2004. Although Hwang deceived the world about being the first to create artificially cloned human embryos, he did contribute a major breakthrough to the field of stem cell research. The process may offer a way for creating stem cells that are genetically matched to a particular woman for the treatment of degenerative diseases.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Hwang claimed he and his team had extracted stem cells from cloned human embryos.", "reason": "This repeats the 2004 claim only to contrast it with independent evidence of parthenogenesis and explicitly identifies the cloning claim as deception.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, he became infamous around November 2005 for fabricating a series of stem cell experiments that were published in high-profile journals in a case known as the Hwang affair.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Shortly after this, data from his human cloning experiments was revealed to have been falsified.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much of his stem cell research had been faked.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On the same day, CNN reported that the scientist in 2006 had admitted faking his findings after questions of impropriety had emerged.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The university announced on January 10, 2006, that Hwang's 2004 and 2005 papers in Science were both fabricated. Following on the confirmation of scientific misconduct, on January 11, Science unconditionally retracted both of Hwang's papers.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "The panel stated that Hwang's 2004 Science paper was also fabricated", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "The panel, in conclusion, stated that Hwang's team intentionally fabricated the data in both the 2004 and the 2005 papers, as described by Myung Hee Chung (Head of Seoul National University's investigation) and that it was an act of \"deception of the scientific community and the public at large\".", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "However, further examination of the cells' chromosomes shows the same indicators of parthenogenesis in those extracted stem cells as are found in the mice created by Tokyo scientists in 2004. Although Hwang deceived the world about being the first to create artificially cloned human embryos, he did contribute a major breakthrough to the field of stem cell research.", "section": "Parthenogenesis", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "when the fabricated cloning results were announced", "section": "Parthenogenesis", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "After most of Hwang's claims were confirmed to be false on January 10, 2006, some lawmakers revealed that Hwang had made several campaign donations to them and other lawmakers.", "section": "Supporting lawmakers group", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:88773be28441b859", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1962277 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 87.8, "severity": 0.0878, "rank": 394 }, { "id": "sha256:9a7ee9ee315f7901", "key": "RW-1007 / 1962277 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376690909 } ], "first_seen": 1376690909, "last_checked": 1376690909, "page_id": 1962277, "revid": 1376690909, "written_on": "Hwang Woo-suk", "doi": "10.1126/science.1112286", "pmid": "15905366", "record_id": 1007, "paper_title": "Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Hwang was best known for two articles published in the journal Science in 2004 and 2005, where he reported he had succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning. However, soon after the first paper was released, an article in the journal Nature accused Hwang of having committed ethical violations by using eggs from his graduate students and from the black market. Although he denied the charges at first, Hwang admitted the allegations were true in November 2005. Shortly after this, data from his human cloning experiments was revealed to have been falsified.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Hwang was best known for two articles published in the journal Science in 2004 and 2005, where he reported he had succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning.", "reason": "This summarizes the claims of the two papers, including the targeted 2005 paper, but the same paragraph explicitly says the experimental data were falsified; an editor can check its historical sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, he became infamous around November 2005 for fabricating a series of stem cell experiments that were published in high-profile journals in a case known as the Hwang affair.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Shortly after this, data from his human cloning experiments was revealed to have been falsified.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much of his stem cell research had been faked.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On the same day, CNN reported that the scientist in 2006 had admitted faking his findings after questions of impropriety had emerged.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In mid-December, co-author of Hwang's papers came forward, telling the media that Hwang had confessed to fabricating evidence for nine of the eleven cell lines.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On December 29, 2005, the university determined that all 11 of Hwang's stem cell lines were fabricated. The university announced on January 10, 2006, that Hwang's 2004 and 2005 papers in Science were both fabricated. Following on the confirmation of scientific misconduct, on January 11, Science unconditionally retracted both of Hwang's papers.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On January 20, 2006, Hwang maintained that two of his 11 forged stem cell lines had been maliciously switched for cells from regular, not cloned, embryos.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Close scrutiny revealed that several of the photos of purportedly different cells were in fact photos of the same cell.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Researchers raised questions about striking similarities between the DNA profiles of the cloned cells. Then collaborator Gerald Schatten asked Science to remove his name from the paper, stating as a reason that there were \"allegations from someone involved with the experiments that certain elements of the report may be fabricated.\"", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The scandal took a dramatic turn on December 15, when Roh Sung-il, who had collaborated on the disputed paper, stated to media outlets that nine of those eleven lines had been faked; specifically, DNA tests illustrated that those nine lines shared identical DNA, implying that they had come from the same source. Roh stated that \"Professor Hwang admitted to fabrication\", and that he, Hwang, and another co-author had asked Science to withdraw the paper.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "He, however, acknowledged the falsifications of research data in the paper, attributing them to unrecoverable \"artificial mistakes\".", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "He maintained that at least nine of the eleven stem cell lines were fakes and that Hwang was simply untrustworthy.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Roh also told MBC television that Hwang had pressured a former scientist at his lab to fake data to make it look like there were 11 stem cell colonies. In a separate report, a former researcher told MBC that Hwang ordered him to fabricate photos to make it appear there were 11 separate colonies from only three.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "although he admitted to misconduct in his follow-up paper on patient-specific stem cells", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On December 23, the panel announced its initial finding that Hwang had intentionally fabricated stem cell research results creating nine fake cell lines out of eleven, and added that the validity of two remaining cell lines is yet to be confirmed.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Hwang's claim of having used only 185 eggs to create stem cell lines was also denied by the panel, which indicated that more eggs may have been used in the research process.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel announced additional findings on December 29, and confirmed that no patient-matched embryonic stem cells existed, and that Hwang's team did not have the scientific data to prove any of the stem cells had ever been made.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel found out that, contrary to Hwang's claim of having used 185 eggs for his team's 2005 paper, at least 273 eggs were shown to have been used according to research records kept in Hwang's lab.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "such a claim was incomprehensible when there were no data to prove any of the stem cells were ever made to begin with.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel, in conclusion, stated that Hwang's team intentionally fabricated the data in both the 2004 and the 2005 papers, as described by Myung Hee Chung (Head of Seoul National University's investigation) and that it was an act of \"deception of the scientific community and the public at large\".", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Also in 2005, Hwang received one billion won each in research funds from SK Group and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation based on his fabricated stem cell research results.", "section": "Indictment of Hwang and collaborators", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After most of Hwang's claims were confirmed to be false on January 10, 2006, some lawmakers revealed that Hwang had made several campaign donations to them and other lawmakers.", "section": "Supporting lawmakers group", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:fac6585ed813a8fa", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1962277 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 87.8, "severity": 0.0878, "rank": 395 }, { "id": "sha256:4b47600d43f23ffa", "key": "RW-1007 / 1962277 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376690909 } ], "first_seen": 1376690909, "last_checked": 1376690909, "page_id": 1962277, "revid": 1376690909, "written_on": "Hwang Woo-suk", "doi": "10.1126/science.1112286", "pmid": "15905366", "record_id": 1007, "paper_title": "Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts", "cited": false, "section": "Timeline", "where": "", "text": "Hwang made further headlines in May 2005 when he criticized U.S. President George W. Bush's policy on embryonic stem cell research. Also, Time magazine named Hwang one of its \"People Who Mattered 2004\", stating that Hwang \"has already proved that human cloning is no longer science fiction, but a fact of life.\"", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Also, Time magazine named Hwang one of its \"People Who Mattered 2004\", stating that Hwang \"has already proved that human cloning is no longer science fiction, but a fact of life.\"", "reason": "The assertion repeats the human-cloning claim associated with these papers, but the 2004 designation suggests it concerns the earlier paper rather than the targeted 2005 finding; an editor should check the Time source and chronology.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, he became infamous around November 2005 for fabricating a series of stem cell experiments that were published in high-profile journals in a case known as the Hwang affair.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Shortly after this, data from his human cloning experiments was revealed to have been falsified.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much of his stem cell research had been faked.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On the same day, CNN reported that the scientist in 2006 had admitted faking his findings after questions of impropriety had emerged.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In mid-December, co-author of Hwang's papers came forward, telling the media that Hwang had confessed to fabricating evidence for nine of the eleven cell lines.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On December 29, 2005, the university determined that all 11 of Hwang's stem cell lines were fabricated. The university announced on January 10, 2006, that Hwang's 2004 and 2005 papers in Science were both fabricated. Following on the confirmation of scientific misconduct, on January 11, Science unconditionally retracted both of Hwang's papers.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On January 20, 2006, Hwang maintained that two of his 11 forged stem cell lines had been maliciously switched for cells from regular, not cloned, embryos.", "section": "Timeline", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Close scrutiny revealed that several of the photos of purportedly different cells were in fact photos of the same cell.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Researchers raised questions about striking similarities between the DNA profiles of the cloned cells. Then collaborator Gerald Schatten asked Science to remove his name from the paper, stating as a reason that there were \"allegations from someone involved with the experiments that certain elements of the report may be fabricated.\"", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The scandal took a dramatic turn on December 15, when Roh Sung-il, who had collaborated on the disputed paper, stated to media outlets that nine of those eleven lines had been faked; specifically, DNA tests illustrated that those nine lines shared identical DNA, implying that they had come from the same source. Roh stated that \"Professor Hwang admitted to fabrication\", and that he, Hwang, and another co-author had asked Science to withdraw the paper.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "He, however, acknowledged the falsifications of research data in the paper, attributing them to unrecoverable \"artificial mistakes\".", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "He maintained that at least nine of the eleven stem cell lines were fakes and that Hwang was simply untrustworthy.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Roh also told MBC television that Hwang had pressured a former scientist at his lab to fake data to make it look like there were 11 stem cell colonies. In a separate report, a former researcher told MBC that Hwang ordered him to fabricate photos to make it appear there were 11 separate colonies from only three.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "although he admitted to misconduct in his follow-up paper on patient-specific stem cells", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On December 23, the panel announced its initial finding that Hwang had intentionally fabricated stem cell research results creating nine fake cell lines out of eleven, and added that the validity of two remaining cell lines is yet to be confirmed.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Hwang's claim of having used only 185 eggs to create stem cell lines was also denied by the panel, which indicated that more eggs may have been used in the research process.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel announced additional findings on December 29, and confirmed that no patient-matched embryonic stem cells existed, and that Hwang's team did not have the scientific data to prove any of the stem cells had ever been made.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel found out that, contrary to Hwang's claim of having used 185 eggs for his team's 2005 paper, at least 273 eggs were shown to have been used according to research records kept in Hwang's lab.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "such a claim was incomprehensible when there were no data to prove any of the stem cells were ever made to begin with.", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The panel, in conclusion, stated that Hwang's team intentionally fabricated the data in both the 2004 and the 2005 papers, as described by Myung Hee Chung (Head of Seoul National University's investigation) and that it was an act of \"deception of the scientific community and the public at large\".", "section": "Official probe and confirmation of fraud", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Also in 2005, Hwang received one billion won each in research funds from SK Group and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation based on his fabricated stem cell research results.", "section": "Indictment of Hwang and collaborators", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After most of Hwang's claims were confirmed to be false on January 10, 2006, some lawmakers revealed that Hwang had made several campaign donations to them and other lawmakers.", "section": "Supporting lawmakers group", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:fac6585ed813a8fa", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1962277 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 87.8, "severity": 0.0878, "rank": 396 }, { "id": "sha256:b8cb9d049978ffa7", "key": "RW-32404 / 5704220 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1368881437 } ], "first_seen": 1368881437, "last_checked": 1368881437, "page_id": 5704220, "revid": 1368881437, "written_on": "Hydrocolloid dressing", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd001103.pub2", "pmid": "16855958", "record_id": 32404, "paper_title": "Dressings for healing venous leg ulcers (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Uses", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In addition to treating abrasions, minor incisions and lacerations, and superficial puncture wounds, hydrocolloid dressings are used to cover skin-graft donor sites, burns, and cutaneous ulcers (including pressure ulcers or \"bed sores\", venous ulcers, and diabetic foot ulcers).", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "venous ulcers", "reason": "The paper supports venous ulcers as a use of hydrocolloid dressings as background, not as its comparative-healing finding; the other sources concern different wound types.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Retract and Replace", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f1bc1c80a2a04546", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Palfreyman et al. 2014", "marker": "[13]", "others": [ "Sinha, S.; Schreiner, A. J.; Biernaskie, J.; Nickerson, D.; Gabriel, V. A. (June 2017). \"Treating pain on skin graft donor sites: Review and clinical recommendations\". The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 83 (5): 954–964. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000001615. PMID 28598907. S2CID 44520644.", "Wasiak, J .; Cleland, H.; Campbell, F.; Spinks, A. (28 March 2013). \"Dressings for superficial and partial thickness burns\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (3) CD002106. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002106.pub4. hdl:10072/58266. PMC 7065523. PMID 23543513.", "Heyneman, Alexander; Beele, Hilde; Vanderwee, Katrien; Defloor, Tom (2008). \"A systematic review of the use of hydrocolloids in the treatment of pressure ulcers\". Journal of Clinical Nursing. 17 (9): 1164–1173. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02218.x. ISSN 1365-2702. PMID 18416792.", "Dumville, Jo C.; Deshpande, Sohan; O'Meara, Susan; Speak, Katharine (6 August 2013). \"Hydrocolloid dressings for healing diabetic foot ulcers\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (8) CD009099. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009099.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7111300. PMID 23922167." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 5704220 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 168.86666666666667, "severity": 0.08443333333333333, "rank": 397 }, { "id": "sha256:442cbb1d705e24f3", "key": "RW-51983 / 35299187 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372614421 } ], "first_seen": 1372614421, "last_checked": 1372614421, "page_id": 35299187, "revid": 1372614421, "written_on": "Frontiers Media", "doi": "10.3389/fcell.2023.1339390", "pmid": "", "record_id": 51983, "paper_title": "Cellular functions of spermatogonial stem cells in relation to JAK/STAT signaling pathway", "cited": true, "section": "Controversial articles", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A now-retracted 2024 paper published in Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology was criticized for having figures AI generated with Midjourney, described as featuring \"garbled text and a wildly incorrect diagram of a rat penis\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A now-retracted 2024 paper published in Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology was criticized for having figures AI generated with Midjourney, described as featuring \"garbled text and a wildly incorrect diagram of a rat penis\".", "reason": "This describes the paper's retraction and the controversy over its illustrations, rather than relying on its scientific findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A now-retracted 2024 paper published in Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology was criticized for having figures AI generated with Midjourney, described as featuring \"garbled text and a wildly incorrect diagram of a rat penis\".", "section": "Controversial articles", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Investigation by Third Party", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:70760d39212f6f03", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[70]", "others": [ "Pearson, Jordan (15 February 2024). \"Scientific Journal Publishes AI-Generated Rat with Gigantic Penis In Worrying Incident\". Vice Media. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.", "Mole, Beth (15 February 2024). \"Scientists aghast at bizarre AI rat with huge genitals in peer-reviewed article\". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 35299187 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 83.36666666666666, "severity": 0.08336666666666666, "rank": 398 }, { "id": "sha256:4c9b16c87b8c6945", "key": "RW-21620 / 35299187 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372614421 } ], "first_seen": 1372614421, "last_checked": 1372614421, "page_id": 35299187, "revid": 1372614421, "written_on": "Frontiers Media", "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2014.00154", "pmid": "25695040", "record_id": 21620, "paper_title": "Questioning the HIV-AIDS hypothesis: 30 years of dissent", "cited": true, "section": "Controversial articles", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It has since been retracted.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It has since been retracted.", "reason": "The paragraph describes the paper's publication history and explicitly reports its retraction; it does not endorse its HIV-denialist claims.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "It has since been retracted.", "section": "Controversial articles", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Objections by Third Party", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c99e16fa53b82958", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[62]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 35299187 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 83.36666666666666, "severity": 0.08336666666666666, "rank": 399 }, { "id": "sha256:5edad225ebe9853a", "key": "RW-4850 / 35299187 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372614421 } ], "first_seen": 1372614421, "last_checked": 1372614421, "page_id": 35299187, "revid": 1372614421, "written_on": "Frontiers Media", "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2016.00139", "pmid": "27433467", "record_id": 4850, "paper_title": "Human and Environmental Dangers Posed by Ongoing Global Tropospheric Aerosolized Particulates for Weather Modification.", "cited": true, "section": "Controversial articles", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In April 2013, Frontiers in Psychology retracted a controversial article linking climate change denialism and \"conspiracist ideation\"; the retraction was itself also controversial and led to the resignations of at least three editors.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In April 2013, Frontiers in Psychology retracted a controversial article linking climate change denialism and \"conspiracist ideation\"; the retraction was itself also controversial and led to the resignations of at least three editors.", "reason": "This describes the retraction of a different paper, not Herndon's aerosolized coal fly ash findings; the cited paper appears misplaced, while the Retraction Watch source plausibly supports the account.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:255532344fddb1fe", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[58]", "others": [ "\"Chief specialty editor resigns from Frontiers in wake of controversial retraction\". Retraction Watch. 9 April 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2015." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 35299187 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 83.36666666666666, "severity": 0.08336666666666666, "rank": 400 }, { "id": "sha256:0a7b12b4e419b673", "key": "RW-30818 / 12742560 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374900503 } ], "first_seen": 1374900503, "last_checked": 1374900503, "page_id": 12742560, "revid": 1374900503, "written_on": "Vitamin B12 deficiency", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd004326", "pmid": "12918014", "record_id": 30818, "paper_title": "Ear drops for the removal of ear wax", "cited": true, "section": "Cognitive decline", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A Cochrane review, analysing two studies, found no effect of vitamin B12 supplementation on the cognitive scores of older adults.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A Cochrane review, analysing two studies, found no effect of vitamin B12 supplementation on the cognitive scores of older adults.", "reason": "The cited review concerns ear-wax removal, not vitamin B12 or cognition; this appears to be a mismatched citation rather than reliance on its findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:64a0f67b10ad64e5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[91]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 12742560 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 324.1666666666667, "severity": 0.08104166666666668, "rank": 401 }, { "id": "sha256:df9f66151689b0fe", "key": "RW-30715 / 3007595 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1364268907 } ], "first_seen": 1364268907, "last_checked": 1364268907, "page_id": 3007595, "revid": 1364268907, "written_on": "A2 milk", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003498.pub3", "pmid": "18425890", "record_id": 30715, "paper_title": "Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder (Pub 3)", "cited": true, "section": "History", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In the 1980s, medical researchers began to explore whether some peptides (including peptides from casein) that are created during digestion might have negative or positive health effects.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In the 1980s, medical researchers began to explore whether some peptides (including peptides from casein) that are created during digestion might have negative or positive health effects.", "reason": "This describes the history of research, not the review's findings on autism diets; the EFSA review plausibly supports this background.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e22c8316a45fa331", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[8]", "others": [ "European Food Safety Authority (3 February 2009). \"Review of the potential health impact of β-casomorphins and related peptides\". EFSA Journal. 7 (2): 231r. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.231r." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 3007595 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 323.1333333333333, "severity": 0.08078333333333333, "rank": 402 }, { "id": "sha256:fb0c73cb8a7e0186", "key": "RW-66335 / 6277878 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369262250 } ], "first_seen": 1369262250, "last_checked": 1369262250, "page_id": 6277878, "revid": 1369262250, "written_on": "Open science", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Advantages", "where": "paragraph", "text": "An article published by a team of NASA astrobiologists in 2010 in Science reported a bacterium known as GFAJ-1 that could purportedly metabolize arsenic (unlike any previously known species of lifeform).", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "An article published by a team of NASA astrobiologists in 2010 in Science reported a bacterium known as GFAJ-1 that could purportedly metabolize arsenic (unlike any previously known species of lifeform).", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the study as an example of public scientific scrutiny and explicitly states that it was retracted, rather than endorsing its finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "University of British Columbia astrobiologist Rosie Redfield, one of the most vocal critics of the NASA team's research, also submitted a draft of a research report of a study that she and colleagues conducted which contradicted the NASA team's findings;", "section": "Advantages", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The paper was eventually retracted, 15 years later, on 24 August 2025.", "section": "Advantages", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:fff651a7a541ddec", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[75]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 6277878 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 78.73333333333333, "severity": 0.07873333333333334, "rank": 403 }, { "id": "sha256:7a55bf6320f84022", "key": "RW-34868 / 412286 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376217894 } ], "first_seen": 1376217894, "last_checked": 1376217894, "page_id": 412286, "revid": 1376217894, "written_on": "MoveOn", "doi": "10.37016/mr-2020-52", "pmid": "", "record_id": 34868, "paper_title": "Disinformation creep: ADOS and the strategic weaponization of breaking news", "cited": true, "section": "Criticism", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2020, several MoveOn staffers contributed to an article titled \"Disinformation creep: ADOS and the strategic weaponization of breaking news\" which incorrectly alleged that the subjects criticized in the article acted in ways that were \"anti-Black\", dismissive of the impact of COVID-19 on Black Americans, were tied to Russian disinformation efforts, and that they discouraged Black Americans from voting for Democratic candidates.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "which incorrectly alleged that the subjects criticized in the article acted in ways that were \"anti-Black\", dismissive of the impact of COVID-19 on Black Americans, were tied to Russian disinformation efforts, and that they discouraged Black Americans from voting for Democratic candidates.", "reason": "The paragraph explicitly labels the allegations incorrect and explains the paper's retraction, rather than presenting its findings as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "which incorrectly alleged that the subjects criticized in the article acted in ways that were \"anti-Black\", dismissive of the impact of COVID-19 on Black Americans, were tied to Russian disinformation efforts, and that they discouraged Black Americans from voting for Democratic candidates.", "section": "Criticism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The article was originally published in Harvard University's The Misinformation Review, but was retracted nearly a year later, after internal and external reviews found the article to have extensive misrepresentation of data and failure \"to meet professional standards of validity and reliability\".", "section": "Criticism", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Third Party", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6afac7781ccb686c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[95]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 412286 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 76.86666666666666, "severity": 0.07686666666666667, "rank": 404 }, { "id": "sha256:337b1fd4ca47e461", "key": "RW-16893 / 541927 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373064089 } ], "first_seen": 1373064089, "last_checked": 1373064089, "page_id": 541927, "revid": 1373064089, "written_on": "The BMJ", "doi": "10.1136/bmj.2.5914.335-a", "pmid": "4827125", "record_id": 16893, "paper_title": "Cello scrotum", "cited": true, "section": "Cello scrotum hoax article", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The case report was published in The BMJ, and although not widely cited, it was cited occasionally, often by sceptics, because, for example, \"when the cello is held in typical playing position, the body of the instrument is not near the scrotum.\"", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 1974, Elaine Murphy submitted a brief case report under her husband's name John which suggested a condition known as \"cello scrotum\", a fictional condition that supposedly affected male cellists.", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the report's claim as a fictional condition under a hoax heading, rather than presenting its finding as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Cello scrotum hoax article", "section": "Cello scrotum hoax article", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "a fictional condition that supposedly affected male cellists.", "section": "Cello scrotum hoax article", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "It was originally submitted as a joke", "section": "Cello scrotum hoax article", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2009, 35 years after the original case report was published, Murphy wrote a letter to The BMJ revealing that the report had been a hoax.", "section": "Cello scrotum hoax article", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:07314adb4878478f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "BMJ, Murphy, 1974", "marker": "[30]", "others": [ "Gambichler, Thilo; Boms, Stefanie; Freitag, Marcus (2004). \"Contact dermatitis and other skin conditions in instrumental musicians\". BMC Dermatology. 4 (4): 3. doi:10.1186/1471-5945-4-3. PMC 416484. PMID 15090069.", "Rimmer, Steve; Spielvogel, Richard L. (April 1990). \"Dermatologic problems of musicians\". J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology. 22 (4): 657–663. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(90)70093-W. PMID 2138638.", "Shapiro, Philip E. (1991). \"'Cello scrotum' questioned\". J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology. 24 (4): 665. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(08)80178-8. PMID 1827803. (in reference to Rimmer & Spielvogel 1990) Rimmer, Steve; Spielvogel, Richard L. (April 1990). \"Dermatologic problems of musicians\". J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology. 22 (4): 657–663. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(90)70093-W. PMID 2138638." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 541927 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 76.23333333333333, "severity": 0.07623333333333333, "rank": 405 }, { "id": "sha256:1511b56172a1aedc", "key": "RW-66335 / 545745 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377403310 } ], "first_seen": 1377403310, "last_checked": 1377403310, "page_id": 545745, "revid": 1377403310, "written_on": "Paul Davies", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Davies was a co-author with Felisa Wolfe-Simon on the 2011 Science article \"A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Davies was a co-author with Felisa Wolfe-Simon on the 2011 Science article \"A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus\".", "reason": "This identifies Davies's co-authorship rather than endorsing the finding, and the paragraph explicitly states that the article was retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article has been retracted.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Reports refuting the most significant aspects of the original results were published in the same journal in 2012.", "section": "Scientific research", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Following the publication of the articles challenging the conclusions of the original Science article first describing GFAJ-1, the website Retraction Watch argued that the original article should be retracted because of misrepresentation of critical data.", "section": "Scientific research", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "It was later independently demonstrated that the organism's DNA contained no arsenic at all.", "section": "Media work", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:23c10755d270adf2", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Science2", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 545745 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 75.76666666666667, "severity": 0.07576666666666666, "rank": 406 }, { "id": "sha256:73675281442768b0", "key": "RW-66335 / 545745 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377403310 } ], "first_seen": 1377403310, "last_checked": 1377403310, "page_id": 545745, "revid": 1377403310, "written_on": "Paul Davies", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Scientific research", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Davies was a co-author on the 2011 Science article \"A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Davies was a co-author on the 2011 Science article \"A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus\".", "reason": "This records co-authorship, while the paragraph explicitly describes refutation of the results and the article's retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article has been retracted.", "section": "Scientific research", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Reports refuting the most significant aspects of the original results were published in the same journal in 2012.", "section": "Scientific research", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Following the publication of the articles challenging the conclusions of the original Science article first describing GFAJ-1, the website Retraction Watch argued that the original article should be retracted because of misrepresentation of critical data.", "section": "Scientific research", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "It was later independently demonstrated that the organism's DNA contained no arsenic at all.", "section": "Media work", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:23c10755d270adf2", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Science2", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 545745 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 75.76666666666667, "severity": 0.07576666666666666, "rank": 407 }, { "id": "sha256:202e4daa8d7ebca3", "key": "RW-66335 / 545745 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377403310 } ], "first_seen": 1377403310, "last_checked": 1377403310, "page_id": 545745, "revid": 1377403310, "written_on": "Paul Davies", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": false, "section": "Media work", "where": "", "text": "Davies wrote an article in The Wall Street Journal describing the background to the December 2010 arsenic bacteria press conference and stating that he supported the finding of Felisa Wolfe-Simon that arsenic can replace phosphorus because \"I had the advantage of being unencumbered by knowledge. I dropped chemistry at the age of 16, and all I knew about arsenic came from Agatha Christie novels.\" He also made the statement, \"Well, I would be astonished if this was the only arsenic-based organism on Earth and Felisa just happened to scrape it up from the bottom of Mono Lake on the first try, It's quite clear that it is the tip of an iceberg. I think it's a window into a whole new world of microbiology. And as a matter of fact, she already has 20 or so candidate other organisms that we're very anxious to take a look at. I think we're going to see a whole new domain of life here.\" It was later independently demonstrated that the organism's DNA contained no arsenic at all. Concerns have been raised about his responsibility as one of Wolfe-Simon's co-authors.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Davies wrote an article in The Wall Street Journal describing the background to the December 2010 arsenic bacteria press conference and stating that he supported the finding of Felisa Wolfe-Simon that arsenic can replace phosphorus because \"I had the advantage of being unencumbered by knowledge. I dropped chemistry at the age of 16, and all I knew about arsenic came from Agatha Christie novels.\"", "reason": "This retells support for the retracted paper's arsenic-substitution claim, although the same paragraph explicitly refutes it; an editor should check its own sources for the historical account.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article has been retracted.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Reports refuting the most significant aspects of the original results were published in the same journal in 2012.", "section": "Scientific research", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Following the publication of the articles challenging the conclusions of the original Science article first describing GFAJ-1, the website Retraction Watch argued that the original article should be retracted because of misrepresentation of critical data.", "section": "Scientific research", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "It was later independently demonstrated that the organism's DNA contained no arsenic at all.", "section": "Media work", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:23c10755d270adf2", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 545745 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 75.76666666666667, "severity": 0.07576666666666666, "rank": 408 }, { "id": "sha256:6a35c8e88c76730c", "key": "RW-31670 / 239890 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372995871 } ], "first_seen": 1372995871, "last_checked": 1372995871, "page_id": 239890, "revid": 1372995871, "written_on": "Cleft lip and cleft palate", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006703.pub2", "pmid": "18254111", "record_id": 31670, "paper_title": "Interventions for the management of submucous cleft palate (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Speech", "where": "paragraph", "text": "VPI can cause hypernasality (excessive nasal resonance), hyponasality (reduced nasal resonance), or a mixed nasal resonance, which is when hypernasality and hyponasality occur simultaneously.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "VPI can cause hypernasality (excessive nasal resonance), hyponasality (reduced nasal resonance), or a mixed nasal resonance, which is when hypernasality and hyponasality occur simultaneously.", "reason": "This is background about VPI and speech, not the review's finding comparing surgical interventions; the abstract does not establish the full list of resonance effects, and the review was withdrawn as out of date.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2a2dbb46ebb6c71d", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[68]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 239890 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 296.46666666666664, "severity": 0.07411666666666666, "rank": 409 }, { "id": "sha256:b59fbb608fa98c9d", "key": "RW-63958 / 57838125 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378048764 } ], "first_seen": 1378048764, "last_checked": 1378048764, "page_id": 57838125, "revid": 1378048764, "written_on": "Tell el-Hammam", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-021-97778-3", "pmid": "34545151", "record_id": 63958, "paper_title": "A Tunguska sized airburst destroyed Tall el-Hammam a Middle Bronze Age city in the Jordan Valley near the Dead Sea", "cited": true, "section": "Discredited air burst claim", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In September 2021, a group of researchers sponsored by the Comet Research Group, including one member of the Trinity Southwest University excavation team, published a paper claiming that Tell el-Hammam was destroyed cataclysmically by an airburst.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In September 2021, a group of researchers sponsored by the Comet Research Group, including one member of the Trinity Southwest University excavation team, published a paper claiming that Tell el-Hammam was destroyed cataclysmically by an airburst.", "reason": "This reports the paper's airburst claim, but the section heading explicitly identifies that claim as discredited rather than presenting it as established.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Discredited air burst claim", "section": "Discredited air burst claim", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "This paper was widely criticized as pseudoscience, including by Mark Boslough, a physicist cited in the paper.", "section": "Discredited air burst claim", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Elisabeth Bik, an expert in investigating scientific misconduct, showed that the authors altered many of the images used as evidence.", "section": "Discredited air burst claim", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On February 15, 2023, the following editor's note was posted on this paper: \"Readers are alerted that concerns raised about the data presented and the conclusions of this article are being considered by the Editors. A further editorial response will follow the resolution of these issues.\"", "section": "Discredited air burst claim", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On April 24, 2025, Scientific Reports issued a formal retraction for the original study, citing errors in methodology, analysis, and data interpretation.", "section": "Discredited air burst claim", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Methods", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:7c199a4ea2744784", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[20]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 57838125 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 73.9, "severity": 0.07390000000000001, "rank": 410 }, { "id": "sha256:d04ade53f0b02c19", "key": "RW-26402 / 79274305 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371058698 } ], "first_seen": 1371058698, "last_checked": 1371058698, "page_id": 79274305, "revid": 1371058698, "written_on": "Majorana 1", "doi": "10.1038/nature26142", "pmid": "29590094", "record_id": 26402, "paper_title": "Quantized Majorana conductance", "cited": true, "section": "Controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Microsoft's quantum hardware has been the subject of controversy since its high-profile retracted article from Nature in 2018, and the announcement of Majorana 1 has generated both excitement and skepticism within the scientific community.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Microsoft's quantum hardware has been the subject of controversy since its high-profile retracted article from Nature in 2018", "reason": "This describes controversy surrounding the paper and explicitly identifies it as retracted, without relying on its scientific findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Microsoft's quantum hardware has been the subject of controversy since its high-profile retracted article from Nature in 2018", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The difficulty in distinguishing between Majorana modes and other topologically trivial possibilities like Andreev modes was also the source of the high-profile Nature retraction in 2018. In this article the authors, which were affiliated with Microsoft, claimed to have conclusive evidence of Majorana zero modes, but the data was shown to be entirely consistent with Andreev modes.", "section": "Claims of creating a Majorana zero mode", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:01ba9f89c6a5a499", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "zhang-2018", "marker": "[16]", "others": [ "Metz, Cade (2025-02-19). \"Microsoft Says It Has Created a New State of Matter to Power Quantum Computers\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-02-20.", "\"Microsoft Claims Quantum Breakthrough with Majorana 1 but Experts Aren't Convinced\". CTOL digital. Retrieved 2025-02-20." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 79274305 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 71.2, "severity": 0.0712, "rank": 411 }, { "id": "sha256:4d9e31b14e29ecfe", "key": "RW-26402 / 79274305 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371058698 } ], "first_seen": 1371058698, "last_checked": 1371058698, "page_id": 79274305, "revid": 1371058698, "written_on": "Majorana 1", "doi": "10.1038/nature26142", "pmid": "29590094", "record_id": 26402, "paper_title": "Quantized Majorana conductance", "cited": true, "section": "Claims of creating a Majorana zero mode", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The difficulty in distinguishing between Majorana modes and other topologically trivial possibilities like Andreev modes was also the source of the high-profile Nature retraction in 2018.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In this article the authors, which were affiliated with Microsoft, claimed to have conclusive evidence of Majorana zero modes, but the data was shown to be entirely consistent with Andreev modes.", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the paper's claim while explicitly describing its retraction and the failure of the evidence to distinguish Majorana modes.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Microsoft's quantum hardware has been the subject of controversy since its high-profile retracted article from Nature in 2018", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The difficulty in distinguishing between Majorana modes and other topologically trivial possibilities like Andreev modes was also the source of the high-profile Nature retraction in 2018. In this article the authors, which were affiliated with Microsoft, claimed to have conclusive evidence of Majorana zero modes, but the data was shown to be entirely consistent with Andreev modes.", "section": "Claims of creating a Majorana zero mode", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:01ba9f89c6a5a499", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "zhang-2018", "marker": "[16]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 79274305 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 71.2, "severity": 0.0712, "rank": 412 }, { "id": "sha256:c3c18ed91a057597", "key": "RW-3604 / 8273958 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378246392 } ], "first_seen": 1378246392, "last_checked": 1378246392, "page_id": 8273958, "revid": 1378246392, "written_on": "Genetically modified food controversies", "doi": "10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.005", "pmid": "22999595", "record_id": 3604, "paper_title": "Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize", "cited": true, "section": "Séralini affair", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2012, Séralini's lab published a paper that considered the long-term effects of feeding rats various levels of GM glyphosate-resistant maize, conventional glyphosate-treated maize, and a mixture of the two strains.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2012, Séralini's lab published a paper that considered the long-term effects of feeding rats various levels of GM glyphosate-resistant maize, conventional glyphosate-treated maize, and a mixture of the two strains.", "reason": "This describes the study's publication and scope rather than endorsing its results; the same paragraph explicitly reports its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "National food safety and regulatory agencies also reviewed the paper and dismissed it.", "section": "Séralini affair", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In November 2013, the editors of Food and Chemical Toxicology retracted the paper.", "section": "Séralini affair", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Complaints about Author", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a9aa77b8ad044ebf", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Seralini2012", "marker": "[253]", "others": [ "Allen K (November 28, 2013). \"Science journal retracts French study on GM foods\". Toronto Star. Retrieved November 28, 2013.", "\"Elsevier Announces Article Retraction from Journal Food and Chemical Toxicology\". Elsevier. Retrieved November 29, 2013." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 8273958 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 69.6, "severity": 0.0696, "rank": 413 }, { "id": "sha256:087f89445ab77588", "key": "RW-3604 / 8273958 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378246392 } ], "first_seen": 1378246392, "last_checked": 1378246392, "page_id": 8273958, "revid": 1378246392, "written_on": "Genetically modified food controversies", "doi": "10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.005", "pmid": "22999595", "record_id": 3604, "paper_title": "Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize", "cited": true, "section": "Séralini affair", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The paper concluded that rats fed the modified maize had severe health problems, including liver and kidney damage and large tumors.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The paper concluded that rats fed the modified maize had severe health problems, including liver and kidney damage and large tumors.", "reason": "The finding is reported as part of the study's history, and the same paragraph explicitly states that the paper was retracted and dismissed by regulatory agencies.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "National food safety and regulatory agencies also reviewed the paper and dismissed it.", "section": "Séralini affair", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In November 2013, the editors of Food and Chemical Toxicology retracted the paper.", "section": "Séralini affair", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Complaints about Author", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a9aa77b8ad044ebf", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Seralini2012", "marker": "[253]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 8273958 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 69.6, "severity": 0.0696, "rank": 414 }, { "id": "sha256:627dc79e3e66ea84", "key": "RW-5906 / 8273958 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378246392 } ], "first_seen": 1378246392, "last_checked": 1378246392, "page_id": 8273958, "revid": 1378246392, "written_on": "Genetically modified food controversies", "doi": "10.1017/s1751731110000728", "pmid": "22445119", "record_id": 5906, "paper_title": "Fate of transgenic DNA and evaluation of metabolic effects in goats fed genetically modified soybean and in their offsprings", "cited": true, "section": "Alleged data manipulation", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A second paper was retracted in March 2016 after The University of Naples concluded that \"multiple heterogeneities were likely attributable to digital manipulation, raising serious doubts on the reliability of the findings\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The research concluded that mother goats fed GM soybean meal secreted fragments of the foreign gene in their milk.", "reason": "This reports the paper's transgenic-DNA finding within a paragraph that explicitly explains its retraction and unreliable findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A University of Naples investigation suggested that images in eight papers on animals were intentionally altered and/or misused.", "section": "Alleged data manipulation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "A second paper was retracted in March 2016 after The University of Naples concluded that \"multiple heterogeneities were likely attributable to digital manipulation, raising serious doubts on the reliability of 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"paper_title": "Genetic Signatures of Exceptional Longevity in Humans", "cited": true, "section": "Limitations", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A high-profile GWA study that investigated individuals with very long life spans to identify SNPs associated with longevity is an example of this.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A high-profile GWA study that investigated individuals with very long life spans to identify SNPs associated with longevity is an example of this.", "reason": "This describes the study as an example of methodological problems; the same paragraph explicitly identifies its associations as false and says it was retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The publication came under scrutiny because of a discrepancy between the type of genotyping array in the case and control group, which caused several SNPs to be falsely highlighted as associated with longevity.", "section": "Limitations", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The study was subsequently retracted, but a modified manuscript was later published.", "section": "Limitations", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:996d17cff69c75ab", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid20595579", "marker": "[73]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 11808249 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 66.96666666666667, "severity": 0.06696666666666667, "rank": 416 }, { "id": "sha256:20ee1a352226f13c", "key": "RW-5657 / 27419466 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360216434 } ], "first_seen": 1360216434, "last_checked": 1360216434, "page_id": 27419466, "revid": 1360216434, "written_on": "Judy Mikovits", "doi": 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/ 27419466 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360216434 } ], "first_seen": 1360216434, "last_checked": 1360216434, "page_id": 27419466, "revid": 1360216434, "written_on": "Judy Mikovits", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1006901107", "pmid": "20798047", "record_id": 5657, "paper_title": "Detection of MLV-related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Judy Anne Mikovits (born April 1, 1958) is an American former research scientist who has made discredited medical claims, such as that murine endogenous retroviruses are found in blood samples of most patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). As an outgrowth of these claims, she has engaged in anti-vaccination activism, promoted conspiracy theories, and been accused of scientific misconduct. She has made false claims about vaccines, COVID-19, and ME/CFS, among others.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Judy Anne Mikovits (born April 1, 1958) is an American former research scientist who has made discredited medical claims, such as that murine endogenous retroviruses are found in blood samples of most patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).", "reason": "The reference to murine endogenous retroviruses in most patients echoes Lo and colleagues' finding, rather than the narrower XMRV finding; an editor should check the lead's sources, but the sentence already labels the claim discredited.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Judy Anne Mikovits (born April 1, 1958) is an American former research scientist who has made discredited medical claims, such as that murine endogenous retroviruses are found in blood samples of most patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "This paper was also later retracted by the authors.", "section": "XMRV and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Results Not Reproducible" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6c3970c5e7a75758", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 27419466 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 64.06666666666666, "severity": 0.06406666666666666, "rank": 418 }, { "id": "sha256:ebb5d8c1c817f8c1", "key": "RW-492 / 27419466 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360216434 } ], "first_seen": 1360216434, "last_checked": 1360216434, "page_id": 27419466, "revid": 1360216434, "written_on": "Judy Mikovits", "doi": "10.1126/science.1179052", "pmid": "19815723", "record_id": 492, "paper_title": "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Judy Anne Mikovits (born April 1, 1958) is an American former research scientist who has made discredited medical claims, such as that murine endogenous retroviruses are found in blood samples of most patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). As an outgrowth of these claims, she has engaged in anti-vaccination activism, promoted conspiracy theories, and been accused of scientific misconduct. She has made false claims about vaccines, COVID-19, and ME/CFS, among others.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Judy Anne Mikovits (born April 1, 1958) is an American former research scientist who has made discredited medical claims, such as that murine endogenous retroviruses are found in blood samples of most patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).", "reason": "This summarizes the paper's majority-positive blood-sample finding but explicitly calls it discredited; an editor should check the paragraph's own sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [ { "quote": "has made discredited medical claims, such as that murine endogenous retroviruses are found in blood samples of most patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "However, following widespread criticism, the paper was retracted on December 22, 2011, by the journal Science.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Two of the original authors of this paper subsequently reanalyzed the samples used in the research and found that the samples were contaminated with XMRV plasmid DNA, leading them to publish a partial retraction of their original results. In December 2011, after a request by Silverman, the editors of Science retracted the paper in its entirety.", "section": "XMRV and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Contamination of Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:7b689c07130b6321", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 27419466 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 64.06666666666666, "severity": 0.06406666666666666, "rank": 419 }, { "id": "sha256:c3d1fec6393ee096", "key": "RW-492 / 27419466 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360216434 } ], "first_seen": 1360216434, "last_checked": 1360216434, "page_id": 27419466, "revid": 1360216434, "written_on": "Judy Mikovits", "doi": "10.1126/science.1179052", "pmid": "19815723", "record_id": 492, "paper_title": "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "As research director of CFS research organization Whittemore Peterson Institute (WPI) from 2006 to 2011, Mikovits led an effort that reported in 2009 that a retrovirus known as xenotropic murine leukemia virus–related virus (XMRV) was associated with CFS and might have a causal role. However, following widespread criticism, the paper was retracted on December 22, 2011, by the journal Science. In November 2011, she was arrested and held on charges that she stole laboratory notebooks and a computer from WPI, but she was released after five days and the charges were later dropped.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "As research director of CFS research organization Whittemore Peterson Institute (WPI) from 2006 to 2011, Mikovits led an effort that reported in 2009 that a retrovirus known as xenotropic murine leukemia virus–related virus (XMRV) was associated with CFS and might have a causal role.", "reason": "This retells the paper's association and possible causal role, but the same paragraph explicitly identifies its retraction; an editor should check the paragraph's own sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "has made discredited medical claims, such as that murine endogenous retroviruses are found in blood samples of most patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "However, following widespread criticism, the paper was retracted on December 22, 2011, by the journal Science.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Two of the original authors of this paper subsequently reanalyzed the samples used in the research and found that the samples were contaminated with XMRV plasmid DNA, leading them to publish a partial retraction of their original results. In December 2011, after a request by Silverman, the editors of Science retracted the paper in its entirety.", "section": "XMRV and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Contamination of Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:7b689c07130b6321", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 27419466 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 64.06666666666666, "severity": 0.06406666666666666, "rank": 420 }, { "id": "sha256:14463d226b4bd51e", "key": "RW-492 / 27419466 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360216434 } ], "first_seen": 1360216434, "last_checked": 1360216434, "page_id": 27419466, "revid": 1360216434, "written_on": "Judy Mikovits", "doi": "10.1126/science.1179052", "pmid": "19815723", "record_id": 492, "paper_title": "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "cited": false, "section": "XMRV and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome", "where": "", "text": "Lo and Alter, in their 2010 paper titled \"Detection of MLV-related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors\", stated \"Although we find evidence of a broader group of MLV-related viruses, rather than just XMRV, in patients with CFS and healthy blood donors, our results clearly support the central argument by Lombardi et al. that MLV-related viruses are associated with CFS and are present in some blood donors.\" This paper was also later retracted by the authors.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Lo and Alter, in their 2010 paper titled \"Detection of MLV-related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors\", stated \"Although we find evidence of a broader group of MLV-related viruses, rather than just XMRV, in patients with CFS and healthy blood donors, our results clearly support the central argument by Lombardi et al. that MLV-related viruses are associated with CFS and are present in some blood donors.\"", "reason": "The quotation explicitly repeats Lombardi et al.'s central finding, although through another paper that this paragraph also identifies as retracted; an editor should check its own sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [ { "quote": "has made discredited medical claims, such as that murine endogenous retroviruses are found in blood samples of most patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "However, following widespread criticism, the paper was retracted on December 22, 2011, by the journal Science.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Two of the original authors of this paper subsequently reanalyzed the samples used in the research and found that the samples were contaminated with XMRV plasmid DNA, leading them to publish a partial retraction of their original results. In December 2011, after a request by Silverman, the editors of Science retracted the paper in its entirety.", "section": "XMRV and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Contamination of Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:7b689c07130b6321", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 27419466 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 64.06666666666666, "severity": 0.06406666666666666, "rank": 421 }, { "id": "sha256:0fc30da20a020736", "key": "RW-492 / 63888997 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1343556402 } ], "first_seen": 1343556402, "last_checked": 1343556402, "page_id": 63888997, "revid": 1343556402, "written_on": "Plandemic", "doi": "10.1126/science.1179052", "pmid": "19815723", "record_id": 492, "paper_title": "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "cited": true, "section": "Background", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Judy Anne Mikovits is a former American research scientist who is known for her discredited medical claims, such as the claim murine endogenous retroviruses are linked to chronic fatigue syndrome.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Judy Anne Mikovits is a former American research scientist who is known for her discredited medical claims, such as the claim murine endogenous retroviruses are linked to chronic fatigue syndrome.", "reason": "The sentence explicitly identifies the retrovirus–chronic fatigue syndrome claim as discredited rather than presenting the paper's finding as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Judy Anne Mikovits is a former American research scientist who is known for her discredited medical claims, such as the claim murine endogenous retroviruses are linked to chronic fatigue syndrome.", "section": "Background", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "That Mikovits's article on Science \"revealed that the common use of animal and human fetal tissues was unleashing devastating plagues of chronic diseases\", which the article does not say.", "section": "Fact-checking responses", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Contamination of Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e6710dc345311dd1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid19815723", "marker": "[9]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 63888997 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 57.96666666666667, "severity": 0.057966666666666666, "rank": 422 }, { "id": "sha256:ade146df148ddd37", "key": "RW-54280 / 26871735 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372000981 } ], "first_seen": 1372000981, "last_checked": 1372000981, "page_id": 26871735, "revid": 1372000981, "written_on": "Thomas C. Südhof", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2300363120", "pmid": "36961922", "record_id": 54280, "paper_title": "Neurexin-2 restricts synapse numbers and restrains the presynaptic release probability by an alternative splicing-dependent mechanism", "cited": true, "section": "Science Integrity and PubPeer", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Südhof has retracted two papers, a 2017 paper in Neuron and a 2023 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Südhof has retracted two papers, a 2017 paper in Neuron and a 2023 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.", "reason": "This reports the paper's retraction, not its findings about neurexin-2, synapse numbers or release probability.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Südhof has retracted two papers, a 2017 paper in Neuron and a 2023 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.", "section": "Science Integrity and PubPeer", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Error in Data", "Error in Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:51fd47fe274b4406", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[18]", "others": [ "Chen, Lulu Y.; Jiang, Man; Zhang, Bo; Gokce, Ozgun; Südhof, Thomas C. (February 19, 2025). \"Retraction Notice to: Conditional Deletion of All Neurexins Defines Diversity of Essential Synaptic Organizer Functions for Neurexins\". Neuron. 113 (4): 638. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.01.026. ISSN 0896-6273.", "ELSE, HOLLY (2024). \"Nobel-winning neuroscientist faces scrutiny for data discrepancies in more than a dozen papers\".", "Travis, Kate (February 14, 2025). \"ICYMI: Second paper by Nobel laureate Thomas Südhof retracted\". Retraction Watch. Retrieved December 13, 2025." ], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 26871735 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 55.96666666666667, "severity": 0.05596666666666667, "rank": 423 }, { "id": "sha256:054d3805c40e0fc9", "key": "RW-2392 / 28377060 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377563909 } ], "first_seen": 1377563909, "last_checked": 1377563909, "page_id": 28377060, "revid": 1377563909, "written_on": "Hinkley groundwater contamination", "doi": "10.1097/00043764-199704000-00008", "pmid": "9113601", "record_id": 2392, "paper_title": "Cancer mortality in a Chinese population exposed to hexavalent chromium in water", "cited": true, "section": "History", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 1997, an article was published in which Zhang retracted his 1987 research.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 1997, an article was published in which Zhang retracted his 1987 research.", "reason": "This describes the publication and its relationship to the earlier study, rather than relying on its cancer-mortality finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The report cited the 1987 Zhang article and its retracted 1997 version.", "section": "History", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2006, the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine conducted a six-month internal review of the 1997 retraction. Although Zhang had died by the time the JOEM made its investigation, his co-author agreed that the revised paper should be retracted. The retraction, written by JOEM editor Paul Brandt-Rauf, said:", "section": "Dennis Paustenbach", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "It has been brought to our attention that an article published in JOEM in the April 1997 issue by Zhang and Li failed to meet the journal's published editorial policy in effect at that time ... Specifically, financial and intellectual input to the paper by outside parties was not disclosed.", "section": "Dennis Paustenbach", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Breach of Policy by Author", "Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ee92d31f7ab0dc86", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Zhang_Li_1997", "marker": "[13]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 28377060 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 218.13333333333333, "severity": 0.05453333333333333, "rank": 424 }, { "id": "sha256:dca41a007c751214", "key": "RW-2392 / 28377060 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377563909 } ], "first_seen": 1377563909, "last_checked": 1377563909, "page_id": 28377060, "revid": 1377563909, "written_on": "Hinkley groundwater contamination", "doi": "10.1097/00043764-199704000-00008", "pmid": "9113601", "record_id": 2392, "paper_title": "Cancer mortality in a Chinese population exposed to hexavalent chromium in water", "cited": true, "section": "History", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It was published under Zhang's name (then a retired Chinese government health officer, and despite his written objection) and that of a second Chinese scientist, Shu Kun Li.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It was published under Zhang's name (then a retired Chinese government health officer, and despite his written objection) and that of a second Chinese scientist, Shu Kun Li.", "reason": "This concerns the paper's authorship and publication controversy, not the validity of its scientific result.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The report cited the 1987 Zhang article and its retracted 1997 version.", "section": "History", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2006, the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine conducted a six-month internal review of the 1997 retraction. Although Zhang had died by the time the JOEM made its investigation, his co-author agreed that the revised paper should be retracted. The retraction, written by JOEM editor Paul Brandt-Rauf, said:", "section": "Dennis Paustenbach", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "It has been brought to our attention that an article published in JOEM in the April 1997 issue by Zhang and Li failed to meet the journal's published editorial policy in effect at that time ... Specifically, financial and intellectual input to the paper by outside parties was not disclosed.", "section": "Dennis Paustenbach", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Breach of Policy by Author", "Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ee92d31f7ab0dc86", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Zhang_Li_1997", "marker": "[13]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 28377060 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 218.13333333333333, "severity": 0.05453333333333333, "rank": 425 }, { "id": "sha256:4d42ef696bfb763c", "key": "RW-2392 / 28377060 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377563909 } ], "first_seen": 1377563909, "last_checked": 1377563909, "page_id": 28377060, "revid": 1377563909, "written_on": "Hinkley groundwater contamination", "doi": "10.1097/00043764-199704000-00008", "pmid": "9113601", "record_id": 2392, "paper_title": "Cancer mortality in a Chinese population exposed to hexavalent chromium in water", "cited": true, "section": "History", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The report cited the 1987 Zhang article and its retracted 1997 version.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The report cited the 1987 Zhang article and its retracted 1997 version.", "reason": "This records the committee report's use of the paper and explicitly identifies the 1997 paper as retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The report cited the 1987 Zhang article and its retracted 1997 version.", "section": "History", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2006, the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine conducted a six-month internal review of the 1997 retraction. Although Zhang had died by the time the JOEM made its investigation, his co-author agreed that the revised paper should be retracted. The retraction, written by JOEM editor Paul Brandt-Rauf, said:", "section": "Dennis Paustenbach", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "It has been brought to our attention that an article published in JOEM in the April 1997 issue by Zhang and Li failed to meet the journal's published editorial policy in effect at that time ... Specifically, financial and intellectual input to the paper by outside parties was not disclosed.", "section": "Dennis Paustenbach", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Breach of Policy by Author", "Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ee92d31f7ab0dc86", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Zhang_Li_1997", "marker": "[13]", "others": [ "Zhang, Jian Dong; Li, XL (1987). \"Chromium pollution of soil and water in Jinzhou\". Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi (Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine). 21 (5): 262–64. PMID 3443034. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi translated from Chinese", "Waldman, Peter (June 2, 2006). \"Publication to Retract An Influential Water Study\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 13 April 2016.article ID SB113530126572230084" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 28377060 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 218.13333333333333, "severity": 0.05453333333333333, "rank": 426 }, { "id": "sha256:cd1261af4cc0c18d", "key": "RW-2392 / 28377060 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377563909 } ], "first_seen": 1377563909, "last_checked": 1377563909, "page_id": 28377060, "revid": 1377563909, "written_on": "Hinkley groundwater contamination", "doi": "10.1097/00043764-199704000-00008", "pmid": "9113601", "record_id": 2392, "paper_title": "Cancer mortality in a Chinese population exposed to hexavalent chromium in water", "cited": true, "section": "Dennis Paustenbach", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The EPA cited the article when it allowed the continued use of chromium in a wood preservative, and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry discounted chromium 6 as an oral carcinogen because of the revised study.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The EPA cited the article when it allowed the continued use of chromium in a wood preservative, and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry discounted chromium 6 as an oral carcinogen because of the revised study.", "reason": "This describes the paper's historical influence on agency decisions, rather than endorsing its conclusion about cancer risk.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The report cited the 1987 Zhang article and its retracted 1997 version.", "section": "History", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "In 2006, the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine conducted a six-month internal review of the 1997 retraction. Although Zhang had died by the time the JOEM made its investigation, his co-author agreed that the revised paper should be retracted. The retraction, written by JOEM editor Paul Brandt-Rauf, said:", "section": "Dennis Paustenbach", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "It has been brought to our attention that an article published in JOEM in the April 1997 issue by Zhang and Li failed to meet the journal's published editorial policy in effect at that time ... Specifically, financial and intellectual input to the paper by outside parties was not disclosed.", "section": "Dennis Paustenbach", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Breach of Policy by Author", "Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ee92d31f7ab0dc86", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Zhang_Li_1997", "marker": "[13]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 28377060 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 218.13333333333333, "severity": 0.05453333333333333, "rank": 427 }, { "id": "sha256:7a9d5b03fa132c3f", "key": "RW-4036 / 34903115 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374812229 } ], "first_seen": 1374812229, "last_checked": 1374812229, "page_id": 34903115, "revid": 1374812229, "written_on": "Autism in popular culture", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "MMR vaccine theory", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The MMR vaccine was the subject of controversy resulting from publication of a (now retracted) 1998 paper by Andrew Wakefield et al. In 2010, Wakefield's research was found by the General Medical Council to have been \"dishonest\"; the research was declared fraudulent in 2011 by The BMJ.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The MMR vaccine was the subject of controversy resulting from publication of a (now retracted) 1998 paper by Andrew Wakefield et al.", "reason": "This describes the paper's publication and controversy, explicitly noting its retraction, rather than relying on its findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The MMR vaccine was the subject of controversy resulting from publication of a (now retracted) 1998 paper by Andrew Wakefield et al. In 2010, Wakefield's research was found by the General Medical Council to have been \"dishonest\"; the research was declared fraudulent in 2011 by The BMJ.", "section": "MMR vaccine theory", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The original paper has received so much media attention, with such potential to damage public health, that it is hard to find a parallel in the history of medical science. Many other medical frauds have been exposed, but usually more quickly after publication and on less important health issues.", "section": "MMR vaccine theory", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The Lancet should not have published a study based on \"statistically meaningless results\" from only 12 cases", "section": "MMR vaccine theory", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "There is no guarantee that debunking the original study is going to sway all parents. Medical experts are going to have to work hard to try to undo the damage inflicted by what is apparently a rogue medical researcher whose work was inadequately vetted by a top-ranked international journal.", "section": "MMR vaccine theory", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:49d85a47f0c5d74f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "MMR", "marker": "[57]", "others": [ "Boseley, Sarah (28 January 2012). \"Andrew Wakefield found 'irresponsible' by GMC over MMR vaccine scare\". The Guardian (London).", "Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H (2011). \"Wakefield's article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent\". The BMJ. 342 c7452. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7452. PMID 21209060. S2CID 43640126." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 34903115 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 52.333333333333336, "severity": 0.052333333333333336, "rank": 428 }, { "id": "sha256:b167952538372278", "key": "RW-31677 / 30707 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002778.pub2", "pmid": "14973990", "record_id": 31677, "paper_title": "Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Definitions and terminology", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Sometimes, \"temporomandibular joint dysfunction\" is described as the most common form of temporomandibular disorder, whereas many other sources use the term 'temporomandibular disorder' synonymously, or instead of the term 'temporomandibular joint dysfunction'.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Sometimes, \"temporomandibular joint dysfunction\" is described as the most common form of temporomandibular disorder, whereas many other sources use the term 'temporomandibular disorder' synonymously, or instead of the term 'temporomandibular joint dysfunction'.", "reason": "This is terminology and background classification, not a finding about stabilization splint efficacy.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f78276d706555ef3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Al-Ani 2004", "marker": "[19]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 429 }, { "id": "sha256:74da649ac470d175", "key": "RW-31677 / 30707 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002778.pub2", "pmid": "14973990", "record_id": 31677, "paper_title": "Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Definitions and terminology", "where": "paragraph", "text": "For example, in the United Kingdom, the term 'pain dysfunction syndrome' is in common use.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "For example, in the United Kingdom, the term 'pain dysfunction syndrome' is in common use.", "reason": "The citation supports background terminology rather than the review's treatment findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f78276d706555ef3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Al-Ani 2004", "marker": "[19]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 430 }, { "id": "sha256:7ed3957804a2dc2b", "key": "RW-31677 / 30707 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002778.pub2", "pmid": "14973990", "record_id": 31677, "paper_title": "Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Signs and symptoms", "where": "list", "text": "Noises from the joint during mandibular movement, which may be intermittent. Joint noises may be described as clicking, popping, or crepitus (grating).", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Noises from the joint during mandibular movement, which may be intermittent. Joint noises may be described as clicking, popping, or crepitus (grating).", "reason": "These are general clinical symptoms, not findings of the splint review; the classification source and clinical textbooks plausibly support them.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f78276d706555ef3", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "Al-Ani 2004", "marker": "[19]", "others": [ "Mujakperuo HR, Watson M, Morrison R, Macfarlane TV (October 2010). \"Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (10) CD004715. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004715.pub2. PMID 20927737.", "\"Classification of Chronic Pain, Part II, B. Relatively Localized Syndromes of the Head and Neck; Group III: Craniofacial pain of musculoskeletal origin\". IASP. Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2013.", "Wassell R, Naru A, Steele J, Nohl F (2008). Applied occlusion. London: Quintessence. pp. 73–84. ISBN 978-1-85097-098-9.", "Manfredini D, Guarda-Nardini L, Winocur E, Piccotti F, Ahlberg J, Lobbezoo F (October 2011). \"Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review of axis I epidemiologic findings\" (PDF). Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 112 (4): 453–62. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.04.021. PMID 21835653.", "Wright EF (2013). Manual of temporomandibular disorders (3rd ed.). Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–15. ISBN 978-1-118-50269-3." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 431 }, { "id": "sha256:aa7eb047d4551e34", "key": "RW-31677 / 30707 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002778.pub2", "pmid": "14973990", "record_id": 31677, "paper_title": "Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Signs and symptoms", "where": "list", "text": "Headache (possibly), e.g. pain in the occipital region (the back of the head), or the forehead; or other types of facial pain including migraine, tension headache, or myofascial pain.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Headache (possibly), e.g. pain in the occipital region (the back of the head), or the forehead; or other types of facial pain including migraine, tension headache, or myofascial pain.", "reason": "This symptom description is background rather than a splint efficacy finding, and the accompanying clinical textbooks plausibly support it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f78276d706555ef3", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "Al-Ani 2004", "marker": "[19]", "others": [ "Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE (2002). Oral & maxillofacial pathology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 75–9. ISBN 978-0-7216-9003-2.", "Okeson JP (2003). Management of temporomandibular disorders and occlusion (5th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby. pp. 191, 204, 233, 234, 227. ISBN 978-0-323-01477-9." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 432 }, { "id": "sha256:2ebb961665540eb9", "key": "RW-31677 / 30707 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002778.pub2", "pmid": "14973990", "record_id": 31677, "paper_title": "Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Causes", "where": "paragraph", "text": "TMD is a symptom complex (i.e. a group of symptoms occurring together and characterizing a particular disease), which is thought to be caused by multiple, poorly understood factors, but the exact etiology is unknown.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "TMD is a symptom complex (i.e. a group of symptoms occurring together and characterizing a particular disease), which is thought to be caused by multiple, poorly understood factors, but the exact etiology is unknown.", "reason": "Multifactorial etiology is background in the review, not its own finding; the other medical sources plausibly support the claim.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f78276d706555ef3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Al-Ani 2004", "marker": "[19]", "others": [ "Scully C (2008). Oral and maxillofacial medicine: the basis of diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 8, 14, 30, 31, 33, 101, 104, 106, 291–295, 338, 339, 351. ISBN 978-0-443-06818-8.", "Cairns BE (May 2010). \"Pathophysiology of TMD pain--basic mechanisms and their implications for pharmacotherapy\". Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 37 (6): 391–410. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2010.02074.x. PMID 20337865.", "Greenberg MS, Glick M (2003). Burket's oral medicine diagnosis & treatment (10th ed.). Hamilton, Ont: BC Decker. ISBN 978-1-55009-186-1." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 433 }, { "id": "sha256:b8f854244218d99b", "key": "RW-31677 / 30707 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002778.pub2", "pmid": "14973990", "record_id": 31677, "paper_title": "Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Devices", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A stabilization splint is only intended to be used for about 2–3 months.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A stabilization splint is only intended to be used for about 2–3 months.", "reason": "This is a treatment-use recommendation, not an efficacy conclusion reported in the supplied abstract; it needs a current independent source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.86, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f78276d706555ef3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Al-Ani 2004", "marker": "[19]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 434 }, { "id": "sha256:b97dd7b4aad50f80", "key": "RW-32790 / 30707 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002970", "pmid": "12535445", "record_id": 32790, "paper_title": "Hyaluronate for temporomandibular joint disorders", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Although TMD is not life-threatening, it can be detrimental to quality of life, especially in the form of chronic pain.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Although TMD is not life-threatening, it can be detrimental to quality of life, especially in the form of chronic pain.", "reason": "This is background about TMD, not a finding of the review on hyaluronate; the abstract explicitly reports no quality-of-life data.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d78a8c667ebda318", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Shi 2003", "marker": "[3]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 435 }, { "id": "sha256:b8cdd848ba93ee93", "key": "RW-32790 / 30707 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002970", "pmid": "12535445", "record_id": 32790, "paper_title": "Hyaluronate for temporomandibular joint disorders", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Usually people affected by TMD are between 20 and 40 years of age, and it is more common in females than males.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Usually people affected by TMD are between 20 and 40 years of age, and it is more common in females than males.", "reason": "These demographic statements are background, not findings of the hyaluronate review; the dental handbook plausibly supports them.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d78a8c667ebda318", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Shi 2003", "marker": "[3]", "others": [ "Edwab RR, ed. (2003). Essential dental handbook: clinical and practice management advice from the experts. Tulsa, OK: PennWell. pp. 251–309. ISBN 978-0-87814-624-6." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 436 }, { "id": "sha256:87f4a501d8a2afb3", "key": "RW-31698 / 30707 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd004973.pub2", "pmid": "19821335", "record_id": 31698, "paper_title": "Arthrocentesis and lavage for treating temporomandibular joint disorders (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "About 20% to 30% of the adult population are affected to some degree.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "About 20% to 30% of the adult population are affected to some degree.", "reason": "The prevalence estimate appears as background in the abstract, not as a finding of this treatment review; an independent epidemiological source is needed.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2b72202c20c5ad52", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Guo 2009", "marker": "[7]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 437 }, { "id": "sha256:bfe0fd5eec1e42d4", "key": "RW-31698 / 30707 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd004973.pub2", "pmid": "19821335", "record_id": 31698, "paper_title": "Arthrocentesis and lavage for treating temporomandibular joint disorders (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Epidemiology", "where": "paragraph", "text": "TMD mostly affects people in the 20 – 40 age group, and the average age is 33.9 years.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "TMD mostly affects people in the 20 – 40 age group, and the average age is 33.9 years.", "reason": "Age distribution is epidemiological background rather than a finding of this intervention review; the dental handbook plausibly supports it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2b72202c20c5ad52", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Guo 2009", "marker": "[7]", "others": [ "Edwab RR, ed. (2003). Essential dental handbook: clinical and practice management advice from the experts. Tulsa, OK: PennWell. pp. 251–309. ISBN 978-0-87814-624-6." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 438 }, { "id": "sha256:37070e254ed41f1d", "key": "RW-31674 / 30707 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006541.pub2", "pmid": "20614447", "record_id": 31674, "paper_title": "Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Classification", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It has also been called a functional pain syndrome, and a psychogenic disorder.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It has also been called a functional pain syndrome, and a psychogenic disorder.", "reason": "This describes background classifications of TMD, not the review's findings about orthodontic intervention.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3c08bdc6fa89c865", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Luther 2010", "marker": "[17]", "others": [ "Cairns BE (May 2010). \"Pathophysiology of TMD pain--basic mechanisms and their implications for pharmacotherapy\". Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 37 (6): 391–410. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2010.02074.x. PMID 20337865.", "Kindler LL, Bennett RM, Jones KD (March 2011). \"Central sensitivity syndromes: mounting pathophysiologic evidence to link fibromyalgia with other common chronic pain disorders\". Pain Management Nursing. 12 (1): 15–24. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2009.10.003. PMC 3052797. PMID 21349445." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 439 }, { "id": "sha256:1fccc066cc5c9023", "key": "RW-31674 / 30707 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006541.pub2", "pmid": "20614447", "record_id": 31674, "paper_title": "Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Definitions and terminology", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Indeed, some have suggested that, in the future, the term 'TMD' may be discarded as the different causes are fully identified and separated into different conditions.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Indeed, some have suggested that, in the future, the term 'TMD' may be discarded as the different causes are fully identified and separated into different conditions.", "reason": "This is a terminology prediction rather than a finding of the review's assessment of orthodontic treatment.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.93, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3c08bdc6fa89c865", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Luther 2010", "marker": "[17]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 440 }, { "id": "sha256:9bbe3425a7011c80", "key": "RW-31674 / 30707 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006541.pub2", "pmid": "20614447", "record_id": 31674, "paper_title": "Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Hormonal factors", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Low estrogen was also correlated to higher pain.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The results of one study suggested that the periods of highest pain in TMD can be correlated with rapid periods of change in the circulating estrogen level. Low estrogen was also correlated to higher pain.", "reason": "These hormonal correlations are outside the review's orthodontic findings; the citation appears to supply background rather than the underlying study.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3c08bdc6fa89c865", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Luther 2010", "marker": "[17]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 441 }, { "id": "sha256:c6f3ef7045631ba2", "key": "RW-31674 / 30707 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006541.pub2", "pmid": "20614447", "record_id": 31674, "paper_title": "Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Possible associations", "where": "list", "text": "Chronic back pain.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Chronic back pain.", "reason": "The item reports a possible association with TMD, not a finding about orthodontic treatment or its causation of TMD.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3c08bdc6fa89c865", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "Luther 2010", "marker": "[17]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 442 }, { "id": "sha256:89704e60e1d4df15", "key": "RW-31674 / 30707 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006541.pub2", "pmid": "20614447", "record_id": 31674, "paper_title": "Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Occlusal adjustment", "where": "paragraph", "text": "At its simplest, an occlusal adjustment involves selective grinding (with a dental drill) of the enamel of the occlusal surfaces of teeth, with the aim of allowing the upper teeth to fit with the lower teeth in a more harmonious way.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "At its simplest, an occlusal adjustment involves selective grinding (with a dental drill) of the enamel of the occlusal surfaces of teeth, with the aim of allowing the upper teeth to fit with the lower teeth in a more harmonious way.", "reason": "This is a background description of occlusal adjustment, not a finding of the orthodontic review.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3c08bdc6fa89c865", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Luther 2010", "marker": "[17]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 443 }, { "id": "sha256:5172cdbd3359a25c", "key": "RW-31688 / 30707 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008456.pub2", "pmid": "22071849", "record_id": 31688, "paper_title": "Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Classification", "where": "paragraph", "text": "TMD is considered by some to be one of the four major symptom complexes in chronic orofacial pain, along with burning mouth syndrome, atypical facial pain and atypical odontalgia.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "TMD is considered by some to be one of the four major symptom complexes in chronic orofacial pain, along with burning mouth syndrome, atypical facial pain and atypical odontalgia.", "reason": "This is background classification, not a finding of the review of psychosocial treatment efficacy.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c7e460b66231bc11", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Aggarwal 2011", "marker": "[14]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 444 }, { "id": "sha256:2bd9fe992da99d30", "key": "RW-31688 / 30707 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373270095 } ], "first_seen": 1373270095, "last_checked": 1373270095, "page_id": 30707, "revid": 1373270095, "written_on": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008456.pub2", "pmid": "22071849", "record_id": 31688, "paper_title": "Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Psychosocial factors", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This manifests as limited mouth opening and a sensation that the teeth are not fitting properly.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This manifests as limited mouth opening and a sensation that the teeth are not fitting properly.", "reason": "The paragraph describes a proposed stress–pain mechanism, not the review's findings about psychosocial treatment efficacy; an independent background source is needed.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.91, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c7e460b66231bc11", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Aggarwal 2011", "marker": "[14]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30707 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 194.9, "severity": 0.048725000000000004, "rank": 445 }, { "id": "sha256:606e10ae1d7ab2c5", "key": "RW-72836 / 14207810 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378412050 } ], "first_seen": 1378412050, "last_checked": 1378412050, "page_id": 14207810, "revid": 1378412050, "written_on": "Climate justice", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-024-07219-0", "pmid": "38632481", "record_id": 72836, "paper_title": "The economic commitment of climate change", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The economic burden of climate change mitigation is estimated by some at around 1% to 2% of GDP.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The economic burden of climate change mitigation is estimated by some at around 1% to 2% of GDP.", "reason": "This is a background estimate of mitigation costs, not the paper's empirical finding about committed economic damages; the Oxford Martin School source plausibly supports the cost estimate independently.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Methods", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9e6bb6d53250aa66", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Kotz2024", "marker": "[7]", "others": [ "\"Can cost benefit analysis grasp the climate change nettle? And can we...\" Oxford Martin School. Retrieved 11 November 2019." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 14207810, 49213501 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 48.266666666666666, "severity": 0.048266666666666666, "rank": 446 }, { "id": "sha256:da4752c6a34d2479", "key": "RW-51553 / 13192940 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1366318259 } ], "first_seen": 1366318259, "last_checked": 1366318259, "page_id": 13192940, "revid": 1366318259, "written_on": "Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America", "doi": "10.1177/23333928211053965", "pmid": "34778493", "record_id": 51553, "paper_title": "A Longitudinal Cohort Study of Emergency Room Utilization Following Mifepristone Chemical and Surgical Abortions, 1999-2015", "cited": true, "section": "Charlotte Lozier Institute", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The now-retracted study, authored by James Studnicki, claimed that more than one-fourth of women on Medicaid who were prescribed abortion medication between 1999 and 2015 went to an emergency room within 30 days.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The now-retracted study, authored by James Studnicki, claimed that more than one-fourth of women on Medicaid who were prescribed abortion medication between 1999 and 2015 went to an emergency room within 30 days.", "reason": "The finding is reported as a claim of an explicitly retracted study, rather than presented as an established result.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The now-retracted study, authored by James Studnicki, claimed that more than one-fourth of women on Medicaid who were prescribed abortion medication between 1999 and 2015 went to an emergency room within 30 days.", "section": "Charlotte Lozier Institute", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The study was retracted in 2024 based on several factors, including unsupported assumptions, misleading presentation of data, and lack of scientific rigor.", "section": "Charlotte Lozier Institute", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In addition, the retraction cited undisclosed conflicts of interest, as one of the peer reviewers was affiliated with CLI and all but one of the authors had undeclared affiliations with CLI or other anti-abortion advocacy organizations.", "section": "Charlotte Lozier Institute", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Conflict of Interest", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f174f14c599f22a9", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[82]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 13192940 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 48.03333333333333, "severity": 0.04803333333333333, "rank": 447 }, { "id": "sha256:6a9489a307e58538", "key": "RW-66801 / 31376979 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376520293 } ], "first_seen": 1376520293, "last_checked": 1376520293, "page_id": 31376979, "revid": 1376520293, "written_on": "List of April Fools' Day jokes", "doi": "10.1097/md.0000000000043626", "pmid": "40725867", "record_id": 66801, "paper_title": "Asymptomatic young male with ectopia cordis interna: A rare case report", "cited": true, "section": "Internet", "where": "list", "text": "Tin man hoax: In 2015, the radiology website Radiopaedia published an X-ray image digitally altered to show the heart positioned in the abdomen beneath the diaphragm. In the years that followed, numerous radiology and medical professionals shared the image on social media, unaware that it was a fabrication. In 2025 it got published as a real case in a peer reviewed journal, and later retracted.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2025 it got published as a real case in a peer reviewed journal, and later retracted.", "reason": "This describes the paper's publication and retraction within an explicitly identified hoax, rather than accepting its purported clinical finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2025 it got published as a real case in a peer reviewed journal, and later retracted.", "section": "Internet", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available", "Plagiarism of Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a2c4e48cf8c44b3c", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[82]", "others": [ "Skalski, Matt (March 31, 2015), \"April Fools' 2015: Ectopia cordis interna - Tin Man syndrome\", Radiopaedia.org, Radiopaedia.org, doi:10.53347/rID-33437, archived from the original on May 24, 2024, retrieved September 9, 2025", "Alahmari, Abdulwahab (2019). \"A Misleading Radiology Case for the Entire Medical Community: A Letter to the Editor\". International Journal of Radiology. 6 (1). ACT Publishing Group: 224–225. doi:10.17554/j.issn.2313-3406.2019.06.68. ISSN 2313-3406. Retrieved September 9, 2025.", "Orrall, Avery (August 15, 2025). \"'Tin Man Syndrome' case plagiarized from hoax, sleuths say\". Retraction Watch. Retrieved September 9, 2025." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 31376979 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 47.766666666666666, "severity": 0.047766666666666666, "rank": 448 }, { "id": "sha256:2378c3bce07f4eb9", "key": "RW-23720 / 354224 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378209818 } ], "first_seen": 1378209818, "last_checked": 1378209818, "page_id": 354224, "revid": 1378209818, "written_on": "Colorism", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1903856116", "pmid": "31332014", "record_id": 23720, "paper_title": "Officer characteristics and racial disparities in fatal officer-involved shootings", "cited": true, "section": "Police killings and use of force", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A separate Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) study found that there were no racial disparities in police shootings by white police; the findings of the study were disputed by Princeton University scholars, who argued that the study's method and dataset made it impossible for the authors to reach that conclusion.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A separate Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) study found that there were no racial disparities in police shootings by white police; the findings of the study were disputed by Princeton University scholars, who argued that the study's method and dataset made it impossible for the authors to reach that conclusion.", "reason": "The sentence reports the finding but explicitly explains why critics considered the conclusion unsupported; it omits the subsequent retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "the findings of the study were disputed by Princeton University scholars, who argued that the study's method and dataset made it impossible for the authors to reach that conclusion.", "section": "Police killings and use of force", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The authors of the original PNAS study corrected their article following the criticism by the Princeton scholars.", "section": "Police killings and use of force", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:1974d2a8f24ee9be", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[141]", "others": [ "Knox, Dean; Mummolo, Jonathan (2 August 2019). \"Making inferences about racial disparities in police violence\". SSRN 3431132.", "Knox, Dean; Mummolo, Jonathan (21 January 2020). \"Making inferences about racial disparities in police violence\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (3): 1261–1262. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.1261K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1919418117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6983428. PMID 31964781." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 354224 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 47.53333333333333, "severity": 0.04753333333333333, "rank": 449 }, { "id": "sha256:8f3db612b6178f85", "key": "RW-33462 / 215199 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378637360 } ], "first_seen": 1378637360, "last_checked": 1378637360, "page_id": 215199, "revid": 1378637360, "written_on": "Otitis media", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd001727.pub4", "pmid": "18646076", "record_id": 33462, "paper_title": "Decongestants and antihistamines for acute otitis media in children (Pub 4)", "cited": true, "section": "Management", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A 2008 review found reason to not recommend decongestants and antihistamines, either nasal or oral, due to the lack of benefit and concerns regarding side effects, but this review was withdrawn from publication for being outdated.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A 2008 review found reason to not recommend decongestants and antihistamines, either nasal or oral, due to the lack of benefit and concerns regarding side effects, but this review was withdrawn from publication for being outdated.", "reason": "The sentence reports the review's conclusion but explicitly tells readers that it was withdrawn as outdated.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "but this review was withdrawn from publication for being outdated.", "section": "Management", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:dabc6de17414440d", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[45]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 215199 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 188.46666666666667, "severity": 0.04711666666666667, "rank": 450 }, { "id": "sha256:7e04e904dd01d0ca", "key": "RW-1000 / 1551873 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374757828 } ], "first_seen": 1374757828, "last_checked": 1374757828, "page_id": 1551873, "revid": 1374757828, "written_on": "ABC transporter", "doi": "10.1126/science.1107733", "pmid": "15890884", "record_id": 1000, "paper_title": "Structure of the ABC transporter MsbA in complex with ADP vanadate and lipopolysaccharide", "cited": true, "section": "MsbA", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Previously published (and now retracted) X-ray structures of MsbA were inconsistent with the bacterial homolog Sav1866.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Previously published (and now retracted) X-ray structures of MsbA were inconsistent with the bacterial homolog Sav1866.", "reason": "The sentence discusses the invalidated structures historically and explicitly identifies them as retracted; the subsequent structural account is presented as corrected work.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Previously published (and now retracted) X-ray structures of MsbA were inconsistent with the bacterial homolog Sav1866. The structures were reexamined and found to have an error in the assignment of the hand resulting to incorrect models of MsbA.", "section": "MsbA", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:70d63abba2f4c9d1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "msbareyes2005", "marker": "[79]", "others": [ "Chang G, Roth CB (Sep 2001). \"Structure of MsbA from E. coli: a homolog of the multidrug resistance ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters\". Science. 293 (5536): 1793–800. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.1793C. doi:10.1126/science.293.5536.1793. PMID 11546864. (Retracted, see doi:10.1126/science.314.5807.1875b, PMID 17185584) (Retracted, see doi:10.1126/science.314.5807.1875b)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 1551873 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 47.06666666666667, "severity": 0.04706666666666667, "rank": 451 }, { "id": "sha256:7b11dd352f2d80a9", "key": "RW-1002 / 1551873 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374757828 } ], "first_seen": 1374757828, "last_checked": 1374757828, "page_id": 1551873, "revid": 1374757828, "written_on": "ABC transporter", "doi": "10.1126/science.293.5536.1793", "pmid": "11546864", "record_id": 1002, "paper_title": "Structure of MsbA from E. coli: a homolog of the multidrug resistance ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters", "cited": true, "section": "MsbA", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Previously published (and now retracted) X-ray structures of MsbA were inconsistent with the bacterial homolog Sav1866.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Previously published (and now retracted) X-ray structures of MsbA were inconsistent with the bacterial homolog Sav1866.", "reason": "This describes the superseded structures and explicitly identifies their retraction, rather than presenting their findings as valid.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Previously published (and now retracted) X-ray structures of MsbA were inconsistent with the bacterial homolog Sav1866. The structures were reexamined and found to have an error in the assignment of the hand resulting to incorrect models of MsbA. Recently, the errors have been rectified and new structures have been reported.", "section": "MsbA", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:98faccc588df7597", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "msbachang2001", "marker": "[78]", "others": [ "Reyes CL, Chang G (May 2005). \"Structure of the ABC transporter MsbA in complex with ADP.vanadate and lipopolysaccharide\". Science. 308 (5724): 1028–31. Bibcode:2005Sci...308.1028R. doi:10.1126/science.1107733. PMID 15890884. S2CID 37250061. (Retracted, see doi:10.1126/science.314.5807.1875b, PMID 17185584) (Retracted, see doi:10.1126/science.314.5807.1875b)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 1551873 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 47.06666666666667, "severity": 0.04706666666666667, "rank": 452 }, { "id": "sha256:fefa935ee1cd8452", "key": "RW-4036 / 4753359 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378446863 } ], "first_seen": 1378446863, "last_checked": 1378446863, "page_id": 4753359, "revid": 1378446863, "written_on": "Epidemiology of autism", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "Causative factors", "where": "paragraph", "text": "After data included in the report was shown to be deliberately falsified, the paper was retracted, and Wakefield was struck off the medical register in the United Kingdom.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Andrew Wakefield published a small study in 1998 in the United Kingdom suggesting a causal link between autism and the trivalent MMR vaccine.", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the study's claim but explicitly identifies its data as falsified and the paper as retracted; it does not endorse the finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, a perceived link between the two arising from the results of a fraudulent scientific study has caused considerable controversy, despite being subsequently disproved.", "section": "United Kingdom", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "The vaccine hypothesis has been extensively investigated and shown to be false, lacking any scientific evidence.", "section": "Causative factors", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "After data included in the report was shown to be deliberately falsified, the paper was retracted, and Wakefield was struck off the medical register in the United Kingdom.", "section": "Causative factors", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ff6c9dcdc5fa30d8", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[99]", "others": [ "Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H (January 2011). \"Wakefield's article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent\". BMJ. 342 c7452. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7452. PMID 21209060. S2CID 43640126.", "Boseley S (18 July 2018). \"How disgraced anti-vaxxer Andrew Wakefield was embraced by Trump's America\". The Guardian." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 4753359 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 46.56666666666667, "severity": 0.04656666666666667, "rank": 453 }, { "id": "sha256:a8255641e0df3471", "key": "RW-4036 / 4753359 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378446863 } ], "first_seen": 1378446863, "last_checked": 1378446863, "page_id": 4753359, "revid": 1378446863, "written_on": "Epidemiology of autism", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": false, "section": "United Kingdom", "where": "", "text": "The incidence and changes in incidence with time are unclear in the United Kingdom. The reported autism incidence in the UK rose starting before the first introduction of the MMR vaccine in 1989. However, a perceived link between the two arising from the results of a fraudulent scientific study has caused considerable controversy, despite being subsequently disproved. A 2004 study found that the reported incidence of pervasive developmental disorders in a general practice research database in England and Wales grew steadily during 1988–2001 from 0.11 to 2.98 per 10,000 person-years, and concluded that much of this increase may be due to changes in diagnostic practice.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "However, a perceived link between the two arising from the results of a fraudulent scientific study has caused considerable controversy, despite being subsequently disproved.", "reason": "The reference to a fraudulent study linking MMR vaccination and autism identifies Wakefield's finding, but explicitly rejects it; an editor can check the local footnotes for independent historical support.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, a perceived link between the two arising from the results of a fraudulent scientific study has caused considerable controversy, despite being subsequently disproved.", "section": "United Kingdom", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The vaccine hypothesis has been extensively investigated and shown to be false, lacking any scientific evidence.", "section": "Causative factors", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After data included in the report was shown to be deliberately falsified, the paper was retracted, and Wakefield was struck off the medical register in the United Kingdom.", "section": "Causative factors", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ff6c9dcdc5fa30d8", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 4753359 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 46.56666666666667, "severity": 0.04656666666666667, "rank": 454 }, { "id": "sha256:9ded04e80a8be55a", "key": "RW-2081 / 41787575 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372543632 } ], "first_seen": 1372543632, "last_checked": 1372543632, "page_id": 41787575, "revid": 1372543632, "written_on": "Haruko Obokata", "doi": "10.1038/nature12968", "pmid": "24476887", "record_id": 2081, "paper_title": "Stimulus-triggered Fate Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Pluripotency", "cited": true, "section": "STAP cell reports", "where": "paragraph", "text": "At Riken, Obokata studied stem cells in collaboration with Vacanti, Teruhiko Wakayama, and Yoshiki Sasai, with two of her research papers accepted for publication in Nature in 2013.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "At Riken, Obokata studied stem cells in collaboration with Vacanti, Teruhiko Wakayama, and Yoshiki Sasai, with two of her research papers accepted for publication in Nature in 2013.", "reason": "The citation supports collaboration and publication history, not the paper's experimental findings; the later descriptions of STAP are attributed to other reporting.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In response to allegations of irregularities in Obokata's research publications involving STAP cells, Riken launched an investigation that discovered examples of scientific misconduct on the part of Obokata. Attempts to replicate Obokata's STAP cell results failed.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Within days of publication of the Nature articles, \"disturbing allegations emerged [...] images looked doctored, and chunks of [...] text were lifted from other papers.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Critics noted that images in the published articles were similar to those published in Obokata's doctoral thesis, the latter involving different experiments than those presented in the Nature publications.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In 2014 Riken launched an investigation into the issue, and announced on April 1 that Obokata was guilty of scientific misconduct on two of the six charges initially brought against her.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In manipulating the image data of two different gels and using data from two different experiments, Dr. Obokata acted in a manner that can by no means be permitted.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The Guardian reported that although Obokata's collaborators initially supported her, \"one by one they relented and asked Nature to retract the articles.\" In June 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both papers.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Near the time of retraction, \"genetic analysis showed that the STAP cells didn’t match the mice from which they supposedly came.\" Although Obokata claimed not to know how this was possible, \"the obvious, and rather depressing, explanation is that her so-called STAP cells were just regular embryonic stem cells that someone had taken from a freezer and relabelled.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Those efforts failed to replicate the results originally reported.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In a February 2015 article, The Guardian reported that Obokata was guilty of \"unbelievable carelessness\", having \"manipulated images and plagiarised text.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6774334014f45c6c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[12]", "others": [ "Obokata, Haruko; Sasai, Yoshiki; Niwa, Hitoshi; Vacanti, Charles A.; Andrabi, Munazah; Takata, Nozomu; Tokoro, Mikiko; Terashita, Yukari; Yonemura, Shigenobu; Wakayama, Teruhiko (January 30, 2014). \"Bidirectional developmental potential in reprogrammed cells with acquired pluripotency\". Nature. 505 (7485): 676–680. Bibcode:2014Natur.505..676O. doi:10.1038/nature12969. PMID 24476891. S2CID 54564044. (Retracted, see doi:10.1038/nature13599, PMID 24990752, Retraction Watch)", "Cyranoski, David (January 29, 2014). \"Acid bath offers easy path to stem cells\". Nature. 505 (7485): 596. Bibcode:2014Natur.505..596C. doi:10.1038/505596a. PMID 24476866.", "\"Stem cell 'major discovery' claimed\". BBC. January 29, 2014." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 41787575 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 46.56666666666667, "severity": 0.04656666666666667, "rank": 455 }, { "id": "sha256:ed4e3af33cd22032", "key": "RW-2081 / 41787575 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372543632 } ], "first_seen": 1372543632, "last_checked": 1372543632, "page_id": 41787575, "revid": 1372543632, "written_on": "Haruko Obokata", "doi": "10.1038/nature12968", "pmid": "24476887", "record_id": 2081, "paper_title": "Stimulus-triggered Fate Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Pluripotency", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Haruko Obokata (小保方 晴子, Obokata Haruko; born 1983) is a former stem-cell biologist and research unit leader at Japan's Laboratory for Cellular Reprogramming, Riken Center for Developmental Biology. She claimed in 2014 to have developed a radical and remarkably easy way to generate stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP) cells that could be grown into tissue for use anywhere in the body. In response to allegations of irregularities in Obokata's research publications involving STAP cells, Riken launched an investigation that discovered examples of scientific misconduct on the part of Obokata. Attempts to replicate Obokata's STAP cell results failed. The ensuing STAP cell scandal gained worldwide attention.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "She claimed in 2014 to have developed a radical and remarkably easy way to generate stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP) cells that could be grown into tissue for use anywhere in the body.", "reason": "This summarizes the retracted paper's central claim, although the same paragraph reports misconduct and failed replication; an editor should check the lead's sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In response to allegations of irregularities in Obokata's research publications involving STAP cells, Riken launched an investigation that discovered examples of scientific misconduct on the part of Obokata. Attempts to replicate Obokata's STAP cell results failed.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Within days of publication of the Nature articles, \"disturbing allegations emerged [...] images looked doctored, and chunks of [...] text were lifted from other papers.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Critics noted that images in the published articles were similar to those published in Obokata's doctoral thesis, the latter involving different experiments than those presented in the Nature publications.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In 2014 Riken launched an investigation into the issue, and announced on April 1 that Obokata was guilty of scientific misconduct on two of the six charges initially brought against her.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In manipulating the image data of two different gels and using data from two different experiments, Dr. Obokata acted in a manner that can by no means be permitted.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The Guardian reported that although Obokata's collaborators initially supported her, \"one by one they relented and asked Nature to retract the articles.\" In June 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both papers.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Near the time of retraction, \"genetic analysis showed that the STAP cells didn’t match the mice from which they supposedly came.\" Although Obokata claimed not to know how this was possible, \"the obvious, and rather depressing, explanation is that her so-called STAP cells were just regular embryonic stem cells that someone had taken from a freezer and relabelled.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Those efforts failed to replicate the results originally reported.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In a February 2015 article, The Guardian reported that Obokata was guilty of \"unbelievable carelessness\", having \"manipulated images and plagiarised text.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6774334014f45c6c", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 41787575 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 46.56666666666667, "severity": 0.04656666666666667, "rank": 456 }, { "id": "sha256:31ab20a265f5e8aa", "key": "RW-2081 / 41787575 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372543632 } ], "first_seen": 1372543632, "last_checked": 1372543632, "page_id": 41787575, "revid": 1372543632, "written_on": "Haruko Obokata", "doi": "10.1038/nature12968", "pmid": "24476887", "record_id": 2081, "paper_title": "Stimulus-triggered Fate Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Pluripotency", "cited": false, "section": "STAP cell controversy", "where": "", "text": "Obokata apologised for her \"insufficient efforts, ill-preparedness and unskillfulness\", and claimed she had only made \"benevolent mistakes\"; she denied the charge that she had fabricated results, and denied that she lacked ethics, integrity, and humility. Obokata also reported that her STAP cells existed. The Guardian reported that although Obokata's collaborators initially supported her, \"one by one they relented and asked Nature to retract the articles.\" In June 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both papers.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Obokata also reported that her STAP cells existed.", "reason": "This repeats her defense of the paper's claimed result, but the paragraph explicitly reports agreement to retract both papers; an editor should check the reporting source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In response to allegations of irregularities in Obokata's research publications involving STAP cells, Riken launched an investigation that discovered examples of scientific misconduct on the part of Obokata. Attempts to replicate Obokata's STAP cell results failed.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Within days of publication of the Nature articles, \"disturbing allegations emerged [...] images looked doctored, and chunks of [...] text were lifted from other papers.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Critics noted that images in the published articles were similar to those published in Obokata's doctoral thesis, the latter involving different experiments than those presented in the Nature publications.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2014 Riken launched an investigation into the issue, and announced on April 1 that Obokata was guilty of scientific misconduct on two of the six charges initially brought against her.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In manipulating the image data of two different gels and using data from two different experiments, Dr. Obokata acted in a manner that can by no means be permitted.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The Guardian reported that although Obokata's collaborators initially supported her, \"one by one they relented and asked Nature to retract the articles.\" In June 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both papers.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Near the time of retraction, \"genetic analysis showed that the STAP cells didn’t match the mice from which they supposedly came.\" Although Obokata claimed not to know how this was possible, \"the obvious, and rather depressing, explanation is that her so-called STAP cells were just regular embryonic stem cells that someone had taken from a freezer and relabelled.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Those efforts failed to replicate the results originally reported.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In a February 2015 article, The Guardian reported that Obokata was guilty of \"unbelievable carelessness\", having \"manipulated images and plagiarised text.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6774334014f45c6c", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 41787575 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 46.56666666666667, "severity": 0.04656666666666667, "rank": 457 }, { "id": "sha256:4be342a3d5e0c974", "key": "RW-2081 / 41787575 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372543632 } ], "first_seen": 1372543632, "last_checked": 1372543632, "page_id": 41787575, "revid": 1372543632, "written_on": "Haruko Obokata", "doi": "10.1038/nature12968", "pmid": "24476887", "record_id": 2081, "paper_title": "Stimulus-triggered Fate Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Pluripotency", "cited": false, "section": "STAP cell controversy", "where": "", "text": "In 2016, Obokata's book Ano hi (あの日- That Day) was published by Kodansha. In her account of the controversy, Obokata relates her association with Wakayama, writing that \"crucial parts of the STAP experiments were handled only by Wakayama\", that she received the STAP cells from Wakayama, and that Wakayama \"changed his accounts of how the STAP cells were produced.\" Obokata later wrote \"I feel a strong sense of responsibility for the STAP papers [...], \"I never wrote those papers to deceive anyone,\" and \"STAP was real.\"", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Obokata later wrote \"I feel a strong sense of responsibility for the STAP papers [...], \"I never wrote those papers to deceive anyone,\" and \"STAP was real.\"", "reason": "This retells her defense of the retracted finding as part of her account of the controversy, rather than using it as scientific evidence; an editor should verify the source for her statements.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.84, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In response to allegations of irregularities in Obokata's research publications involving STAP cells, Riken launched an investigation that discovered examples of scientific misconduct on the part of Obokata. Attempts to replicate Obokata's STAP cell results failed.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Within days of publication of the Nature articles, \"disturbing allegations emerged [...] images looked doctored, and chunks of [...] text were lifted from other papers.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Critics noted that images in the published articles were similar to those published in Obokata's doctoral thesis, the latter involving different experiments than those presented in the Nature publications.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2014 Riken launched an investigation into the issue, and announced on April 1 that Obokata was guilty of scientific misconduct on two of the six charges initially brought against her.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In manipulating the image data of two different gels and using data from two different experiments, Dr. Obokata acted in a manner that can by no means be permitted.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The Guardian reported that although Obokata's collaborators initially supported her, \"one by one they relented and asked Nature to retract the articles.\" In June 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both papers.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Near the time of retraction, \"genetic analysis showed that the STAP cells didn’t match the mice from which they supposedly came.\" Although Obokata claimed not to know how this was possible, \"the obvious, and rather depressing, explanation is that her so-called STAP cells were just regular embryonic stem cells that someone had taken from a freezer and relabelled.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Those efforts failed to replicate the results originally reported.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In a February 2015 article, The Guardian reported that Obokata was guilty of \"unbelievable carelessness\", having \"manipulated images and plagiarised text.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6774334014f45c6c", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 41787575 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 46.56666666666667, "severity": 0.04656666666666667, "rank": 458 }, { "id": "sha256:54396cdd05c57e2f", "key": "RW-2086 / 41787575 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372543632 } ], "first_seen": 1372543632, "last_checked": 1372543632, "page_id": 41787575, "revid": 1372543632, "written_on": "Haruko Obokata", "doi": "10.1038/nature12969", "pmid": "24476891", "record_id": 2086, "paper_title": "Bidirectional Developmental Potential in Reprogrammed Cells With Acquired Pluripotency", "cited": true, "section": "STAP cell reports", "where": "paragraph", "text": "At Riken, Obokata studied stem cells in collaboration with Vacanti, Teruhiko Wakayama, and Yoshiki Sasai, with two of her research papers accepted for publication in Nature in 2013.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "At Riken, Obokata studied stem cells in collaboration with Vacanti, Teruhiko Wakayama, and Yoshiki Sasai, with two of her research papers accepted for publication in Nature in 2013.", "reason": "The citation documents collaboration and publication history, not the paper's experimental findings; the later descriptions of the procedure are attributed to other reporting.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Attempts to replicate Obokata's STAP cell results failed.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Within days of publication of the Nature articles, \"disturbing allegations emerged [...] images looked doctored, and chunks of [...] text were lifted from other papers.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In manipulating the image data of two different gels and using data from two different experiments, Dr. Obokata acted in a manner that can by no means be permitted.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In June 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both papers.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Near the time of retraction, \"genetic analysis showed that the STAP cells didn’t match the mice from which they supposedly came.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "\"the obvious, and rather depressing, explanation is that her so-called STAP cells were just regular embryonic stem cells that someone had taken from a freezer and relabelled.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Those efforts failed to replicate the results originally reported.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In a February 2015 article, The Guardian reported that Obokata was guilty of \"unbelievable carelessness\", having \"manipulated images and plagiarised text.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2ea688c046bc05b7", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[13]", "others": [ "Obokata, Haruko; Wakayama, Teruhiko; Sasai, Yoshiki (2014). \"Stimulus-triggered fate conversion of somatic cells into pluripotency\". Nature. 505 (7485): 641–647. doi:10.1038/nature12968. PMID 24476887. S2CID 4463394. (Retracted, see doi:10.1038/nature13598, PMID 24990753, Retraction Watch)", "Cyranoski, David (January 29, 2014). \"Acid bath offers easy path to stem cells\". Nature. 505 (7485): 596. Bibcode:2014Natur.505..596C. doi:10.1038/505596a. PMID 24476866.", "\"Stem cell 'major discovery' claimed\". BBC. January 29, 2014." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 41787575 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 46.56666666666667, "severity": 0.04656666666666667, "rank": 459 }, { "id": "sha256:f6d134e74b0e3d28", "key": "RW-2086 / 41787575 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372543632 } ], "first_seen": 1372543632, "last_checked": 1372543632, "page_id": 41787575, "revid": 1372543632, "written_on": "Haruko Obokata", "doi": "10.1038/nature12969", "pmid": "24476891", "record_id": 2086, "paper_title": "Bidirectional Developmental Potential in Reprogrammed Cells With Acquired Pluripotency", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Haruko Obokata (小保方 晴子, Obokata Haruko; born 1983) is a former stem-cell biologist and research unit leader at Japan's Laboratory for Cellular Reprogramming, Riken Center for Developmental Biology. She claimed in 2014 to have developed a radical and remarkably easy way to generate stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP) cells that could be grown into tissue for use anywhere in the body. In response to allegations of irregularities in Obokata's research publications involving STAP cells, Riken launched an investigation that discovered examples of scientific misconduct on the part of Obokata. Attempts to replicate Obokata's STAP cell results failed. The ensuing STAP cell scandal gained worldwide attention.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "She claimed in 2014 to have developed a radical and remarkably easy way to generate stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP) cells that could be grown into tissue for use anywhere in the body.", "reason": "This summarizes the STAP findings reported in the retracted papers, but the same paragraph explains that replication failed; an editor should check the paragraph's own sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Attempts to replicate Obokata's STAP cell results failed.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Within days of publication of the Nature articles, \"disturbing allegations emerged [...] images looked doctored, and chunks of [...] text were lifted from other papers.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In manipulating the image data of two different gels and using data from two different experiments, Dr. Obokata acted in a manner that can by no means be permitted.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In June 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both papers.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Near the time of retraction, \"genetic analysis showed that the STAP cells didn’t match the mice from which they supposedly came.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "\"the obvious, and rather depressing, explanation is that her so-called STAP cells were just regular embryonic stem cells that someone had taken from a freezer and relabelled.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Those efforts failed to replicate the results originally reported.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In a February 2015 article, The Guardian reported that Obokata was guilty of \"unbelievable carelessness\", having \"manipulated images and plagiarised text.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2ea688c046bc05b7", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 41787575 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 46.56666666666667, "severity": 0.04656666666666667, "rank": 460 }, { "id": "sha256:da691eab26bad7e2", "key": "RW-2086 / 41787575 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372543632 } ], "first_seen": 1372543632, "last_checked": 1372543632, "page_id": 41787575, "revid": 1372543632, "written_on": "Haruko Obokata", "doi": "10.1038/nature12969", "pmid": "24476891", "record_id": 2086, "paper_title": "Bidirectional Developmental Potential in Reprogrammed Cells With Acquired Pluripotency", "cited": false, "section": "STAP cell controversy", "where": "", "text": "Obokata apologised for her \"insufficient efforts, ill-preparedness and unskillfulness\", and claimed she had only made \"benevolent mistakes\"; she denied the charge that she had fabricated results, and denied that she lacked ethics, integrity, and humility. Obokata also reported that her STAP cells existed. The Guardian reported that although Obokata's collaborators initially supported her, \"one by one they relented and asked Nature to retract the articles.\" In June 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both papers.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Obokata also reported that her STAP cells existed.", "reason": "This repeats the existence claim underlying the retracted STAP research, but the same paragraph explicitly reports the decision to retract both papers.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Attempts to replicate Obokata's STAP cell results failed.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Within days of publication of the Nature articles, \"disturbing allegations emerged [...] images looked doctored, and chunks of [...] text were lifted from other papers.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In manipulating the image data of two different gels and using data from two different experiments, Dr. Obokata acted in a manner that can by no means be permitted.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In June 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both papers.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Near the time of retraction, \"genetic analysis showed that the STAP cells didn’t match the mice from which they supposedly came.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "\"the obvious, and rather depressing, explanation is that her so-called STAP cells were just regular embryonic stem cells that someone had taken from a freezer and relabelled.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Those efforts failed to replicate the results originally reported.", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In a February 2015 article, The Guardian reported that Obokata was guilty of \"unbelievable carelessness\", having \"manipulated images and plagiarised text.\"", "section": "STAP cell controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2ea688c046bc05b7", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 41787575 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 46.56666666666667, "severity": 0.04656666666666667, "rank": 461 }, { "id": "sha256:f8a8d903c66686b7", "key": "RW-72574 / 196448 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1368763528 } ], "first_seen": 1368763528, "last_checked": 1368763528, "page_id": 196448, "revid": 1368763528, "written_on": "Orange clownfish", "doi": "10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01400.x", "pmid": "19917053", "record_id": 72574, "paper_title": "Ocean Acidification Disrupts the Innate Ability of Fish to Detect Predator Olfactory Cues", "cited": true, "section": "Habitat", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The larvae of orange clownfish use olfaction to avoid predators, and increased ocean acidification may cause larvae to be unable to differentiate predators from other odors.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The larvae of orange clownfish use olfaction to avoid predators, and increased ocean acidification may cause larvae to be unable to differentiate predators from other odors. This could allow them to be preyed upon more easily, and lead to higher population mortality rates.", "reason": "These sentences repeat the paper’s predator-detection finding and proposed mortality consequence, but the same paragraph explicitly reports that the claimed behavioural effects were not reproducible.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A paper published in Nature in 2020 cast doubt on the effect of acidification, stating \"our findings indicate that the reported effects of ocean acidification on the behaviour of coral reef fishes are not reproducible, suggesting that behavioural perturbations will not be a major consequence for coral reef fishes in high CO2 oceans\".", "section": "Habitat", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Duplication of Data", "Error in Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b04f091c59b8fdee", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[12]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 196448 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 43.93333333333333, "severity": 0.04393333333333333, "rank": 462 }, { "id": "sha256:9955a9809624ee7f", "key": "RW-716 / 34870612 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376100555 } ], "first_seen": 1376100555, "last_checked": 1376100555, "page_id": 34870612, "revid": 1376100555, "written_on": "GcMAF", "doi": "10.1002/ijc.23107", "pmid": "17935130", "record_id": 716, "paper_title": "Immunotherapy of Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients with Vitamin D-binding Protein-derived Macrophage Activating Factor (GcMAF)", "cited": true, "section": "False claims", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Three out of four of the original studies authored by Yamamoto (published between 2007 and 2009) were retracted by the scientific journals in which they were published in 2014, officially due to irregularities in the way ethical approval was granted.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Three out of four of the original studies authored by Yamamoto (published between 2007 and 2009) were retracted by the scientific journals in which they were published in 2014, officially due to irregularities in the way ethical approval was granted.", "reason": "This describes the studies' retraction rather than relying on the breast-cancer paper's findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Three out of four of the original studies authored by Yamamoto (published between 2007 and 2009) were retracted by the scientific journals in which they were published in 2014, officially due to irregularities in the way ethical approval was granted. Retraction reasons also included methodological errors in the studies. The integrity of the research, conducted by Nobuto Yamamoto and colleagues, that originally prompted claims regarding cancer and HIV has been questioned.", "section": "False claims", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2014 the Belgian Anticancer Fund communicated serious concerns about published studies on GcMAF by Yamamoto and colleagues.", "section": "False claims", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b5873dc72d979090", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[9]", "others": [ "Yamamoto, Nobuto; Ushijima, Naofumi; Koga, Yoshihiko (January 2009). \"Immunotherapy of HIV-infected patients with Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF)\". Journal of Medical Virology. 81 (1): 16–26. doi:10.1002/jmv.21376. PMID 19031451. (Retracted, see doi:10.1002/jmv.24060, PMID 25328930, Retraction Watch)", "Yamamoto, N.; Suyama, H.; Nakazato, H.; Yamamoto, N.; Koga, Y. (2014). \"Retraction Note to: Immunotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer with vitamin D-binding protein-derived macrophage-activating factor, GcMAF\". Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 63 (12): 1349. doi:10.1007/s00262-014-1616-x. PMC 11028656. PMID 25297451.", "\"Retraction\". International Journal of Cancer. 135 (6): 1509. 15 September 2014. doi:10.1002/ijc.29014. S2CID 221774191." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 34870612 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 43.9, "severity": 0.0439, "rank": 463 }, { "id": "sha256:d46d47ac88b6203a", "key": "RW-24891 / 56023027 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374378694 } ], "first_seen": 1374378694, "last_checked": 1374378694, "page_id": 56023027, "revid": 1374378694, "written_on": "List of scientific misconduct incidents", "doi": "10.1109/ccece.2007.335", "pmid": "", "record_id": 24891, "paper_title": "A new approach for rotation invariant optical character recognition using eigendigit", "cited": true, "section": "Computer science and mathematics", "where": "list", "text": "In 2012, IEEE posted \"Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles\" regarding a paper by Maruf Monwar, Waqar Haque and Padma Polash Paul presented at the 2007 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. The paper \"contains significant portions of original text\" from three papers by others and was \"copied with insufficient attribution (including appropriate references to the original author(s) and/or paper title) and without permission. Due to the nature of this violation, reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper, and future references should be made to the following article[sic]....\"", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2012, IEEE posted \"Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles\" regarding a paper by Maruf Monwar, Waqar Haque and Padma Polash Paul presented at the 2007 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering.", "reason": "The item documents the paper's publication-policy violation and plagiarism, not its optical character recognition findings; the citation is intentional.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The paper \"contains significant portions of original text\" from three papers by others and was \"copied with insufficient attribution (including appropriate references to the original author(s) and/or paper title) and without permission. Due to the nature of this violation, reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper, and future references should be made to the following article[sic]....\"", "section": "Computer science and mathematics", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Breach of Policy by Author", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Plagiarism of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c106411b964e4aea", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[255]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 56023027 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 173.66666666666666, "severity": 0.043416666666666666, "rank": 464 }, { "id": "sha256:3c6627cae726b1d3", "key": "RW-37573 / 55183994 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373064169 } ], "first_seen": 1373064169, "last_checked": 1373064169, "page_id": 55183994, "revid": 1373064169, "written_on": "Cureus", "doi": "10.3389/fmed.2021.668698", "pmid": "34350193", "record_id": 37573, "paper_title": "Proxalutamide Reduces the Rate of Hospitalization for COVID-19 Male Outpatients: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial", "cited": true, "section": "Reception", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The original paper, published on 19 July 2021 in Frontiers in Medicine, had been retracted due to methodological issues and concerns regarding potential violations of medical ethics and human rights related to a COVID-19 proxalutamide trial in Brazil.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The original paper, published on 19 July 2021 in Frontiers in Medicine, had been retracted due to methodological issues and concerns regarding potential violations of medical ethics and human rights related to a COVID-19 proxalutamide trial in Brazil.", "reason": "This describes the paper's retraction and its reasons, without presenting its treatment findings as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In June 2022, Cureus was again criticized by Retraction Watch for republishing a previously retracted paper.", "section": "Reception", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The original paper, published on 19 July 2021 in Frontiers in Medicine, had been retracted due to methodological issues and concerns regarding potential violations of medical ethics and human rights related to a COVID-19 proxalutamide trial in Brazil.", "section": "Reception", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Error in Methods", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a3aaf2ec51041bfa", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "a157", "marker": "[15]", "others": [ "Kincaid, Ellie (2022-06-10). \"Researcher attacks journal for retracting his paper on COVID-19 drug\". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 2023-08-23." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 55183994 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 42.5, "severity": 0.0425, "rank": 465 }, { "id": "sha256:29f9fd95d10e4a94", "key": "RW-31158 / 528543 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374499409 } ], "first_seen": 1374499409, "last_checked": 1374499409, "page_id": 528543, "revid": 1374499409, "written_on": "Therapeutic touch", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002766.pub5", "pmid": "27552401", "record_id": 31158, "paper_title": "Therapeutic touch for healing acute wounds (Pub 5)", "cited": true, "section": "Scientific investigations", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A Cochrane systematic review, first published in 2004, found \"[t]here is no robust evidence that TT promotes healing of acute wounds\", but in 2016, the authors retracted it after the validity of the reviewed studies was questioned.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A Cochrane systematic review, first published in 2004, found \"[t]here is no robust evidence that TT promotes healing of acute wounds\", but in 2016, the authors retracted it after the validity of the reviewed studies was questioned.", "reason": "The sentence reports the review's conclusion but explicitly tells readers that the review was retracted over concerns about the included studies.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "but the authors withdrew it in 2016 out of \"serious concerns over the validity of included studies\".", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "but in 2016, the authors retracted it after the validity of the reviewed studies was questioned.", "section": "Scientific investigations", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Unreliable Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b7b985933cc4f54c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[21]", "others": [ "O'Mathúna DP (September 2016). \"WITHDRAWN: Therapeutic touch for healing acute wounds\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (9) CD002766. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002766.pub6. PMC 6457586. PMID 27581995. 23/08/16 This review has been withdrawn due to serious concerns over the validity of included studies. The editorial group responsible for this previously published document have withdrawn it from publication." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 528543 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 41.333333333333336, "severity": 0.04133333333333334, "rank": 466 }, { "id": "sha256:a7d32ba8070a17b6", "key": "RW-31158 / 528543 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374499409 } ], "first_seen": 1374499409, "last_checked": 1374499409, "page_id": 528543, "revid": 1374499409, "written_on": "Therapeutic touch", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd002766.pub5", "pmid": "27552401", "record_id": 31158, "paper_title": "Therapeutic touch for healing acute wounds (Pub 5)", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Practitioners of therapeutic touch state that by placing their hands on, or near, a patient, they are able to detect and manipulate what they say is the patient's energy field. One highly cited study, designed by the then-nine-year-old Emily Rosa and published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1998, found that practitioners of therapeutic touch could not detect the presence or absence of a hand placed a few inches above theirs when their vision was obstructed. Simon Singh and Edzard Ernst concluded in their 2008 book Trick or Treatment that \"the energy field was probably nothing more than a figment in the imaginations of the healers\". The American Cancer Society noted, \"Available scientific evidence does not support any claims that TT can cure cancer or other diseases.\" A 2004 Cochrane review found no good evidence that it helped with wound healing, but the authors withdrew it in 2016 out of \"serious concerns over the validity of included studies\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A 2004 Cochrane review found no good evidence that it helped with wound healing, but the authors withdrew it in 2016 out of \"serious concerns over the validity of included studies\".", "reason": "This repeats the same Cochrane review's wound-healing conclusion and explicitly notes its withdrawal; an editor can check any local footnotes, which are not supplied here.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "but the authors withdrew it in 2016 out of \"serious concerns over the validity of included studies\".", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "but in 2016, the authors retracted it after the validity of the reviewed studies was questioned.", "section": "Scientific investigations", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Unreliable Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b7b985933cc4f54c", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 528543 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 41.333333333333336, "severity": 0.04133333333333334, "rank": 467 }, { "id": "sha256:ff9ac2d30df29fad", "key": "RW-223 / 4268961 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371991325 } ], "first_seen": 1371991325, "last_checked": 1371991325, "page_id": 4268961, "revid": 1371991325, "written_on": "Robert Weinberg (biologist)", "doi": "10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.047", "pmid": "19524507", "record_id": 223, "paper_title": "A Pleiotropically Acting MicroRNA, miR-31, Inhibits Breast Cancer Metastasis", "cited": true, "section": "Retractions", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The retractions include one paper in Cell, one in Cancer Cell, two in Genes & Development and one in Cancer Research.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The retractions include one paper in Cell, one in Cancer Cell, two in Genes & Development and one in Cancer Research.", "reason": "This lists retracted publications, including the Cell paper, without presenting its miR-31 findings as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The retractions include one paper in Cell, one in Cancer Cell, two in Genes & Development and one in Cancer Research.", "section": "Retractions", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The reasons given for the retraction of one paper (DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.04) include: \"Falsification/Fabrication of Data\" and \"Manipulation of Results\".", "section": "Retractions", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Manipulation of Results", "Results Not Reproducible" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:17fe47c22ed9e722", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[24]", "others": [ "\"Papers from MIT Cancer Biologist's Laboratory Retracted\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on July 29, 2015.", "\"Three Retractions for Highly Cited Author\". Archived from the original on May 23, 2015.", "\"Cancer Research retraction is fifth for Robert Weinberg, fourth for his former student\". July 6, 2015. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 4268961 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 38.93333333333333, "severity": 0.038933333333333334, "rank": 468 }, { "id": "sha256:5afa29e8045e0827", "key": "RW-54364 / 71365995 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375081153 } ], "first_seen": 1375081153, "last_checked": 1375081153, "page_id": 71365995, "revid": 1375081153, "written_on": "Sylvain Lesné", "doi": "10.1038/nature04533", "pmid": "16541076", "record_id": 54364, "paper_title": "A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "He is the primary author of a controversial 2006 Nature paper, \"A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "He is the primary author of a controversial 2006 Nature paper, \"A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory\".", "reason": "This identifies the paper and its author rather than endorsing its findings; the same paragraph explicitly identifies its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Lesné's work in the 2006 publication and others has been investigated since June 2022 on charges that he manipulated images to inflate the role of Aβ*56 in Alzheimer's.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Retracted in 2024, the paper was foundational in the hypothesis that one specific toxic oligomer of the amyloid beta protein, known as Aβ*56, caused memory impairment in Alzheimer's, aligned with the prevailing amyloid hypothesis.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Karen Ashe, the senior author of the 2006 Nature paper – and all authors except Lesné – agreed to retract the paper which, according to Retraction Watch, makes it the second most highly cited paper ever retracted.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "A July 2022 publication in Science authored by Charles Piller questioned the authenticity of Western blot images used in Lesné's research; Piller's report alleges, based on a six-month investigation, that images may have been doctored to emphasize the role of Aβ*56 in Alzheimer's. Matthew Schrag, a Vanderbilt University neuroscientist, raised concerns in a whistleblower report that images were falsified, casting doubt on the association between the Aβ*56 protein and dementia symptoms.", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The editors of Nature responded with a July 14, 2022 note stating that they were aware of and investigating the concerns and that \"readers are advised to use caution when using results reported therein\".", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "USA Today reported that Ashe had started the process to retract the Nature paper, but that had not been done as of July 29, 2022 because six of the eight co-authors would not sign off on the request.", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "### 2024 retraction", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In May 2024, Ashe announced that the 2006 publication would be retracted, although she stated that the manipulated images did not affect the study's conclusions; according to Retraction Watch, this makes it the second most highly cited paper ever retracted.", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Nature published retraction of the article on June 24, 2024, noting that the edited images showed \"excessive manipulation, including splicing, duplication and the use of an eraser tool\".", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Olson wrote that the allegations \"wouldn't scuttle the entire theory of amyloid proteins\", but \"Selkoe told Science that they undercut the existence of the Aβ*56 protein that is central to Lesné's research.\"", "section": "Impact on Alzheimer's research", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Selkoe, who Science describes as \"a leading advocate of the amyloid and toxic oligomer hypotheses\", opined that the \"broader amyloid hypothesis remains viable\" and referred to the alleged image manipulation as \"what really looks like a very egregious example of malfeasance that's squarely in the Aβ oligomer field\".", "section": "Impact on Alzheimer's research", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In a February 13, 2025 book review of Charles Piller's Doctored: Fraud, Arrogance, and Tragedy in the Quest to Cure Alzheimer's, Carl Elliott wrote that \"shocking was that some of Lesné's work had come from the lab of Karen Ashe, one of the most acclaimed neuroscientists in the field\", noting that the University of Minnesota had the \"dubious distinction of producing two of the five most highly cited scientific papers ever to be retracted\" according to Retraction Watch.", "section": "Legacy", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Manipulation of Images", "Objections by Author(s)", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9d72401407fa66b7", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Lesne2006", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 71365995 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 36.6, "severity": 0.0366, "rank": 469 }, { "id": "sha256:5eb120419ea3efe1", "key": "RW-54364 / 71365995 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375081153 } ], "first_seen": 1375081153, "last_checked": 1375081153, "page_id": 71365995, "revid": 1375081153, "written_on": "Sylvain Lesné", "doi": "10.1038/nature04533", "pmid": "16541076", "record_id": 54364, "paper_title": "A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory", "cited": true, "section": "2022 investigation", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The editors of Nature responded with a July 14, 2022 note stating that they were aware of and investigating the concerns and that \"readers are advised to use caution when using results reported therein\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The editors of Nature responded with a July 14, 2022 note stating that they were aware of and investigating the concerns and that \"readers are advised to use caution when using results reported therein\".", "reason": "This reports the journal's cautionary notice, not the paper's scientific findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Lesné's work in the 2006 publication and others has been investigated since June 2022 on charges that he manipulated images to inflate the role of Aβ*56 in Alzheimer's.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Retracted in 2024, the paper was foundational in the hypothesis that one specific toxic oligomer of the amyloid beta protein, known as Aβ*56, caused memory impairment in Alzheimer's, aligned with the prevailing amyloid hypothesis.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Karen Ashe, the senior author of the 2006 Nature paper – and all authors except Lesné – agreed to retract the paper which, according to Retraction Watch, makes it the second most highly cited paper ever retracted.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "A July 2022 publication in Science authored by Charles Piller questioned the authenticity of Western blot images used in Lesné's research; Piller's report alleges, based on a six-month investigation, that images may have been doctored to emphasize the role of Aβ*56 in Alzheimer's. Matthew Schrag, a Vanderbilt University neuroscientist, raised concerns in a whistleblower report that images were falsified, casting doubt on the association between the Aβ*56 protein and dementia symptoms.", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The editors of Nature responded with a July 14, 2022 note stating that they were aware of and investigating the concerns and that \"readers are advised to use caution when using results reported therein\".", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "USA Today reported that Ashe had started the process to retract the Nature paper, but that had not been done as of July 29, 2022 because six of the eight co-authors would not sign off on the request.", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "### 2024 retraction", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In May 2024, Ashe announced that the 2006 publication would be retracted, although she stated that the manipulated images did not affect the study's conclusions; according to Retraction Watch, this makes it the second most highly cited paper ever retracted.", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Nature published retraction of the article on June 24, 2024, noting that the edited images showed \"excessive manipulation, including splicing, duplication and the use of an eraser tool\".", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Olson wrote that the allegations \"wouldn't scuttle the entire theory of amyloid proteins\", but \"Selkoe told Science that they undercut the existence of the Aβ*56 protein that is central to Lesné's research.\"", "section": "Impact on Alzheimer's research", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Selkoe, who Science describes as \"a leading advocate of the amyloid and toxic oligomer hypotheses\", opined that the \"broader amyloid hypothesis remains viable\" and referred to the alleged image manipulation as \"what really looks like a very egregious example of malfeasance that's squarely in the Aβ oligomer field\".", "section": "Impact on Alzheimer's research", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In a February 13, 2025 book review of Charles Piller's Doctored: Fraud, Arrogance, and Tragedy in the Quest to Cure Alzheimer's, Carl Elliott wrote that \"shocking was that some of Lesné's work had come from the lab of Karen Ashe, one of the most acclaimed neuroscientists in the field\", noting that the University of Minnesota had the \"dubious distinction of producing two of the five most highly cited scientific papers ever to be retracted\" according to Retraction Watch.", "section": "Legacy", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Manipulation of Images", "Objections by Author(s)", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9d72401407fa66b7", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Lesne2006", "marker": "[1]", "others": [ "Olson J (July 22, 2022). \"University of Minnesota scientist responds to fraud allegations in Alzheimer's research\". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 71365995 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 36.6, "severity": 0.0366, "rank": 470 }, { "id": "sha256:8d0a639ff2238010", "key": "RW-20067 / 75116198 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378653728 } ], "first_seen": 1378653728, "last_checked": 1378653728, "page_id": 75116198, "revid": 1378653728, "written_on": "LGBTQ life expectancy", "doi": "10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.005", "pmid": "23830012", "record_id": 20067, "paper_title": "Structural stigma and all-cause mortality in sexual minority populations", "cited": true, "section": "2014 retraction", "where": "paragraph", "text": "However, it was retracted in 2019 when it was discovered there was a coding error in the data, and that after correcting the error it \"rendered the association between structural stigma and mortality risk no longer statistically significant\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A 2014 study by Hatzenbuelher et al. purported to find that sexual minorities living in areas with high levels of anti-gay prejudice had their life expectancy reduced by 12 years.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the study's claim as retracted and explains that correcting a coding error eliminated statistical significance; it does not endorse the finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "2014 retraction", "section": "2014 retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "However, it was retracted in 2019 when it was discovered there was a coding error in the data, and that after correcting the error it \"rendered the association between structural stigma and mortality risk no longer statistically significant\".", "section": "2014 retraction", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8beafe0368c44f16", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[20]", "others": [ "Oransky, Ivan (2019). \"Study claiming hate cuts 12 years off gay lives retracted\". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 2023-10-23. The reason for the retraction is that the authors discovered an error in the study, which, once corrected, rendered the association between structural stigma and mortality risk no longer statistically significant in the sample of 914 sexual minorities" ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 75116198 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 35.13333333333333, "severity": 0.035133333333333336, "rank": 471 }, { "id": "sha256:ee57a199cb67aaf1", "key": "RW-52493 / 10101151 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1335437538 } ], "first_seen": 1335437538, "last_checked": 1335437538, "page_id": 10101151, "revid": 1335437538, "written_on": "IQ and Global Inequality", "doi": "10.1098/rspb.2010.0973", "pmid": "20591860", "record_id": 52493, "paper_title": "Parasite prevalence and the worldwide distribution of cognitive ability", "cited": true, "section": "Reception", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Some later studies using average national IQ data have checked their results against both data sets.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Some later studies using average national IQ data have checked their results against both data sets.", "reason": "This describes studies' use of datasets rather than the paper's findings, and the same paragraph explicitly notes its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "One of these studies has since been retracted by the publisher for relying on Lynn's flawed data.", "section": "Reception", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Error in Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:cc5301bd4112bdaf", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Eppig", "marker": "[11]", "others": [ "Jones, Garett; Podemska-Mikluch, Marta (2010). \"IQ in the Utility Function: Cognitive Skills, Time Preference, and Cross-Country Differences in Savings Rates\". SSRN Electronic Journal. Rochester, NY: Elsevier BV. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1801566. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 54810371. SSRN 1801566." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 10101151 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 34.833333333333336, "severity": 0.034833333333333334, "rank": 472 }, { "id": "sha256:3b3a92158952bf18", "key": "RW-52493 / 10101151 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1335437538 } ], "first_seen": 1335437538, "last_checked": 1335437538, "page_id": 10101151, "revid": 1335437538, "written_on": "IQ and Global Inequality", "doi": "10.1098/rspb.2010.0973", "pmid": "20591860", "record_id": 52493, "paper_title": "Parasite prevalence and the worldwide distribution of cognitive ability", "cited": true, "section": "Reception", "where": "paragraph", "text": "One of these studies has since been retracted by the publisher for relying on Lynn's flawed data.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "One of these studies has since been retracted by the publisher for relying on Lynn's flawed data.", "reason": "This reports the paper's retraction rather than presenting its findings as valid.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "One of these studies has since been retracted by the publisher for relying on Lynn's flawed data.", "section": "Reception", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Error in Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:cc5301bd4112bdaf", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Eppig", "marker": "[11]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 10101151 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 34.833333333333336, "severity": 0.034833333333333334, "rank": 473 }, { "id": "sha256:36c6b1ea2dc63e91", "key": "RW-70230 / 82907549 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370302799 } ], "first_seen": 1370302799, "last_checked": 1370302799, "page_id": 82907549, "revid": 1370302799, "written_on": "Bixonimania", "doi": "10.20944/preprints202404.1687.v1", "pmid": "", "record_id": 70230, "paper_title": "Using Machine Learning to Detect Bixonimania: An Early Feasibility Study", "cited": true, "section": "Distribution", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A more scholarly-looking paper describing it was posted later in April 2024 on a preprint server with several fake authors.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A more scholarly-looking paper describing it was posted later in April 2024 on a preprint server with several fake authors.", "reason": "This describes the paper's publication and fabricated authorship, rather than presenting its machine-learning findings as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Bixonimania is a fake disease invented by researchers to examine artificial intelligence and its ability to utilize information in medical and healthcare applications.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Many steps were taken to ensure that any person who read the actual paper could tell it was not a real condition.", "section": "Characteristics", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "The lead author was noted as belonging to Asteria Horizon University located in Nova City, California, neither of which exist.", "section": "Characteristics", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "While most parts of the paper published on the topic appeared professional, some parts had phrases that are obviously false, such as \"This study was fully funded by Asteria Horizon University, in particular the Professor Sideshow Bob Foundation for its work in advanced trickery. This works is a part of a larger funding initiative from the University of Fellowship of the Ring and the Galactic Triad.\"", "section": "Purpose", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Computer-Aided Content or Computer-Generated Content", "False/Forged Affiliation", "False/Forged Authorship", "Notice - Limited or No Information" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:62d5a419d4932ce8", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 82907549 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 34.46666666666667, "severity": 0.034466666666666666, "rank": 474 }, { "id": "sha256:d7d00b330822e087", "key": "RW-70229 / 82907549 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370302799 } ], "first_seen": 1370302799, "last_checked": 1370302799, "page_id": 82907549, "revid": 1370302799, "written_on": "Bixonimania", "doi": "10.20944/preprints202405.0217.v1", "pmid": "", "record_id": 70229, "paper_title": "Bixonimania: Exploring the Influence of Blue Light on Periorbital Hyperpigmentation on the Palpebrae - an RCT with an r-BS design", "cited": true, "section": "Distribution", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A second paper was posted in May.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A second paper was posted in May.", "reason": "This reports the publication history of the hoax papers, not a finding about blue light or periorbital hyperpigmentation.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Bixonimania is a fake disease invented by researchers to examine artificial intelligence and its ability to utilize information in medical and healthcare applications.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Many steps were taken to ensure that any person who read the actual paper could tell it was not a real condition.", "section": "Characteristics", "position": "earlier" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Computer-Aided Content or Computer-Generated Content", "False/Forged Affiliation", "False/Forged Authorship", "Hoax Paper" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:51787dea36ac3a83", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 82907549 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 34.46666666666667, "severity": 0.034466666666666666, "rank": 475 }, { "id": "sha256:807f226a450ee1be", "key": "RW-70229 / 82907549 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370302799 } ], "first_seen": 1370302799, "last_checked": 1370302799, "page_id": 82907549, "revid": 1370302799, "written_on": "Bixonimania", "doi": "10.20944/preprints202405.0217.v1", "pmid": "", "record_id": 70229, "paper_title": "Bixonimania: Exploring the Influence of Blue Light on Periorbital Hyperpigmentation on the Palpebrae - an RCT with an r-BS design", "cited": false, "section": "Characteristics", "where": "", "text": "The disorder, with symptoms of sore eyes and darkening around them (\"periorbital hyperpigmentation\"), is supposedly caused by blue light from screens.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The disorder, with symptoms of sore eyes and darkening around them (\"periorbital hyperpigmentation\"), is supposedly caused by blue light from screens.", "reason": "This repeats the hoax paper's apparent blue-light claim, but the tentative wording and article context identify a fictitious condition; an editor should check whether this paragraph has its own source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.86, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Bixonimania is a fake disease invented by researchers to examine artificial intelligence and its ability to utilize information in medical and healthcare applications.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Many steps were taken to ensure that any person who read the actual paper could tell it was not a real condition.", "section": "Characteristics", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Computer-Aided Content or Computer-Generated Content", "False/Forged Affiliation", "False/Forged Authorship", "Hoax Paper" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:51787dea36ac3a83", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 82907549 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 34.46666666666667, "severity": 0.034466666666666666, "rank": 476 }, { "id": "sha256:f7c25b1d297e69e9", "key": "RW-13235 / 55542395 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373042883 } ], "first_seen": 1373042883, "last_checked": 1373042883, "page_id": 55542395, "revid": 1373042883, "written_on": "Bruce Gilley", "doi": "10.1080/01436597.2017.1369037", "pmid": "", "record_id": 13235, "paper_title": "The case for colonialism", "cited": true, "section": "\"The Case for Colonialism\"", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Consequently, the author calls for a revival of colonialism.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "According to Gilley, colonialism was both objectively beneficial and subjectively legitimate. Consequently, the author calls for a revival of colonialism.", "reason": "This summarizes the paper's argument, but the same paragraph explicitly identifies its subsequent withdrawal, so it does not present the findings without that context.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article was controversial both for its argument and for its subsequent withdrawal, and resulted in a debate about academic standards and peer review.", "section": "\"The Case for Colonialism\"", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Gilley in 2017 \"asked\" the journal to withdraw his paper, while saying, \"I regret the pain and anger that it has caused for many people\".", "section": "\"The Case for Colonialism\"", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "NAS' own editor wrote that \"serious threats of violence against the editor led the journal to withdraw the article\" and that Chomsky had \"rallied to his [Gilley's] defense\".", "section": "\"The Case for Colonialism\"", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Complaints about Author", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Objections by Third Party", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b12d910bbeff2db3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[13]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 55542395 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 34.06666666666667, "severity": 0.03406666666666667, "rank": 477 }, { "id": "sha256:3b2137fa0209a94e", "key": "RW-32379 / 683583 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372039004 } ], "first_seen": 1372039004, "last_checked": 1372039004, "page_id": 683583, "revid": 1372039004, "written_on": "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003222.pub2", "pmid": "18646088", "record_id": 32379, "paper_title": "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Device types", "where": "table", "text": "AL-TENS High amplitude and low frequency (1–5 Hz transmissions) A strong but painless sensation of strained muscles Top of the muscle in a sore muscle area to activate the motor nerves. Stimulate the narrow-diameter skin nerve fibers as well as the Aδ motor fibers for pain relief in the segmental space around the area of pain. For a limited use of 20 to 30 minutes at a time A response delay may occur", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Stimulate the narrow-diameter skin nerve fibers as well as the Aδ motor fibers for pain relief in the segmental space around the area of pain.", "reason": "This describes AL-TENS physiology rather than the review's findings about uncertain clinical effectiveness; the abstract does not establish support for this mechanism.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.87, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5b77607e1d6b6203", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[45]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 683583 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 136.13333333333333, "severity": 0.03403333333333333, "rank": 478 }, { "id": "sha256:f00a4ce9efae44a3", "key": "RW-73244 / 67653757 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-08", "revid": 1379112021 } ], "first_seen": 1379112021, "last_checked": 1379112021, "page_id": 67653757, "revid": 1379112021, "written_on": "Yakov Kuzyakov", "doi": "10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.09.008", "pmid": "", "record_id": 73244, "paper_title": "Weaker priming and mineralisation of low molecular weight organic substances in paddy than in upland soil", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Since September 2026 his work has been scrutinized, so far five of his papers have been retracted due to serious ethical violations during the peer review and editorial process.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Since September 2026 his work has been scrutinized, so far five of his papers have been retracted due to serious ethical violations during the peer review and editorial process.", "reason": "This describes retractions and editorial misconduct, not the paper's scientific finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Since September 2026 his work has been scrutinized, so far five of his papers have been retracted due to serious ethical violations during the peer review and editorial process.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "As of September 2026, four of the papers in that journal that he authored and edited himself were retracted.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Compromised Peer Review", "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Conflict of Interest", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Rogue Editor", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5d11d3206a7e11c0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Qiu", "marker": "[6]", "others": [ "Liang, Qiong; Chen, Haiqing; Gong, Yuanshi; Yang, Hefa; Fan, Mingsheng; Kuzyakov, Yakov (1 January 2014). \"RETRACTED: Effects of 15 years of manure and mineral fertilizers on enzyme activities in particle-size fractions in a North China Plain soil\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 60: 112–119. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2013.11.009.", "Maharjan, Menuka; Maranguit, Deejay; Kuzyakov, Yakov (May 2018). \"RETRACTED: Phosphorus fractions in subtropical soils depending on land use\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 87: 17–24. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2018.04.002.", "Qiu, Husen; Ge, Tida; Liu, Jieyun; Chen, Xiangbi; Hu, Yajun; Wu, Jinshui; Su, Yirong; Kuzyakov, Yakov (January 2018). \"RETRACTED: Effects of biotic and abiotic factors on soil organic matter mineralization: Experiments and structural modeling analysis\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 84: 27–34. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.12.003.", "Wu, Cuiyan; Huang, Wei; Liu, Yixian; Li, Han; Ding, Shuai; Zhu, Zhenke; Wang, Feng; Dijkstra, Feike A.; Zhang, Guangbin; Kuzyakov, Yakov; Cheng, Weiguo; Xiao, Mouliang; Ge, Tida (10 December 2024). \"RETRACTED: Physicochemically protected organic carbon release is the rate-limiting step of rhizosphere priming in paddy soils\". Science of the Total Environment. 955 176859. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176859. PMID 39414056." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 67653757 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 33.266666666666666, "severity": 0.03326666666666667, "rank": 479 }, { "id": "sha256:702b64703e4db6c8", "key": "RW-73244 / 67653757 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-08", "revid": 1379112021 } ], "first_seen": 1379112021, "last_checked": 1379112021, "page_id": 67653757, "revid": 1379112021, "written_on": "Yakov Kuzyakov", "doi": "10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.09.008", "pmid": "", "record_id": 73244, "paper_title": "Weaker priming and mineralisation of low molecular weight organic substances in paddy than in upland soil", "cited": true, "section": "Controversies", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Aside from editing 4 of his own papers, three papers had also been reviewed by at least one reviewer closely linked to him, compromising the editorial process.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Aside from editing 4 of his own papers, three papers had also been reviewed by at least one reviewer closely linked to him, compromising the editorial process.", "reason": "This concerns compromised peer review rather than scientific results, and the paragraph explicitly identifies the papers as retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Since September 2026 his work has been scrutinized, so far five of his papers have been retracted due to serious ethical violations during the peer review and editorial process.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "As of September 2026, four of the papers in that journal that he authored and edited himself were retracted.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Compromised Peer Review", "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Conflict of Interest", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Rogue Editor", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5d11d3206a7e11c0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Qiu", "marker": "[6]", "others": [ "Liang, Qiong; Chen, Haiqing; Gong, Yuanshi; Yang, Hefa; Fan, Mingsheng; Kuzyakov, Yakov (1 January 2014). \"RETRACTED: Effects of 15 years of manure and mineral fertilizers on enzyme activities in particle-size fractions in a North China Plain soil\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 60: 112–119. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2013.11.009.", "Maharjan, Menuka; Maranguit, Deejay; Kuzyakov, Yakov (May 2018). \"RETRACTED: Phosphorus fractions in subtropical soils depending on land use\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 87: 17–24. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2018.04.002.", "Qiu, Husen; Ge, Tida; Liu, Jieyun; Chen, Xiangbi; Hu, Yajun; Wu, Jinshui; Su, Yirong; Kuzyakov, Yakov (January 2018). \"RETRACTED: Effects of biotic and abiotic factors on soil organic matter mineralization: Experiments and structural modeling analysis\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 84: 27–34. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.12.003." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 67653757 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 33.266666666666666, "severity": 0.03326666666666667, "rank": 480 }, { "id": "sha256:39f2a871102d7f07", "key": "RW-73246 / 67653757 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-08", "revid": 1379112021 } ], "first_seen": 1379112021, "last_checked": 1379112021, "page_id": 67653757, "revid": 1379112021, "written_on": "Yakov Kuzyakov", "doi": "10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.12.003", "pmid": "", "record_id": 73246, "paper_title": "Effects of biotic and abiotic factors on soil organic matter mineralization: Experiments and structural modeling analysis", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Since September 2026 his work has been scrutinized, so far five of his papers have been retracted due to serious ethical violations during the peer review and editorial process.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Since September 2026 his work has been scrutinized, so far five of his papers have been retracted due to serious ethical violations during the peer review and editorial process.", "reason": "This reports the paper's retraction and editorial misconduct, not its findings about soil organic matter mineralization.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Since September 2026 his work has been scrutinized, so far five of his papers have been retracted due to serious ethical violations during the peer review and editorial process.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "As of September 2026, four of the papers in that journal that he authored and edited himself were retracted.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Compromised Peer Review", "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Conflict of Interest", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Rogue Editor", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e8f934a1e3bc3def", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Qiu2", "marker": "[7]", "others": [ "Liang, Qiong; Chen, Haiqing; Gong, Yuanshi; Yang, Hefa; Fan, Mingsheng; Kuzyakov, Yakov (1 January 2014). \"RETRACTED: Effects of 15 years of manure and mineral fertilizers on enzyme activities in particle-size fractions in a North China Plain soil\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 60: 112–119. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2013.11.009.", "Maharjan, Menuka; Maranguit, Deejay; Kuzyakov, Yakov (May 2018). \"RETRACTED: Phosphorus fractions in subtropical soils depending on land use\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 87: 17–24. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2018.04.002.", "Qiu, Husen; Zheng, Xiaodong; Ge, Tida; Dorodnikov, Maxim; Chen, Xiangbi; Hu, Yajun; Kuzyakov, Yakov; Wu, Jinshui; Su, Yirong; Zhang, Zhenhua (November 2017). \"RETRACTED: Weaker priming and mineralisation of low molecular weight organic substances in paddy than in upland soil\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 83: 9–17. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.09.008.", "Wu, Cuiyan; Huang, Wei; Liu, Yixian; Li, Han; Ding, Shuai; Zhu, Zhenke; Wang, Feng; Dijkstra, Feike A.; Zhang, Guangbin; Kuzyakov, Yakov; Cheng, Weiguo; Xiao, Mouliang; Ge, Tida (10 December 2024). \"RETRACTED: Physicochemically protected organic carbon release is the rate-limiting step of rhizosphere priming in paddy soils\". Science of the Total Environment. 955 176859. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176859. 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European Journal of Soil Biology. 60: 112–119. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2013.11.009.", "Qiu, Husen; Zheng, Xiaodong; Ge, Tida; Dorodnikov, Maxim; Chen, Xiangbi; Hu, Yajun; Kuzyakov, Yakov; Wu, Jinshui; Su, Yirong; Zhang, Zhenhua (November 2017). \"RETRACTED: Weaker priming and mineralisation of low molecular weight organic substances in paddy than in upland soil\". European Journal of Soil Biology. 83: 9–17. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.09.008.", "Qiu, Husen; Ge, Tida; Liu, Jieyun; Chen, Xiangbi; Hu, Yajun; Wu, Jinshui; Su, Yirong; Kuzyakov, Yakov (January 2018). \"RETRACTED: Effects of biotic and abiotic factors on soil organic matter mineralization: Experiments and structural modeling analysis\". 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When questioned, the authors were unable to provide the necessary documentation of the condition. The journal eventually retracted the article.", "section": "Ectopia cordis interna hoax", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available", "Plagiarism of Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e21c3ef09763b357", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[12]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 5679100 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 31.433333333333334, "severity": 0.031433333333333334, "rank": 486 }, { "id": "sha256:62ab3b8e56d08972", "key": "RW-500 / 16770101 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378516518 } ], "first_seen": 1378516518, "last_checked": 1378516518, "page_id": 16770101, "revid": 1378516518, "written_on": "Long non-coding RNA", "doi": "10.1126/science.1117705", "pmid": "16497925", "record_id": 500, "paper_title": "Noncoding RNAs of Trithorax Response Elements Recruit Drosophila Ash1 to Ultrabithorax", "cited": true, "section": "In epigenetic regulation", "where": "paragraph", "text": "While it has been known for some time that RNA is an integral component of chromatin, it is only recently that we are beginning to appreciate the means by which RNA is involved in pathways of chromatin modification.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "While it has been known for some time that RNA is an integral component of chromatin, it is only recently that we are beginning to appreciate the means by which RNA is involved in pathways of chromatin modification.", "reason": "This is broad background about RNA and chromatin, not the paper's specific finding about TRE transcripts recruiting Ash1 to activate Ubx; other cited studies plausibly support it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.92, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:22657eb814928de1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "SanchezElsner_2006", "marker": "[105]", "others": [ "Nickerson JA, Krochmalnic G, Wan KM, Penman S (January 1989). \"Chromatin architecture and nuclear RNA\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86 (1): 177–181. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86..177N. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.1.177. PMC 286427. PMID 2911567.", "Rodríguez-Campos A, Azorín F (November 2007). \"RNA is an integral component of chromatin that contributes to its structural organization\". PLOS ONE. 2 (11) e1182. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2.1182R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001182. PMC 2063516. PMID 18000552.", "Chen X, Xu H, Yuan P, Fang F, Huss M, Vega VB, et al. (June 2008). \"Integration of external signaling pathways with the core transcriptional network in embryonic stem cells\". Cell. 133 (6): 1106–1117. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.043. PMID 18555785. S2CID 1768190.", "Rinn JL, Kertesz M, Wang JK, Squazzo SL, Xu X, Brugmann SA, et al. (June 2007). \"Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs\". Cell. 129 (7): 1311–1323. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.022. PMC 2084369. 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Specifically, this led to the use of their study to support positions regarding the role of race in police shootings more generally (including non-deadly shootings), a question outside the scope of the study, which it was not intended to investigate.", "section": "Officer characteristics", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0e01b4d43bb5d6b9", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Cesario2019", "marker": "[61]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 54255548 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 30.433333333333334, "severity": 0.030433333333333333, "rank": 488 }, { "id": "sha256:0428a0e115f18e60", "key": "RW-23720 / 54255548 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370452779 } ], "first_seen": 1370452779, "last_checked": 1370452779, "page_id": 54255548, "revid": 1370452779, "written_on": "Police use of deadly force in the United States", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1903856116", "pmid": "31332014", "record_id": 23720, "paper_title": "Officer characteristics and racial disparities in fatal officer-involved shootings", "cited": true, "section": "Officer characteristics", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Cesario and coauthors in their 2019 study found that the race of police officers is not a significant predictor in the use of deadly force.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Cesario and coauthors in their 2019 study found that the race of police officers is not a significant predictor in the use of deadly force.", "reason": "The same paragraph explicitly identifies the paper as retracted and explains the limitations of its inferences.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The study was criticized by several academics, who stated that its conclusion could not be supported by the data.", "section": "Civilian characteristics", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "A subsequent PNAS article stated that it rested on the erroneous assumption that police encounter minorities and whites at the same rate, and that if police have a higher threshold for stopping whites who engage in suspicious behavior than minorities, then the data on police shootings masks the discrimination.", "section": "Civilian characteristics", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "PNAS issued a correction to the original article in April 2020.", "section": "Civilian characteristics", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The authors retracted the study in July 2020, stating that their work was being used in public debate to support incorrect conclusions about racial bias in policing.", "section": "Civilian characteristics", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Despite maintaining the validity of this conclusion, the authors eventually retracted the paper as a whole, citing \"continued misuse\" of their findings.", "section": "Officer characteristics", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "According to a written statement published by the authors, their initial paper carelessly described inferences that could be drawn from their data. Specifically, this led to the use of their study to support positions regarding the role of race in police shootings more generally (including non-deadly shootings), a question outside the scope of the study, which it was not intended to investigate.", "section": "Officer characteristics", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0e01b4d43bb5d6b9", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Cesario2019", "marker": "[61]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 54255548 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 30.433333333333334, "severity": 0.030433333333333333, "rank": 489 }, { "id": "sha256:50677b5c6df90ef8", "key": "RW-30715 / 4071231 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376296858 } ], "first_seen": 1376296858, "last_checked": 1376296858, "page_id": 4071231, "revid": 1376296858, "written_on": "Causes of autism", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003498.pub3", "pmid": "18425890", "record_id": 30715, "paper_title": "Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder (Pub 3)", "cited": true, "section": "Endogenous opiate precursor theory", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The possibility of a relationship between autism and the consumption of gluten and casein was first articulated by Kalle Reichelt in 1991.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The possibility of a relationship between autism and the consumption of gluten and casein was first articulated by Kalle Reichelt in 1991.", "reason": "This is a historical attribution of a hypothesis, not reliance on the review's findings about dietary efficacy.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:97bb6eb8b04a39b3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Cochrane20082", "marker": "[118]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 4071231 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 117.03333333333333, "severity": 0.029258333333333334, "rank": 490 }, { "id": "sha256:9b95e190cf240012", "key": "RW-39363 / 73261569 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372575149 } ], "first_seen": 1372575149, "last_checked": 1372575149, "page_id": 73261569, "revid": 1372575149, "written_on": "Ranga Dias (physicist)", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z", "pmid": "33057222", "record_id": 39363, "paper_title": "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "cited": true, "section": "Career", "where": "paragraph", "text": "He is particularly interested in high-temperature superconductivity and quantum phase transitions of hydrogen and hydride materials.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "He is particularly interested in high-temperature superconductivity and quantum phase transitions of hydrogen and hydride materials.", "reason": "This describes Dias's research interests, not the paper's claimed discovery; other listed publications plausibly establish those interests.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Both papers were later retracted after accusations of scientific misconduct, including data fabrication and manipulation.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "As of 2025, Dias and his collaborator Ashkan Salamat at University of Nevada, Las Vegas have had five of their research papers retracted, and five other papers have received an Expression of Concern by the publishers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "As of 2024, five of Dias's papers have been retracted, all with a small cohort of coauthors.", "section": "Scientific misconduct investigations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "It was retracted by Nature in 2022.", "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After the paper was retracted, Dias and co-author Ashkan Salamat denied accusations of misconduct.", "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4aa836510df077bd", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Snider", "marker": "[28]", "others": [ "Silvera, Isaac F.; Dias, Ranga (January 1, 2021). \"Phases of the hydrogen isotopes under pressure: metallic hydrogen\". Advances in Physics: X. 6 (1) 1961607. Bibcode:2021AdPhX...661607S. doi:10.1080/23746149.2021.1961607. S2CID 238638324.", "Dias, Ranga P.; Silvera, Isaac F. (February 17, 2017). \"Observation of the Wigner-Huntington transition to metallic hydrogen\". Science. 355 (6326): 715–718. arXiv:1610.01634. Bibcode:2017Sci...355..715D. doi:10.1126/science.aal1579. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28126728. S2CID 52851498.", "Dias, Ranga P.; Noked, Ori; Silvera, Isaac F. (April 8, 2016). \"New Phases and Dissociation-Recombination of Hydrogen Deuteride to 3.4 Mbar\". Physical Review Letters. 116 (14) 145501. arXiv:1510.05686. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116n5501D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.145501. PMID 27104717. S2CID 115503.", "Dasenbrock-Gammon, Nathan; Snider, Elliot; McBride, Raymond; Pasan, Hiranya; Durkee, Dylan; Khalvashi-Sutter, Nugzari; Munasinghe, Sasanka; Dissanayake, Sachith E.; Lawler, Keith V.; Salamat, Ashkan; Dias, Ranga P. (March 1, 2023). \"Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride\". Nature. 615 (7951): 244–250. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..244D. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05742-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 36890373. S2CID 257407449. (Retracted, see doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06774-2, PMID 37935926)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 73261569 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 28.5, "severity": 0.0285, "rank": 491 }, { "id": "sha256:2edb4bacb5ce9e53", "key": "RW-39363 / 73261569 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372575149 } ], "first_seen": 1372575149, "last_checked": 1372575149, "page_id": 73261569, "revid": 1372575149, "written_on": "Ranga Dias (physicist)", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z", "pmid": "33057222", "record_id": 39363, "paper_title": "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "cited": true, "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2020, Dias published a paper in Nature describing room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2020, Dias published a paper in Nature describing room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride.", "reason": "This recounts the paper's publication and claim in a paragraph that explicitly states its retraction; the Scientific American source plausibly supports this history.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Both papers were later retracted after accusations of scientific misconduct, including data fabrication and manipulation.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "As of 2025, Dias and his collaborator Ashkan Salamat at University of Nevada, Las Vegas have had five of their research papers retracted, and five other papers have received an Expression of Concern by the publishers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "As of 2024, five of Dias's papers have been retracted, all with a small cohort of coauthors.", "section": "Scientific misconduct investigations", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "It was retracted by Nature in 2022.", "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "After the paper was retracted, Dias and co-author Ashkan Salamat denied accusations of misconduct.", "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4aa836510df077bd", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Snider", "marker": "[28]", "others": [ "Bushwick, Sophie. \"Controversy Surrounds Blockbuster Superconductivity Claim\". Scientific American. Retrieved April 3, 2023." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 73261569 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 28.5, "severity": 0.0285, "rank": 492 }, { "id": "sha256:99d6d61c189c1717", "key": "RW-39363 / 73261569 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372575149 } ], "first_seen": 1372575149, "last_checked": 1372575149, "page_id": 73261569, "revid": 1372575149, "written_on": "Ranga Dias (physicist)", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z", "pmid": "33057222", "record_id": 39363, "paper_title": "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "In 2020 and in 2023, his group published two papers claiming to have achieved room-temperature superconductivity, the first using carbonaceous sulfur hydride at extremely high pressure, and the second using nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride at near-ambient pressure. Both papers were later retracted after accusations of scientific misconduct, including data fabrication and manipulation. Dias denied those charges, with an initial investigation by UR in 2021 reporting no evidence of misconduct. A later independent investigation performed by the American Physical Society did find such evidence, and a March 2024 investigation by the University reported that Dias \"engaged in research misconduct.\"", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2020 and in 2023, his group published two papers claiming to have achieved room-temperature superconductivity, the first using carbonaceous sulfur hydride at extremely high pressure, and the second using nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride at near-ambient pressure.", "reason": "The first claim retells this paper's specific finding, rather than an independent result; an editor should check the paragraph's sources, but its next sentence explicitly identifies both papers as retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Both papers were later retracted after accusations of scientific misconduct, including data fabrication and manipulation.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "As of 2025, Dias and his collaborator Ashkan Salamat at University of Nevada, Las Vegas have had five of their research papers retracted, and five other papers have received an Expression of Concern by the publishers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "As of 2024, five of Dias's papers have been retracted, all with a small cohort of coauthors.", "section": "Scientific misconduct investigations", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "It was retracted by Nature in 2022.", "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After the paper was retracted, Dias and co-author Ashkan Salamat denied accusations of misconduct.", "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4aa836510df077bd", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 73261569 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 28.5, "severity": 0.0285, "rank": 493 }, { "id": "sha256:34a0c2701a390f33", "key": "RW-48932 / 73261569 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372575149 } ], "first_seen": 1372575149, "last_checked": 1372575149, "page_id": 73261569, "revid": 1372575149, "written_on": "Ranga Dias (physicist)", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-023-05742-0", "pmid": "36890373", "record_id": 48932, "paper_title": "Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride", "cited": true, "section": "Career", "where": "paragraph", "text": "He is particularly interested in high-temperature superconductivity and quantum phase transitions of hydrogen and hydride materials.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "He is particularly interested in high-temperature superconductivity and quantum phase transitions of hydrogen and hydride materials.", "reason": "This describes Dias's research interests, not the paper's superconductivity finding; the other publications plausibly establish those interests.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Both papers were later retracted after accusations of scientific misconduct, including data fabrication and manipulation.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On September 26, 2023, The Wall Street Journal reported that the coauthors of the N-doped lutetium hydride Nature paper were requesting a retraction, alleging Dias of misrepresenting data.", "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On November 7, 2023 Nature formally retracted the paper in question, with the statement indicating that \"... request of the authors Nathan Dasenbrock-Gammon, Elliot Snider, Raymond McBride, Hiranya Pasan, Dylan Durkee, Sachith E. Dissanayake, Keith V. Lawler and Ashkan Salamat.\"", "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:200a7369e8051b20", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":7", "marker": "[31]", "others": [ "Silvera, Isaac F.; Dias, Ranga (January 1, 2021). \"Phases of the hydrogen isotopes under pressure: metallic hydrogen\". Advances in Physics: X. 6 (1) 1961607. Bibcode:2021AdPhX...661607S. doi:10.1080/23746149.2021.1961607. S2CID 238638324.", "Snider, Elliot; Dasenbrock-Gammon, Nathan; McBride, Raymond; Debessai, Mathew; Vindana, Hiranya; Vencatasamy, Kevin; Lawler, Keith V.; Salamat, Ashkan; Dias, Ranga P. (October 15, 2020). \"Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride\". Nature. 586 (7829): 373–377. Bibcode:2020Natur.586..373S. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z. OSTI 1673473. PMID 33057222. S2CID 222823227. (Retracted, see doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05294-9, PMID 36163290)", "Dias, Ranga P.; Silvera, Isaac F. (February 17, 2017). \"Observation of the Wigner-Huntington transition to metallic hydrogen\". Science. 355 (6326): 715–718. arXiv:1610.01634. Bibcode:2017Sci...355..715D. doi:10.1126/science.aal1579. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28126728. S2CID 52851498.", "Dias, Ranga P.; Noked, Ori; Silvera, Isaac F. (April 8, 2016). \"New Phases and Dissociation-Recombination of Hydrogen Deuteride to 3.4 Mbar\". Physical Review Letters. 116 (14) 145501. arXiv:1510.05686. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116n5501D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.145501. PMID 27104717. S2CID 115503." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 73261569 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 28.5, "severity": 0.0285, "rank": 494 }, { "id": "sha256:f23230b91a605553", "key": "RW-48932 / 73261569 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372575149 } ], "first_seen": 1372575149, "last_checked": 1372575149, "page_id": 73261569, "revid": 1372575149, "written_on": "Ranga Dias (physicist)", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-023-05742-0", "pmid": "36890373", "record_id": 48932, "paper_title": "Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride", "cited": true, "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "where": "paragraph", "text": "On September 26, 2023, The Wall Street Journal reported that the coauthors of the N-doped lutetium hydride Nature paper were requesting a retraction, alleging Dias of misrepresenting data.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "On September 26, 2023, The Wall Street Journal reported that the coauthors of the N-doped lutetium hydride Nature paper were requesting a retraction, alleging Dias of misrepresenting data.", "reason": "This reports the controversy surrounding the paper, and the same paragraph explicitly states its subsequent retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Both papers were later retracted after accusations of scientific misconduct, including data fabrication and manipulation.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On September 26, 2023, The Wall Street Journal reported that the coauthors of the N-doped lutetium hydride Nature paper were requesting a retraction, alleging Dias of misrepresenting data.", "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On November 7, 2023 Nature formally retracted the paper in question, with the statement indicating that \"... request of the authors Nathan Dasenbrock-Gammon, Elliot Snider, Raymond McBride, Hiranya Pasan, Dylan Durkee, Sachith E. Dissanayake, Keith V. Lawler and Ashkan Salamat.\"", "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:200a7369e8051b20", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":7", "marker": "[31]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 73261569 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 28.5, "severity": 0.0285, "rank": 495 }, { "id": "sha256:8eae7e32dc8b3ffa", "key": "RW-48932 / 73261569 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372575149 } ], "first_seen": 1372575149, "last_checked": 1372575149, "page_id": 73261569, "revid": 1372575149, "written_on": "Ranga Dias (physicist)", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-023-05742-0", "pmid": "36890373", "record_id": 48932, "paper_title": "Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride", "cited": true, "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "where": "paragraph", "text": "On November 7, 2023 Nature formally retracted the paper in question, with the statement indicating that \"... request of the authors Nathan Dasenbrock-Gammon, Elliot Snider, Raymond McBride, Hiranya Pasan, Dylan Durkee, Sachith E. Dissanayake, Keith V. Lawler and Ashkan Salamat.\"", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "On November 7, 2023 Nature formally retracted the paper in question, with the statement indicating that \"... request of the authors Nathan Dasenbrock-Gammon, Elliot Snider, Raymond McBride, Hiranya Pasan, Dylan Durkee, Sachith E. Dissanayake, Keith V. Lawler and Ashkan Salamat.\"", "reason": "This explicitly reports the retraction rather than relying on the scientific finding, and the accompanying retraction notice supports it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Both papers were later retracted after accusations of scientific misconduct, including data fabrication and manipulation.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On September 26, 2023, The Wall Street Journal reported that the coauthors of the N-doped lutetium hydride Nature paper were requesting a retraction, alleging Dias of misrepresenting data.", "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On November 7, 2023 Nature formally retracted the paper in question, with the statement indicating that \"... request of the authors Nathan Dasenbrock-Gammon, Elliot Snider, Raymond McBride, Hiranya Pasan, Dylan Durkee, Sachith E. Dissanayake, Keith V. Lawler and Ashkan Salamat.\"", "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:200a7369e8051b20", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":7", "marker": "[31]", "others": [ "Dasenbrock-Gammon, Nathan; Snider, Elliot; McBride, Raymond; Pasan, Hiranya; Durkee, Dylan; Khalvashi-Sutter, Nugzari; Munasinghe, Sasanka; Dissanayake, Sachith E.; Lawler, Keith V.; Salamat, Ashkan; Dias, Ranga P. (November 7, 2023). \"Retraction Note: Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride\". Nature. 624 (7991): 460. Bibcode:2023Natur.624..460D. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06774-2. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 37935926." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 73261569 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 28.5, "severity": 0.0285, "rank": 496 }, { "id": "sha256:a4e6bdc0199ce23d", "key": "RW-48932 / 73261569 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372575149 } ], "first_seen": 1372575149, "last_checked": 1372575149, "page_id": 73261569, "revid": 1372575149, "written_on": "Ranga Dias (physicist)", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-023-05742-0", "pmid": "36890373", "record_id": 48932, "paper_title": "Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "In 2020 and in 2023, his group published two papers claiming to have achieved room-temperature superconductivity, the first using carbonaceous sulfur hydride at extremely high pressure, and the second using nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride at near-ambient pressure. Both papers were later retracted after accusations of scientific misconduct, including data fabrication and manipulation. Dias denied those charges, with an initial investigation by UR in 2021 reporting no evidence of misconduct. A later independent investigation performed by the American Physical Society did find such evidence, and a March 2024 investigation by the University reported that Dias \"engaged in research misconduct.\"", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2020 and in 2023, his group published two papers claiming to have achieved room-temperature superconductivity, the first using carbonaceous sulfur hydride at extremely high pressure, and the second using nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride at near-ambient pressure.", "reason": "The second claim specifically repeats this paper's finding, but the same paragraph explicitly says both papers were retracted; an editor can check the paragraph's own sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Both papers were later retracted after accusations of scientific misconduct, including data fabrication and manipulation.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On September 26, 2023, The Wall Street Journal reported that the coauthors of the N-doped lutetium hydride Nature paper were requesting a retraction, alleging Dias of misrepresenting data.", "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On November 7, 2023 Nature formally retracted the paper in question, with the statement indicating that \"... request of the authors Nathan Dasenbrock-Gammon, Elliot Snider, Raymond McBride, Hiranya Pasan, Dylan Durkee, Sachith E. Dissanayake, Keith V. Lawler and Ashkan Salamat.\"", "section": "Published peer-reviewed works", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:200a7369e8051b20", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 73261569 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 28.5, "severity": 0.0285, "rank": 497 }, { "id": "sha256:68f6752ef0f39b7b", "key": "RW-63958 / 146019 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378048742 } ], "first_seen": 1378048742, "last_checked": 1378048742, "page_id": 146019, "revid": 1378048742, "written_on": "Diamondoid", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-021-97778-3", "pmid": "34545151", "record_id": 63958, "paper_title": "A Tunguska sized airburst destroyed Tall el-Hammam a Middle Bronze Age city in the Jordan Valley near the Dead Sea", "cited": true, "section": "See also", "where": "list", "text": "“Diamonoids” were claimed as an airburst proxy, but may have been a misspelling of diamondoid in a now-retracted paper.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "“Diamonoids” were claimed as an airburst proxy, but may have been a misspelling of diamondoid in a now-retracted paper.", "reason": "The item reports the paper's claim while explicitly identifying the paper as retracted, rather than presenting its finding as established.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "“Diamonoids” were claimed as an airburst proxy, but may have been a misspelling of diamondoid in a now-retracted paper.", "section": "See also", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Methods", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:bf1902bebf28539b", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[15]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 146019 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 27.933333333333334, "severity": 0.027933333333333334, "rank": 498 }, { "id": "sha256:b4709ac23808791e", "key": "RW-18158 / 81085089 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377194592 } ], "first_seen": 1377194592, "last_checked": 1377194592, "page_id": 81085089, "revid": 1377194592, "written_on": "HPV vaccination in Japan", "doi": "10.1038/srep36943", "pmid": "27833142", "record_id": 18158, "paper_title": "Murine hypothalamic destruction with vascular cell apoptosis subsequent to combined administration of human papilloma virus vaccine and pertussis toxin", "cited": true, "section": "Background to the adverse reaction controversy and subsequent research", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In a separate line of research, a study published in Scientific Reports in 2016 suggested that combined administration of an HPV vaccine and pertussis toxin caused neurological damage in mice.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In a separate line of research, a study published in Scientific Reports in 2016 suggested that combined administration of an HPV vaccine and pertussis toxin caused neurological damage in mice.", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the paper's claim but explicitly identifies its methodological criticism and subsequent retraction, rather than presenting the finding as established.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, the methodology was criticized as lacking reproducibility and having inadequate controls. In May 2018, Scientific Reports formally retracted the article, citing methodological flaws.", "section": "Background to the adverse reaction controversy and subsequent research", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Methods", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8984ad1655425cfe", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[139]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 81085089 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 27.2, "severity": 0.0272, "rank": 499 }, { "id": "sha256:e0c52bcf897b55dd", "key": "RW-961 / 1487987 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1359889986 } ], "first_seen": 1359889986, "last_checked": 1359889986, "page_id": 1487987, "revid": 1359889986, "written_on": "National Institute on Drug Abuse", "doi": "10.1126/science.1074501", "pmid": "12351788", "record_id": 961, "paper_title": "Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA (ecstasy)", "cited": true, "section": "Ricaurte's monkeys", "where": "paragraph", "text": "His paper \"Severe Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity in Primates After a Common Recreational Dose Regimen of MDMA ('Ecstasy')\" in Science was later retracted after it became clear that the monkeys had in fact been injected not with MDMA, but with extremely high doses of methamphetamine.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "His paper \"Severe Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity in Primates After a Common Recreational Dose Regimen of MDMA ('Ecstasy')\" in Science was later retracted after it became clear that the monkeys had in fact been injected not with MDMA, but with extremely high doses of methamphetamine.", "reason": "The paragraph describes the paper's retraction and material error rather than endorsing its neurotoxicity finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Further information: Retracted article on neurotoxicity of ecstasy", "section": "Ricaurte's monkeys", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "His paper \"Severe Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity in Primates After a Common Recreational Dose Regimen of MDMA ('Ecstasy')\" in Science was later retracted after it became clear that the monkeys had in fact been injected not with MDMA, but with extremely high doses of methamphetamine.", "section": "Ricaurte's monkeys", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Alan Leshner, publisher of Science and former director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), has come under fire for endorsing the botched study at its time of publication...", "section": "Ricaurte's monkeys", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2bdef52a333161dc", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[46]", "others": [ "Earth Erowid (27 September 2002). \"A Review of a Recent Claim Of Parkinson's from \"Recreational\" MDMA Use\". erowid.org." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 1487987 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 26.333333333333332, "severity": 0.026333333333333334, "rank": 500 }, { "id": "sha256:59776e92da0b9ee7", "key": "RW-2268 / 8129870 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1329563606 } ], "first_seen": 1329563606, "last_checked": 1329563606, "page_id": 8129870, "revid": 1329563606, "written_on": "Alveolar macrophage", "doi": "10.1016/j.immuni.2006.02.008", "pmid": "16618605", "record_id": 2268, "paper_title": "Induction of a homeostatic circuit in lung tissue by microbial compounds", "cited": true, "section": "Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Normally mature TGFβ is secreted as a latent complex with its N-terminal fragment, latency-associated peptide (LAP), which inhibits its activity.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Normally mature TGFβ is secreted as a latent complex with its N-terminal fragment, latency-associated peptide (LAP), which inhibits its activity.", "reason": "This describes established TGFβ biochemistry rather than the paper's microbial-triggered lung homeostatic circuit.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:13f686ad8cf64056", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Takabayshi_2006", "marker": "[22]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 8129870 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in 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binding site for the integrin, and is an essential component of the TGF-β activation apparatus.", "reason": "This is an earlier-established integrin activation mechanism, directly addressed by the independently cited 1999 paper, rather than the retracted paper's distinctive circuit.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:13f686ad8cf64056", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Takabayshi_2006", "marker": "[22]", "others": [ "Munger JS, Huang X, Kawakatsu H, Griffiths MJ, Dalton SL, Wu J, Pittet JF, Kaminski N, Garat C, Matthay MA, Rifkin DB, Sheppard D (February 1999). \"The integrin alpha v beta 6 binds and activates latent TGF beta 1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis\". Cell. 96 (3): 319–28. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80545-0. PMID 10025398." ], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 8129870 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 25.766666666666666, "severity": 0.025766666666666667, "rank": 502 }, { "id": "sha256:43cef260b52e5b25", "key": "RW-2268 / 8129870 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1329563606 } ], "first_seen": 1329563606, "last_checked": 1329563606, "page_id": 8129870, "revid": 1329563606, "written_on": "Alveolar macrophage", "doi": "10.1016/j.immuni.2006.02.008", "pmid": "16618605", "record_id": 2268, "paper_title": "Induction of a homeostatic circuit in lung tissue by microbial compounds", "cited": true, "section": "Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Binding of activated TGF-β to its receptors expressed on alveolar macrophages induces a downstream signaling cascade, including phosphorylation of receptor-regulated Small Mothers Against Decapentaplegic (R-SMAD)homologs 2 and 3.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Binding of activated TGF-β to its receptors expressed on alveolar macrophages induces a downstream signaling cascade, including phosphorylation of receptor-regulated Small Mothers Against Decapentaplegic (R-SMAD)homologs 2 and 3.", "reason": "This describes conventional TGFβ receptor signaling rather than the distinctive microbial regulation of the circuit; the Pneumocystis paper plausibly supports alveolar signaling independently.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.81, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:13f686ad8cf64056", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Takabayshi_2006", "marker": "[22]", "others": [ "Lambrecht, BN (April 2006). \"\"Alveolar macrophage in the driver's seat\"\". Immunity. 24 (4): 366–8. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2006.03.008. PMID 16618595.", "Ray CA, Lasbury ME, Durant PJ, Wang SH, Zhang C, Liao CP, Tschang D, Lee CH (2006). \"Transforming growth factor-beta activation and signaling in the alveolar environment during Pneumocystis pneumonia\". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 53 (Suppl 1): S127–9. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00200.x. PMID 17169028. S2CID 37439751." ], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 8129870 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 25.766666666666666, "severity": 0.025766666666666667, "rank": 503 }, { "id": "sha256:76a12b1bf03a4a40", "key": "RW-2268 / 8129870 / #11", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1329563606 } ], "first_seen": 1329563606, "last_checked": 1329563606, "page_id": 8129870, "revid": 1329563606, "written_on": "Alveolar macrophage", "doi": "10.1016/j.immuni.2006.02.008", "pmid": "16618605", "record_id": 2268, "paper_title": "Induction of a homeostatic circuit in lung tissue by microbial compounds", "cited": true, "section": "Deactivation", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Activation of TGF-β is also advantageous because its production stimulates collagen synthesis in interstitial fibroblasts, which is necessary for restoring alveolar wall architecture.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Activation of TGF-β is also advantageous because its production stimulates collagen synthesis in interstitial fibroblasts, which is necessary for restoring alveolar wall architecture.", "reason": "The collagen-synthesis claim is background tissue-repair biology, not the paper's distinctive macrophage–epithelial feedback finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.86, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:13f686ad8cf64056", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Takabayshi_2006", "marker": "[22]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 8129870 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 25.766666666666666, "severity": 0.025766666666666667, "rank": 504 }, { "id": "sha256:71f4295aca5cef15", "key": "RW-2280 / 18132000 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371804020 } ], "first_seen": 1371804020, "last_checked": 1371804020, "page_id": 18132000, "revid": 1371804020, "written_on": "Low sodium diet", "doi": "10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302337", "pmid": "22914535", "record_id": 2280, "paper_title": "Low sodium versus normal sodium diets in systolic heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis", "cited": true, "section": "Health effects", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2012, the British Journal Heart published an article claiming that a low salt diet appears to increase the risk of death in those with congestive heart failure, but the article was retracted in 2013.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2012, the British Journal Heart published an article claiming that a low salt diet appears to increase the risk of death in those with congestive heart failure, but the article was retracted in 2013.", "reason": "The sentence reports the paper's claim but explicitly states that the paper was retracted, rather than presenting its finding as established fact.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "but the article was retracted in 2013.", "section": "Health effects", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The article was retracted by the journal when it was found that two of the studies cited contained duplicate data that could not be verified.", "section": "Health effects", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Complaints about Author", "Duplication of Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Results Not Reproducible" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4ec2524c1d973c87", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[9]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 18132000 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 24.933333333333334, "severity": 0.024933333333333335, "rank": 505 }, { "id": "sha256:6d459d24537ff016", "key": "RW-23648 / 2519869 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1352491579 } ], "first_seen": 1352491579, "last_checked": 1352491579, "page_id": 2519869, "revid": 1352491579, "written_on": "Angewandte Chemie", "doi": "10.1002/anie.202006717", "pmid": "32497328", "record_id": 23648, "paper_title": "‘Organic synthesis – Where now?’ is thirty years old. A reflection on the current state of affair", "cited": true, "section": "2020 controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Something went very wrong here and we're committed to do better.\"", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The journal withdrew the paper within hours, stating that the \"paper contains opinions that don't reflect our values and has been removed. [...] Something went very wrong here and we're committed to do better.\"", "reason": "This reports the paper's withdrawal and the journal's response, rather than relying on the paper's claims.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In June 2020, the journal withdrew a paper by Tomas Hudlicky (Brock University), \"Organic synthesis—Where now?\" is thirty years old. A reflection on the current state of affairs, stating that it was \"accepted after peer review and appears as an accepted article online prior to editing, proofing, and formal publication of the final Version of Record\".", "section": "2020 controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The journal withdrew the paper within hours, stating that the \"paper contains opinions that don't reflect our values and has been removed. [...] Something went very wrong here and we're committed to do better.\"", "section": "2020 controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Hudlicky responded to the backlash and retraction stating \"I stand by the views I wished to express in the essay, some of which are common knowledge, while others were duly cited from primary and secondary sources\".", "section": "2020 controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Objections by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:fd702a84f3eeb608", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[6]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 2519869 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 24.9, "severity": 0.0249, "rank": 506 }, { "id": "sha256:75050baf0c3b612e", "key": "RW-520 / 67249068 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374340645 } ], "first_seen": 1374340645, "last_checked": 1374340645, "page_id": 67249068, "revid": 1374340645, "written_on": "Deep canvassing", "doi": "10.1126/science.1256151", "pmid": "25504721", "record_id": 520, "paper_title": "When Contact Changes Minds: An Experiment on Transmission of Support for Gay Equality", "cited": true, "section": "Effectiveness", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2014, a paper by Michael J. LaCour, \"When contact changes minds\", was released showing that longer and 'deeper' conversation can change minds but was retracted the following year for having falsified data.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2014, a paper by Michael J. LaCour, \"When contact changes minds\", was released showing that longer and 'deeper' conversation can change minds but was retracted the following year for having falsified data.", "reason": "The sentence reports the paper's claim as historical context and explicitly identifies its retraction for falsified data, rather than presenting the finding as valid evidence.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "but was retracted the following year for having falsified data.", "section": "Effectiveness", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Ethical Violations by Author", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Manipulation of Results" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:908c88a76e760ea9", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":1", "marker": "[5]", "others": [ "Resnick, Brian (2016-04-07). \"These scientists can prove it's possible to reduce prejudice\". Vox. 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(2014). \"Retraction notice to: 'The relationship between authentic leadership and follower job performance: The mediating role of follower positivity in extreme contexts' [The Leadership Quarterly 23 (2012) 502–516]\". The Leadership Quarterly. 25 (6): 1183–1184. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.11.001." ], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 40815333 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 24.4, "severity": 0.024399999999999998, "rank": 509 }, { "id": "sha256:aa616c85d14e5dcd", "key": "RW-2081 / 39883766 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372597054 } ], "first_seen": 1372597054, "last_checked": 1372597054, "page_id": 39883766, "revid": 1372597054, "written_on": "Yoshiki Sasai", "doi": "10.1038/nature12968", "pmid": "24476887", "record_id": 2081, "paper_title": "Stimulus-triggered Fate Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Pluripotency", "cited": true, "section": "STAP controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2014 Sasai was a co-author on two papers published in Nature, shortly thereafter retracted, that described stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency or \"STAP\" cells.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2014 Sasai was a co-author on two papers published in Nature, shortly thereafter retracted, that described stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency or \"STAP\" cells.", "reason": "This is a historical account of Sasai's co-authorship that explicitly identifies the papers as retracted, not an endorsement of their findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2014 Sasai was a co-author on two papers published in Nature, shortly thereafter retracted, that described stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency or \"STAP\" cells.", "section": "STAP controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "A subsequent investigation by Riken found that Sasai's co-author, Haruko Obokata, had committed scientific misconduct in the STAP cell experiments, and criticized Sasai for inadequate supervision of Obokata.", "section": "STAP controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5dd803f1ac2c848f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[13]", "others": [ "Obokata, Haruko (2014). \"Retraction: Stimulus-triggered fate conversion of somatic cells into pluripotency\". Nature. 511 (7507): 112. Bibcode:2014Natur.511Q.112O. doi:10.1038/nature13598. PMID 24990753.", "Lawrence, Janet (July 2, 2014). \"Nature journal retracts stem cell paper citing \"critical errors\"\". Reuters. Retrieved July 2, 2014." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 39883766 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 22.633333333333333, "severity": 0.02263333333333333, "rank": 510 }, { "id": "sha256:b6a2358acba39919", "key": "RW-66335 / 29856330 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374726997 } ], "first_seen": 1374726997, "last_checked": 1374726997, "page_id": 29856330, "revid": 1374726997, "written_on": "GFAJ-1", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In a 2010 Science journal publication, the authors claimed that the microbe, when starved of phosphorus, is capable of substituting arsenic for a small percentage of its phosphorus to sustain its growth.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In a 2010 Science journal publication, the authors claimed that the microbe, when starved of phosphorus, is capable of substituting arsenic for a small percentage of its phosphorus to sustain its growth.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the claim historically and explicitly says it was refuted and the paper retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Subsequent independent studies published in 2012 found no detectable arsenate in the DNA of GFAJ-1, refuted the claim, and demonstrated that GFAJ-1 is simply an arsenate-resistant, phosphate-dependent organism.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted by the Science journal in 2025.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After finding and addressing further issues (ionic strength, pH and the use of glass tubes instead of polypropylene) Redfield found that arsenate marginally stimulated growth, but didn't affect the final densities of the cultures, unlike what was claimed.", "section": "Biochemistry", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In January 2012 a group of researchers led by Rosie Redfield at the University of British Columbia analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1 using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and could not detect any arsenic, which Redfield calls a \"clear refutation\" of the original paper's findings.", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted in 2025 with \"no evidence of misconduct by researchers\".", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a30ebfb612e279df", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Science", "marker": "[1]", "others": [ "Katsnelson, Alla (2 December 2010). \"Arsenic-eating microbe may redefine chemistry of life\". Nature News. doi:10.1038/news.2010.645. Retrieved 2 December 2010.", "\"Arsenic-loving bacteria may help in hunt for alien life\". BBC News. 2 December 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 29856330 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 22.4, "severity": 0.0224, "rank": 511 }, { "id": "sha256:a415b5c197c43068", "key": "RW-66335 / 29856330 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374726997 } ], "first_seen": 1374726997, "last_checked": 1374726997, "page_id": 29856330, "revid": 1374726997, "written_on": "GFAJ-1", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Discovery", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It also has one of the highest natural concentrations of arsenic in the world (200 μM).", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It also has one of the highest natural concentrations of arsenic in the world (200 μM).", "reason": "This is background information about Mono Lake, not the paper's finding about 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0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Subsequent independent studies published in 2012 found no detectable arsenate in the DNA of GFAJ-1, refuted the claim, and demonstrated that GFAJ-1 is simply an arsenate-resistant, phosphate-dependent organism.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted by the Science journal in 2025.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After finding and addressing further issues (ionic strength, pH and the use of glass tubes instead of polypropylene) Redfield found that arsenate marginally stimulated growth, but didn't affect the final densities of the cultures, unlike what was claimed.", "section": "Biochemistry", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In January 2012 a group of researchers led by Rosie Redfield at the University of British Columbia analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1 using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and could not detect any arsenic, which Redfield calls a \"clear refutation\" of the original paper's findings.", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted in 2025 with \"no evidence of misconduct by researchers\".", "section": "Criticism of Science study", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a30ebfb612e279df", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Science", "marker": "[1]", "others": [ "Stolz, John F.; Basu, Partha; Santini, Joanne M.; Oremland, Ronald S. (2006). \"Arsenic and selenium in microbial metabolism\". Annual Review of Microbiology. 60: 107–130. Bibcode:2006ARvMb..60..107S. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.60.080805.142053. PMID 16704340. S2CID 2575554." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 29856330 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 22.4, "severity": 0.0224, "rank": 513 }, { "id": "sha256:e502957fb86b6ff0", "key": "RW-66335 / 29856330 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374726997 } ], "first_seen": 1374726997, "last_checked": 1374726997, "page_id": 29856330, "revid": 1374726997, "written_on": "GFAJ-1", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Species or strain", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In the Science journal article, GFAJ-1 is referred to as a strain of Halomonadaceae and not as a new species.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In the Science journal article, GFAJ-1 is referred to as a strain of Halomonadaceae and not as a new species.", "reason": "This describes the paper's terminology 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approximately one-tenth (11.0 ± 0.1%) of the arsenic absorbed by these bacteria ended up in the fraction that contained the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and all other co-precipitated compounds not extracted by the previous treatments.", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the original evidence but explicitly contrasts it with subsequent findings rejecting the growth and DNA-incorporation claims.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.87, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Subsequent independent studies published in 2012 found no detectable arsenate in the DNA of GFAJ-1, refuted the claim, and demonstrated that GFAJ-1 is simply an arsenate-resistant, phosphate-dependent organism.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted by the Science journal in 2025.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After finding and addressing further issues (ionic strength, pH and the use of glass tubes 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Politico. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 66938719 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 22.166666666666668, "severity": 0.022166666666666668, "rank": 516 }, { "id": "sha256:28d2e0e9c6547267", "key": "RW-4472 / 34185241 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1367510200 } ], "first_seen": 1367510200, "last_checked": 1367510200, "page_id": 34185241, "revid": 1367510200, "written_on": "Anil Potti", "doi": "10.1001/jama.299.13.1574", "pmid": "18387932", "record_id": 4472, "paper_title": "Gene expression signatures, clinicopathological features, and individualized therapy in breast cancer", "cited": true, "section": "Retracted papers", "where": "list", "text": "This article was published in JAMA (Journal of American Medicine Association). The patients had early-stage breast carcinoma. The study's main point was to find if gene expression signatures could refine breast cancer prognosis. This article talks about cancer, genomic technology, and chemotherapy and radiation. This article was retracted because a large part of the article was based on another article that Potti had written and had published in Nature Medicine. The article in Nature Medicine had been retracted because of failure to reproduce results.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The patients had early-stage breast carcinoma. The study's main point was to find if gene expression signatures could refine breast cancer prognosis.", "reason": "This describes the study population and objective, not its findings, in a list item that explicitly states the paper was retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "As of 2018, 11 papers co-authored by Potti have been retracted, and seven others have been corrected. Potti's retracted papers are:", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "This article was retracted because a large part of the article was based on another article that Potti had written and had published in Nature Medicine. The article in Nature Medicine had been retracted because of failure to reproduce results.", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Cites Retracted Work", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Conflict of Interest" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9ce7b4aeed55a84b", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[64]", "others": [ "Acharya, C. R.; Hsu, D. S.; Anders, C. K.; Anguiano, A.; Salter, K. H.; Walters, K. S.; Redman, R. C.; Tuchman, S. A.; Moylan, C. A.; Mukherjee, S.; Barry, W. T.; Dressman, H. K.; Ginsburg, G. S.; Marcom, K. P.; Garman, K. S.; Lyman, G. H.; Nevins, J. R.; Potti, A. (2012). \"Retraction: Acharya CR, et al. Gene expression signatures, clinicopathological features, and individualized therapy in breast cancer\". JAMA. 307 (5): 453. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.2. PMID 22228686. Retrieved 13 January 2012." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 34185241 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 21.833333333333332, "severity": 0.021833333333333333, "rank": 517 }, { "id": "sha256:7512c129e6bcbedd", "key": "RW-1993 / 34185241 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1367510200 } ], "first_seen": 1367510200, "last_checked": 1367510200, "page_id": 34185241, "revid": 1367510200, "written_on": "Anil Potti", "doi": "10.1016/s1470-2045(07)70345-5", "pmid": "18024211", "record_id": 1993, "paper_title": "Validation of gene signatures that predict the response of breast cancer to neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a substudy of the EORTC 10994/BIG 00-01 clinical trial", "cited": true, "section": "Retracted papers", "where": "list", "text": "This article was published in Lancet Oncology. This study involved patients with oestrogen-receptor-negative breast cancer. The researchers wanted to confirm their previous studies of gene-expression signatures in predicting the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. The article was retracted because the validity of the results was beginning to be questioned and because predictions were made off of the Nature Medicine article that was retracted.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This study involved patients with oestrogen-receptor-negative breast cancer. The researchers wanted to confirm their previous studies of gene-expression signatures in predicting the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs.", "reason": "This describes the study population and aim, not its validated findings, and the item explicitly states that the article was retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "As of 2018, 11 papers co-authored by Potti have been retracted, and seven others have been corrected. Potti's retracted papers are:", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The article was retracted because the validity of the results was beginning to be questioned and because predictions were made off of the Nature Medicine article that was retracted.", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:20530f1389b27360", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[61]", "others": [ "Bonnefoi, Hervé; Potti, Anil; Delorenzi, Mauro; Mauriac, Louis; Campone, Mario; Tubiana-Hulin, Michèle; Petit, Thierry; Rouanet, Philippe; Jassem, Jacek (2011). \"Retraction validation of gene signatures that predict the response of breast cancer to neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a substudy of the EORTC 10994/BIG 00-01 clinical trial\". The Lancet Oncology. 12 (2): 116. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70011-0. PMID 21277543." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 34185241 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 21.833333333333332, "severity": 0.021833333333333333, "rank": 518 }, { "id": "sha256:a7c9a69f97f13c5d", "key": "RW-3320 / 34185241 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1367510200 } ], "first_seen": 1367510200, "last_checked": 1367510200, "page_id": 34185241, "revid": 1367510200, "written_on": "Anil Potti", "doi": "10.1056/nejmoa060467", "pmid": "16899777", "record_id": 3320, "paper_title": "A Genomic Strategy to Refine Prognosis in Early-Stage Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer", "cited": true, "section": "Retracted papers", "where": "list", "text": "This article was published in the New England Journal of Medicine. The patients of this study were in stage IB, II, or IIIA of non-small cell lung cancer. Many patients receive surgery, but the risk of relapse is high. Others receive toxic chemotherapy unnecessarily. This study used gene-expressions to evaluate what form of treatment would be best. This article was retracted by the authors because they could not reproduce the results from the article.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This study used gene-expressions to evaluate what form of treatment would be best.", "reason": "This summarizes the study's prognostic and treatment-selection approach, but the same item explicitly states that it was retracted because its results could not be reproduced.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Retracted papers", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "As of 2018, 11 papers co-authored by Potti have been retracted, and seven others have been corrected. Potti's retracted papers are:", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "This article was retracted by the authors because they could not reproduce the results from the article.", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Results Not Reproducible" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2854e2d01455b924", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[70]", "others": [ "Potti, A; Mukherjee, S; Petersen, R; Dressman, HK; Bild, A; Koontz, J; Kratzke, R; Watson, MA; Kelley, M; Ginsburg, GS; West, M; Harpole, DH Jr; Nevins, JR (24 March 2011). \"Retraction: A genomic strategy to refine prognosis in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer\". New England Journal of Medicine. 364 (12): 1176. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1101915. PMID 21366430." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 34185241 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 21.833333333333332, "severity": 0.021833333333333333, "rank": 519 }, { "id": "sha256:5319d28af1fc5a82", "key": "RW-5522 / 34185241 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1367510200 } ], "first_seen": 1367510200, "last_checked": 1367510200, "page_id": 34185241, "revid": 1367510200, "written_on": "Anil Potti", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.0806674105", "pmid": "19050079", "record_id": 5522, "paper_title": "A genomic approach to colon cancer risk stratification yields biologic insights into therapeutic opportunities", "cited": true, "section": "Retracted papers", "where": "list", "text": "This article was published by PNAS. Gene expressions could allow the researchers to see if tumours are uniform throughout. This could also be used with Colon Cancer. They also can help predict how a person will respond to treatment and improve prognosis. The authors said they wanted to retract this article because \"…we have been unable to reproduce certain key experiments described in the paper regarding validation and use of the colon cancer prognostic signature. This includes the validation performed with dataset E-MEXP-1224, as reported in Fig. 2A, as well as the generation of prognostic scores for colon cancer cell lines, as reported in Fig. 4…\"", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Gene expressions could allow the researchers to see if tumours are uniform throughout. This could also be used with Colon Cancer. They also can help predict how a person will respond to treatment and improve prognosis.", "reason": "This summarizes the paper's proposed use of colon-cancer gene-expression profiles, but the same item explicitly reports retraction for unreproducible experiments.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "As of 2018, 11 papers co-authored by Potti have been retracted, and seven others have been corrected. Potti's retracted papers are:", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The authors said they wanted to retract this article because \"…we have been unable to reproduce certain key experiments described in the paper regarding validation and use of the colon cancer prognostic signature. This includes the validation performed with dataset E-MEXP-1224, as reported in Fig. 2A, as well as the generation of prognostic scores for colon cancer cell lines, as reported in Fig. 4…\"", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Results Not Reproducible" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d8883277eddbd4f2", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[60]", "others": [ "Mostertz, W; Stevenson, M; Acharya, C; Chan, I; Walters, K; Lamlertthon, W; Barry, W; Crawford, J; Nevins, J (10 February 2010). \"Age- and sex-specific genomic profiles in non-small cell lung cancer\". JAMA. 303 (6): 535–43. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.80. PMID 20145230. S2CID 36212758." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 34185241 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 21.833333333333332, "severity": 0.021833333333333333, "rank": 520 }, { "id": "sha256:1494585e642d4f3b", "key": "RW-1692 / 34185241 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1367510200 } ], "first_seen": 1367510200, "last_checked": 1367510200, "page_id": 34185241, "revid": 1367510200, "written_on": "Anil Potti", "doi": "10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1939", "pmid": "19996213", "record_id": 1692, "paper_title": "Characterizing the Clinical Relevance of an Embryonic Stem Cell Phenotype in Lung Adenocarcinoma", "cited": true, "section": "Retracted papers", "where": "list", "text": "This paper was published in Clinical Cancer Research on 15 December 2009. The study purportedly found a common gene expression pattern between lung adenocarcinomas and normal human embryonic stem cells that was associated with a shorter survival of patients with the lung cancer. On 21 February 2012, the manuscript was retracted. The retraction statement was signed by all authors and indicated \"that clinical information from a data set ... available at the time of the signature development, was incorrect\". Further, that statement indicated that \"Drs. Anil Potti and Marvaretta Stevenson take full responsibility for this error\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The study purportedly found a common gene expression pattern between lung adenocarcinomas and normal human embryonic stem cells that was associated with a shorter survival of patients with the lung cancer.", "reason": "The item recounts the paper's survival finding but explicitly identifies its retraction and the incorrect clinical data, rather than presenting the finding as established.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "As of 2018, 11 papers co-authored by Potti have been retracted, and seven others have been corrected. Potti's retracted papers are:", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 21 February 2012, the manuscript was retracted. The retraction statement was signed by all authors and indicated \"that clinical information from a data set ... available at the time of the signature development, was incorrect\". Further, that statement indicated that \"Drs. Anil Potti and Marvaretta Stevenson take full responsibility for this error\".", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:823883453cf1ee3c", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[76]", "others": [ "Stevenson, M.; Mostertz, W.; Acharya, C. R.; Kim, W.; Walters, K.; Barry, W.; Higgins, K.; Tuchman, S. A.; Crawford, J.; Vlahovic, G.; Ready, N.; Onaitis, M.; Potti, A. (2012). \"Retraction: Characterizing the Clinical Relevance of an Embryonic Stem Cell Phenotype in Lung Adenocarcinoma\". Clinical Cancer Research. 18 (6): 1818. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-0337. PMID 22355011." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 34185241 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 21.833333333333332, "severity": 0.021833333333333333, "rank": 521 }, { "id": "sha256:0a3aa5fcda25bfa9", "key": "RW-433 / 34185241 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1367510200 } ], "first_seen": 1367510200, "last_checked": 1367510200, "page_id": 34185241, "revid": 1367510200, "written_on": "Anil Potti", "doi": "10.1182/blood-2005-07-2669", "pmid": "16263789", "record_id": 433, "paper_title": "Gene-expression patterns predict phenotypes of immune-mediated thrombosis", "cited": true, "section": "Retracted papers", "where": "list", "text": "This article was published in the journal Blood. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) affects about 3 in 1000 Americans. Out of the three, 10% have aPLAs. This study consisted of 129 patients. Out of those 129, 57 had APS and VTE, 32 had VTE without aPLA, 32 had aPLA, and 8 were healthy. Gene-expression profiles identify and predict individuals with APS from patients with VTE without aPLA. It is important to be able to predict APS and venous thrombosis because it will help with the management of the disease. This article was retracted because the other authors were unable to reproduce the data Potti cited.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Gene-expression profiles identify and predict individuals with APS from patients with VTE without aPLA.", "reason": "This repeats the paper's central finding, but the same item explicitly states that the article was retracted because its data could not be reproduced.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "As of 2018, 11 papers co-authored by Potti have been retracted, and seven others have been corrected. Potti's retracted papers are:", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "This article was retracted because the other authors were unable to reproduce the data Potti cited.", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by ORI", "Investigation by Third Party", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Results Not Reproducible" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2f8145e9ab2d2479", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[68]", "others": [ "Potti A, Bild A, Dressman HK, Lewis DA, Nevins JR, Ortel TL (20 October 2011). \"Retraction. Gene-expression patterns predict phenotypes of immune-mediated thrombosis\". Blood. 118 (16): 4497. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-08-375030. PMC 4507035. PMID 21856862." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 34185241 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 21.833333333333332, "severity": 0.021833333333333333, "rank": 522 }, { "id": "sha256:c69d9b0bd42bf87d", "key": "RW-3655 / 34185241 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1367510200 } ], "first_seen": 1367510200, "last_checked": 1367510200, "page_id": 34185241, "revid": 1367510200, "written_on": "Anil Potti", "doi": "10.1200/jco.2006.06.3743", "pmid": "17290060", "record_id": 3655, "paper_title": "An integrated genomic-based approach to individualized treatment of patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancer", "cited": true, "section": "Retracted papers", "where": "list", "text": "This paper was published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology in February 2007. The research studied ovarian cancer patient responses to platinum-based therapy. This marks the latest in a series of about 13 expected Potti retractions, with another 13 expected partial retractions.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The research studied ovarian cancer patient responses to platinum-based therapy.", "reason": "This describes the paper's subject rather than asserting its results, within a list explicitly identifying the papers as retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "As of 2018, 11 papers co-authored by Potti have been retracted, and seven others have been corrected. Potti's retracted papers are:", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "This marks the latest in a series of about 13 expected Potti retractions, with another 13 expected partial retractions.", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Author Unresponsive", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct by Author" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:367cefbec109f5fd", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[75]", "others": [ "\"Ninth Potti paper to date gets retracted\". Dukechronicle.com. 7 February 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2017." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 34185241 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 21.833333333333332, "severity": 0.021833333333333333, "rank": 523 }, { "id": "sha256:7611b958b06acf1e", "key": "RW-3576 / 34185241 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1367510200 } ], "first_seen": 1367510200, "last_checked": 1367510200, "page_id": 34185241, "revid": 1367510200, "written_on": "Anil Potti", "doi": "10.1200/jco.2007.11.0593", "pmid": "17906199", "record_id": 3576, "paper_title": "Pharmacogenomic strategies provide a rational approach to the treatment of cisplatin-resistant patients with advanced cancer", "cited": true, "section": "Retracted papers", "where": "list", "text": "This article was published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology. Usually, platinum-based chemotherapy is used to treat non-small cell lung cancer, but how patients respond is highly variable. This article also talks about predicting how individuals will respond to cisplatin and pemetrexed. This article was retracted because experiments could not be reproduced.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This article also talks about predicting how individuals will respond to cisplatin and pemetrexed.", "reason": "This describes the paper's subject within an item that explicitly states its retraction and failure to reproduce experiments, rather than endorsing its predictive findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Retracted papers", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Potti's retracted papers are:", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "This article was retracted because experiments could not be reproduced.", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct by Author", "Results Not Reproducible" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:46eb0f26a4229e2c", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[66]", "others": [ "\"Retraction. Pharmacogenomic strategies provide a rational approach to the treatment of cisplatin-resistant patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 25:4350–7, 2007\". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 28 (35): 5229. 10 December 2010. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.33.7311. PMID 21148129." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 34185241 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 21.833333333333332, "severity": 0.021833333333333333, "rank": 524 }, { "id": "sha256:159292a75ebc0cb8", "key": "RW-1998 / 34185241 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1367510200 } ], "first_seen": 1367510200, "last_checked": 1367510200, "page_id": 34185241, "revid": 1367510200, "written_on": "Anil Potti", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0001908", "pmid": "18382681", "record_id": 1998, "paper_title": "An Integrated Approach to the Prediction of Chemotherapeutic Response in Patients with Breast Cancer", "cited": true, "section": "Retracted papers", "where": "list", "text": "This article was published in PLOS One. It is important for cancer patients to receive the most effective treatment while also hopefully having the best quality of life possible. The researchers developed mRNA and microRNA profiles. They tested the mRNA profiles on 133 breast cancer patients. These breast cancer patients had been treated with TFAC chemotherapy treatment. This article was retracted as some of the information used in it derived from the Nature Medicine article which had been retracted. As that article had been retracted, it was felt that this article should be, as well.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The researchers developed mRNA and microRNA profiles. They tested the mRNA profiles on 133 breast cancer patients. These breast cancer patients had been treated with TFAC chemotherapy treatment.", "reason": "This summarizes the paper's methods, but the same item explicitly explains its retraction rather than presenting the study as valid evidence.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "As of 2018, 11 papers co-authored by Potti have been retracted, and seven others have been corrected. Potti's retracted papers are:", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "This article was retracted as some of the information used in it derived from the Nature Medicine article which had been retracted. As that article had been retracted, it was felt that this article should be, as well.", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Cites Retracted Work", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5fe5ab476746c574", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[72]", "others": [ "Salter, Kelly H.; Acharya, Chaitanya R.; Walters, Kelli S.; Redman, Richard; Anguiano, Ariel; Garman, Katherine S.; Anders, Carey K.; Mukherjee, Sayan; Dressman, Holly K. (2011). Ouchi, Toru (ed.). \"Retraction: An Integrated Approach to the Prediction of Chemotherapeutic Response in Patients with Breast Cancer\". PLOS ONE. 6 (9). doi:10.1371/annotation/8f94e479-4161-43a0-a28c-4c0460bb89a4. PMC 3166342. PMID 21912632." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 34185241 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 21.833333333333332, "severity": 0.021833333333333333, "rank": 525 }, { "id": "sha256:8934c0c90b408288", "key": "RW-520 / 46759922 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369324476 } ], "first_seen": 1369324476, "last_checked": 1369324476, "page_id": 46759922, "revid": 1369324476, "written_on": "When Contact Changes Minds", "doi": "10.1126/science.1256151", "pmid": "25504721", "record_id": 520, "paper_title": "When Contact Changes Minds: An Experiment on Transmission of Support for Gay Equality", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "\"When Contact Changes Minds: An Experiment on Transmission of Support for Gay Equality\" is a fraudulent article by then-UCLA political science graduate student Michael LaCour and Columbia University political science professor Donald Green. The article was published in the academic journal Science in December 2014, and retracted in May 2015 after it emerged that the data in the study had been forged by LaCour. The article purported to demonstrate that people's minds on the issue of gay marriage could be changed by conversations with gay canvassers, but not with straight canvassers.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The article purported to demonstrate that people's minds on the issue of gay marriage could be changed by conversations with gay canvassers, but not with straight canvassers.", "reason": "This summarizes the same canvasser-dependent finding rather than an independent result; the paragraph explicitly identifies the article as fraudulent and retracted, though an editor should check any local sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "\"When Contact Changes Minds: An Experiment on Transmission of Support for Gay Equality\" is a fraudulent article by then-UCLA political science graduate student Michael LaCour and Columbia University political science professor Donald Green. The article was published in the academic journal Science in December 2014, and retracted in May 2015 after it emerged that the data in the study had been forged by LaCour.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The \"When contact changes minds\" study was discredited after a critique by David Broockman, Joshua Kalla, and Peter Aronow on May 19, 2015, titled \"Irregularities in LaCour (2014)\", concluded that the data had been falsified and no data had been collected.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The \"Irregularities\" paper also identified the likely method by which LaCour had forged the data.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Additional evidence of the study's fictitiousness later emerged, such as evidence that LaCour had tried to retroactively claim that the study had been pre-registered using falsified documents.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "LaCour's coauthor, Donald Green, subsequently requested that the paper be retracted because of “irregularities” in the paper's data and LaCour's failure to give him the raw data on which the paper was based.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On May 28, 2015, the study was retracted by Science, on the basis that incentives to participate in the survey on which the study was based had been misrepresented, that sponsors had been falsely identified, that the authors could not produce the original data, and (citing the findings of Broockman et al.) that there were \"statistical irregularities.\"", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After the retraction, the Carnegie Corporation of New York rescinded Donald Green's 2015 Andrew Carnegie Fellowship, revoking a $200,000 award to support Donald Green's research, and Princeton University rescinded an assistant professorship that had been offered to LaCour.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The journal Science retracted the article with the concurrence of Green while LaCour did not agree to the retraction.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Conservative pro-gay-marriage columnist S.E. Cupp wrote that, \"The doctored study will only encourage the perception that advocates are going too far.\"", "section": "Popular press", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Following their debunking of When Contact Changes Minds, Broockman and Kalla (2016) conducted an experiment like the one purported to have been conducted by LaCour and Green.", "section": "Follow-up study", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "However, contrary to one of LaCour's claims, the identity of the canvasser did not seem to matter; both transgender and cisgender canvassers had a similar effect.", "section": "Follow-up study", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Ethical Violations by Author", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Manipulation of Results" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:397f6c0c12c5a0ca", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 46759922 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 21.733333333333334, "severity": 0.021733333333333334, "rank": 526 }, { "id": "sha256:919d56461e1c0502", "key": "RW-520 / 46759922 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369324476 } ], "first_seen": 1369324476, "last_checked": 1369324476, "page_id": 46759922, "revid": 1369324476, "written_on": "When Contact Changes Minds", "doi": "10.1126/science.1256151", "pmid": "25504721", "record_id": 520, "paper_title": "When Contact Changes Minds: An Experiment on Transmission of Support for Gay Equality", "cited": false, "section": "Follow-up study", "where": "", "text": "Following their debunking of When Contact Changes Minds, Broockman and Kalla (2016) conducted an experiment like the one purported to have been conducted by LaCour and Green. Households in Florida were sent a survey on social attitudes and were later visited by canvassers to discuss either recycling or transphobia and transgender rights, with the change in the householders' opinions tracked by follow-up surveys. The study found that extended conversations with canvassers did in fact reduce anti-transgender prejudice and were more effective long-term than attack ads. However, contrary to one of LaCour's claims, the identity of the canvasser did not seem to matter; both transgender and cisgender canvassers had a similar effect.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "However, contrary to one of LaCour's claims, the identity of the canvasser did not seem to matter; both transgender and cisgender canvassers had a similar effect.", "reason": "This indirectly repeats the original claim that canvasser identity mattered while explicitly contrasting it with the follow-up result; an editor should check the paragraph’s sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "\"When Contact Changes Minds: An Experiment on Transmission of Support for Gay Equality\" is a fraudulent article by then-UCLA political science graduate student Michael LaCour and Columbia University political science professor Donald Green. The article was published in the academic journal Science in December 2014, and retracted in May 2015 after it emerged that the data in the study had been forged by LaCour.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The \"When contact changes minds\" study was discredited after a critique by David Broockman, Joshua Kalla, and Peter Aronow on May 19, 2015, titled \"Irregularities in LaCour (2014)\", concluded that the data had been falsified and no data had been collected.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "The \"Irregularities\" paper also identified the likely method by which LaCour had forged the data.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Additional evidence of the study's fictitiousness later emerged, such as evidence that LaCour had tried to retroactively claim that the study had been pre-registered using falsified documents.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "LaCour's coauthor, Donald Green, subsequently requested that the paper be retracted because of “irregularities” in the paper's data and LaCour's failure to give him the raw data on which the paper was based.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "On May 28, 2015, the study was retracted by Science, on the basis that incentives to participate in the survey on which the study was based had been misrepresented, that sponsors had been falsely identified, that the authors could not produce the original data, and (citing the findings of Broockman et al.) that there were \"statistical irregularities.\"", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "After the retraction, the Carnegie Corporation of New York rescinded Donald Green's 2015 Andrew Carnegie Fellowship, revoking a $200,000 award to support Donald Green's research, and Princeton University rescinded an assistant professorship that had been offered to LaCour.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "The journal Science retracted the article with the concurrence of Green while LaCour did not agree to the retraction.", "section": "Falsified data", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Conservative pro-gay-marriage columnist S.E. Cupp wrote that, \"The doctored study will only encourage the perception that advocates are going too far.\"", "section": "Popular press", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Following their debunking of When Contact Changes Minds, Broockman and Kalla (2016) conducted an experiment like the one purported to have been conducted by LaCour and Green.", "section": "Follow-up study", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "However, contrary to one of LaCour's claims, the identity of the canvasser did not seem to matter; both transgender and cisgender canvassers had a similar effect.", "section": "Follow-up study", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Ethical Violations by Author", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Manipulation of Results" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:397f6c0c12c5a0ca", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 46759922 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 21.733333333333334, "severity": 0.021733333333333334, "rank": 527 }, { "id": "sha256:b0cae4b8eb6efd1a", "key": "RW-45874 / 166496 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1347295204 } ], "first_seen": 1347295204, "last_checked": 1347295204, "page_id": 166496, "revid": 1347295204, "written_on": "Dividend tax", "doi": "10.1257/aer.20210369", "pmid": "", "record_id": 45874, "paper_title": "Dividend Taxes and the Allocation of Capital", "cited": true, "section": "Arguments in favor", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The study also found that the dividend taxes did not contribute to a misallocation of capital, but may instead have reduced a capital misallocation.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A 2022 study in the American Economic Review found that a substantial increase in dividend tax rates in France led to reduced dividend payments by firms and greater re-investment of profits back into the firms. The study also found that the dividend taxes did not contribute to a misallocation of capital, but may instead have reduced a capital misallocation.", "reason": "Both sentences report this study's findings, but the same paragraph explicitly identifies its retraction and the data inconsistencies.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The study was retracted after several inconsistencies in the data were pointed out by other researchers, some arguing that the alterations affected the results of the paper.", "section": "Arguments in favor", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Breach of Policy by Author", "Error in Data", "Error in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6e590bec714a97ec", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 166496 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 20.666666666666668, "severity": 0.02066666666666667, "rank": 528 }, { "id": "sha256:f3ee7f0e47787db0", "key": "RW-30807 / 64076718 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378243759 } ], "first_seen": 1378243759, "last_checked": 1378243759, "page_id": 64076718, "revid": 1378243759, "written_on": "Idiopathic chronic fatigue", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006348.pub2", "pmid": "19821361", "record_id": 30807, "paper_title": "Traditional Chinese medicinal herbs for the treatment of idiopathic chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome (pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Management", "where": "paragraph", "text": "There is no cure, no approved drug, and treatment options are limited.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "There is no cure, no approved drug, and treatment options are limited.", "reason": "This is general treatment background, not the review's finding about the absence of eligible trials of Chinese herbal products; a current, unretracted source is needed.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Temporary Removal" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0316279a7c645127", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Cochrane", "marker": "[24]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 64076718 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 40.53333333333333, "severity": 0.020266666666666665, "rank": 529 }, { "id": "sha256:d01693cfb9d1cd6c", "key": "RW-30807 / 64076718 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378243759 } ], "first_seen": 1378243759, "last_checked": 1378243759, "page_id": 64076718, "revid": 1378243759, "written_on": "Idiopathic chronic fatigue", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006348.pub2", "pmid": "19821361", "record_id": 30807, "paper_title": "Traditional Chinese medicinal herbs for the treatment of idiopathic chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome (pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Medication", "where": "paragraph", "text": "There are no approved drugs for ICF.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "There are no approved drugs for ICF.", "reason": "Drug approval status is background information, not a finding of this review of Chinese herbal treatment trials.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Temporary Removal" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0316279a7c645127", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Cochrane", "marker": "[24]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 64076718 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 40.53333333333333, "severity": 0.020266666666666665, "rank": 530 }, { "id": "sha256:8814f0686d000854", "key": "RW-1811 / 7974411 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1328566283 } ], "first_seen": 1328566283, "last_checked": 1328566283, "page_id": 7974411, "revid": 1328566283, "written_on": "Zincke reaction", "doi": "10.1021/ol061585q", "pmid": "16956206", "record_id": 1811, "paper_title": "One-Pot Synthesis of N-Substituted Diaza[12]annulenes", "cited": false, "section": "2007 rediscovery", "where": "", "text": "In a letter to Angewandte Chemie, the German chemist Manfred Christl pointed out not only that the alleged new chemistry was in fact 100-year-old Zincke chemistry but also that the proposed structure for the reaction product was not the 12 membered ring but the 6 membered pyridinium salt (structure 2). Initially both groups conceded that they had ignored existing literature on Zincke but held on to the annulene structure based on their electrospray ionization (ESI) results which according to them clearly showed dimer. In his letter Christl remarked that in ESI measurements association of molecules is a common phenomenon. In addition, he noted similarities in melting point and NMR spectroscopy.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Initially both groups conceded that they had ignored existing literature on Zincke but held on to the annulene structure based on their electrospray ionization (ESI) results which according to them clearly showed dimer.", "reason": "This retells the Japanese group's defense of its structural finding, but the paragraph explicitly refutes that structure; an editor should check the paragraph's own sources for this historical account.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In a letter to Angewandte Chemie, the German chemist Manfred Christl pointed out not only that the alleged new chemistry was in fact 100-year-old Zincke chemistry but also that the proposed structure for the reaction product was not the 12 membered ring but the 6 membered pyridinium salt (structure 2).", "section": "2007 rediscovery", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "As of December 2007 the Japanese group retracted its paper in Organic Letters due to uncertainties regarding what products are formed in the reaction described", "section": "2007 rediscovery", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Notice - Limited or No Information" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:639315621f7502bb", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 7974411 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 20.0, "severity": 0.02, "rank": 531 }, { "id": "sha256:ccb4da24e128b381", "key": "RW-43574 / 2526936 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375359563 } ], "first_seen": 1375359563, "last_checked": 1375359563, "page_id": 2526936, "revid": 1375359563, "written_on": "Isotopes of samarium", "doi": "10.1126/science.1215510", "pmid": "22461609", "record_id": 43574, "paper_title": "A shorter 146Sm half-life measured and implications for 146Sm-142Nd chronology in the Solar System", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A 2012 paper revising the estimated half-life of ^146Sm from 10.3(5)×10^7 y to 6.8(7)×10^7 y was retracted (due to an experimental mistake) in 2023, and the current, more accurate, value published subsequently.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A 2012 paper revising the estimated half-life of ^146Sm from 10.3(5)×10^7 y to 6.8(7)×10^7 y was retracted (due to an experimental mistake) in 2023, and the current, more accurate, value published subsequently.", "reason": "The sentence reports the paper's measurement as part of its retraction history, explicitly identifying the experimental mistake rather than endorsing the result.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A 2012 paper revising the estimated half-life of ^146Sm from 10.3(5)×10^7 y to 6.8(7)×10^7 y was retracted (due to an experimental mistake) in 2023, and the current, more accurate, value published subsequently.", "section": "", "position": "opening" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Doing the Right Thing", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c9521c428c731d64", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "retracted2012", "marker": "[7]", "others": [ "Kinoshita, N.; Paul, M.; Kashiv, Y.; Collon, P.; Deibel, C. M.; DiGiovine, B.; Greene, J. P.; Jiang, C. L.; Marley, S. T.; Pardo, R. C.; Rehm, K. E.; Robertson, D.; Scott, R.; Schmitt, C.; Tang, X. D.; Vondrasek, R.; Yokoyama, A. (30 March 2023). \"Retraction\". Science. 379 (6639): 1307. Bibcode:2023Sci...379.1307K. doi:10.1126/science.adh7739. PMID 36996231. S2CID 236990856.Joelving, Frederik (30 March 2023). \"One small error for a physicist, one giant blunder for planetary science\". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 30 March 2023." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 2526936 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 19.766666666666666, "severity": 0.019766666666666665, "rank": 532 }, { "id": "sha256:0fa98cfc2eeb65f5", "key": "RW-3604 / 39331424 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369163903 } ], "first_seen": 1369163903, "last_checked": 1369163903, "page_id": 39331424, "revid": 1369163903, "written_on": "Séralini affair", "doi": "10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.005", "pmid": "22999595", "record_id": 3604, "paper_title": "Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize", "cited": true, "section": "Study background", "where": "paragraph", "text": "On 19 September 2012, the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology published a peer-reviewed paper entitled \"Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize.\"", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "On 19 September 2012, the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology published a peer-reviewed paper entitled \"Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize.\"", "reason": "This records the paper's publication and title, not the validity of its findings; the accompanying Nature report plausibly supports this history.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The Séralini affair was the controversy surrounding the publication, retraction, and republication of a journal article by French molecular biologist Gilles-Éric Séralini.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Scientists and regulatory agencies subsequently concluded that the study's design was flawed and its findings unsubstantiated.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Following widespread criticism by scientists, Food and Chemical Toxicology retracted the paper in November 2013 after the authors refused to withdraw it. The editor-in-chief said that the article was retracted because its data were inconclusive and its conclusions unreliable.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Many said that Séralini's conclusions were impossible to justify due to experimental design issues or lack of statistical power of the study.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The study shows both shortcomings in study design and in the presentation of the collected data. This means that the conclusions drawn by the authors are not supported by the available data.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The study as reported by Séralini et al. was found to be inadequately designed, analysed and reported...The study as described by Séralini et al. does not allow giving weight to their results and conclusions as published. Conclusions cannot be drawn on the difference in tumour incidence between treatment groups on the basis of the design, the analysis and the results as reported.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "However, given this study presents serious deficiencies in the protocol, the procedures and the interpretation of the results, the SFPT cannot support any of the scientific claims drawn by the authors, and any relevance for human risk assessment.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Using Seralini's published numerical data, the review found no significant effects on animal health after analysis with statistical tests.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The finding that \"in females, all the treated groups died 2–3 times more than controls\" was not statistically significant. The highest mortality was observed for the group of female rats fed 22% genetically modified maize. This difference was not statistically significant. Seralini also originally claimed males in groups fed 22% and 33% genetically modified maize had three times lower mortality than controls, but this was also not statistically significant. The findings of liver necrosis and mammary tumors were also not significant.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "A 2017 study found that since it was retracted, Seralini et al. (2012) had been cited 60 times after it was retracted, and that more of these citations were negative (39%) than were positive (26%).", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Other Séralini supporters criticized the retraction of the study, concluding the response was a product of industry-driven campaign and regard this as a concerning example of industry interference in the scientific process.", "section": "Responses to criticism", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "[Seralini] has crossed the line from merely performing and reporting flawed experiments to committing gross scientific misconduct and attempting fraud.", "section": "Media", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Retraction", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In November 2013, Elsevier announced that FCT was retracting the paper, after the authors refused to withdraw it.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After an in-depth look at the study's raw data, no definitive conclusions could be reached regarding the role of either NK603 or glyphosate in overall mortality or tumor rates, given the high incidence of tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats and the small sample size. Normal variance could not be excluded as the cause of the results.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The data are inconclusive, therefore the claim (i.e., conclusion) that Roundup Ready maize NK603 and/or the Roundup herbicide have a link to cancer is unreliable.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "However, to be very clear, it is the entire paper, with the claim that there is a definitive link between GMO and cancer that is being retracted.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In our analysis, his conclusions cannot be claimed from the data presented in this article.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Séralini and his supporters strongly objected to the retraction, and Séralini himself threatened to sue FCT.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Hayes said in an interview that he did not have a contract with Monsanto when he retracted Séralini's paper, and that his decision to retract it was not influenced by Monsanto at all.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "was inadequate for evaluation because the number of animals per group was small, the histopathological description of tumours was poor, and incidences of tumours for individual animals were not provided.", "section": "Republication", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Complaints about Author", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d06cd0a477f135a3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Seralini2012", "marker": "[27]", "others": [ "Butler, Declan (25 September 2012). \"Rat study sparks GM furore\". Nature News. 489 (7417): 484. Bibcode:2012Natur.489..484B. doi:10.1038/489484a. PMID 23018942." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 39331424 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 19.333333333333332, "severity": 0.01933333333333333, "rank": 533 }, { "id": "sha256:791186530437c2fd", "key": "RW-3604 / 39331424 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369163903 } ], "first_seen": 1369163903, "last_checked": 1369163903, "page_id": 39331424, "revid": 1369163903, "written_on": "Séralini affair", "doi": "10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.005", "pmid": "22999595", "record_id": 3604, "paper_title": "Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "The Séralini affair was the controversy surrounding the publication, retraction, and republication of a journal article by French molecular biologist Gilles-Éric Séralini. First published by Food and Chemical Toxicology in September 2012, the article presented a two-year feeding study in rats, and reported an increase in tumors among rats fed genetically modified corn and the herbicide RoundUp. Scientists and regulatory agencies subsequently concluded that the study's design was flawed and its findings unsubstantiated. A chief criticism was that each part of the study had too few rats to obtain statistically useful data, particularly because the strain of rat used, Sprague Dawley, develops tumors at a high rate over its lifetime.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "First published by Food and Chemical Toxicology in September 2012, the article presented a two-year feeding study in rats, and reported an increase in tumors among rats fed genetically modified corn and the herbicide RoundUp.", "reason": "This summarizes the retracted paper's tumor finding, but the same paragraph explicitly identifies its retraction and says its findings were unsubstantiated; an editor should check the local sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The Séralini affair was the controversy surrounding the publication, retraction, and republication of a journal article by French molecular biologist Gilles-Éric Séralini.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Scientists and regulatory agencies subsequently concluded that the study's design was flawed and its findings unsubstantiated.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Following widespread criticism by scientists, Food and Chemical Toxicology retracted the paper in November 2013 after the authors refused to withdraw it. The editor-in-chief said that the article was retracted because its data were inconclusive and its conclusions unreliable.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Many said that Séralini's conclusions were impossible to justify due to experimental design issues or lack of statistical power of the study.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The study shows both shortcomings in study design and in the presentation of the collected data. This means that the conclusions drawn by the authors are not supported by the available data.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The study as reported by Séralini et al. was found to be inadequately designed, analysed and reported...The study as described by Séralini et al. does not allow giving weight to their results and conclusions as published. Conclusions cannot be drawn on the difference in tumour incidence between treatment groups on the basis of the design, the analysis and the results as reported.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "However, given this study presents serious deficiencies in the protocol, the procedures and the interpretation of the results, the SFPT cannot support any of the scientific claims drawn by the authors, and any relevance for human risk assessment.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Using Seralini's published numerical data, the review found no significant effects on animal health after analysis with statistical tests.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The finding that \"in females, all the treated groups died 2–3 times more than controls\" was not statistically significant. The highest mortality was observed for the group of female rats fed 22% genetically modified maize. This difference was not statistically significant. Seralini also originally claimed males in groups fed 22% and 33% genetically modified maize had three times lower mortality than controls, but this was also not statistically significant. The findings of liver necrosis and mammary tumors were also not significant.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "A 2017 study found that since it was retracted, Seralini et al. (2012) had been cited 60 times after it was retracted, and that more of these citations were negative (39%) than were positive (26%).", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Other Séralini supporters criticized the retraction of the study, concluding the response was a product of industry-driven campaign and regard this as a concerning example of industry interference in the scientific process.", "section": "Responses to criticism", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "[Seralini] has crossed the line from merely performing and reporting flawed experiments to committing gross scientific misconduct and attempting fraud.", "section": "Media", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Retraction", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In November 2013, Elsevier announced that FCT was retracting the paper, after the authors refused to withdraw it.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After an in-depth look at the study's raw data, no definitive conclusions could be reached regarding the role of either NK603 or glyphosate in overall mortality or tumor rates, given the high incidence of tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats and the small sample size. Normal variance could not be excluded as the cause of the results.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The data are inconclusive, therefore the claim (i.e., conclusion) that Roundup Ready maize NK603 and/or the Roundup herbicide have a link to cancer is unreliable.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "However, to be very clear, it is the entire paper, with the claim that there is a definitive link between GMO and cancer that is being retracted.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In our analysis, his conclusions cannot be claimed from the data presented in this article.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Séralini and his supporters strongly objected to the retraction, and Séralini himself threatened to sue FCT.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Hayes said in an interview that he did not have a contract with Monsanto when he retracted Séralini's paper, and that his decision to retract it was not influenced by Monsanto at all.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "was inadequate for evaluation because the number of animals per group was small, the histopathological description of tumours was poor, and incidences of tumours for individual animals were not provided.", "section": "Republication", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Complaints about Author", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d06cd0a477f135a3", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 39331424 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 19.333333333333332, "severity": 0.01933333333333333, "rank": 534 }, { "id": "sha256:b1705db15e2cb169", "key": "RW-3604 / 39331424 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369163903 } ], "first_seen": 1369163903, "last_checked": 1369163903, "page_id": 39331424, "revid": 1369163903, "written_on": "Séralini affair", "doi": "10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.005", "pmid": "22999595", "record_id": 3604, "paper_title": "Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize", "cited": false, "section": "Scientific evaluation", "where": "", "text": "A 2015 reanalysis of multiple animal studies found that Seralini chose to forgo statistical tests in the main conclusions of the study. Using Seralini's published numerical data, the review found no significant effects on animal health after analysis with statistical tests. The finding that \"in females, all the treated groups died 2–3 times more than controls\" was not statistically significant. The highest mortality was observed for the group of female rats fed 22% genetically modified maize. This difference was not statistically significant. Seralini also originally claimed males in groups fed 22% and 33% genetically modified maize had three times lower mortality than controls, but this was also not statistically significant. The findings of liver necrosis and mammary tumors were also not significant.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The finding that \"in females, all the treated groups died 2–3 times more than controls\" was not statistically significant.", "reason": "This repeats the paper's mortality finding specifically to reject its statistical significance, rather than endorse it; an editor should verify the cited reanalysis.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The Séralini affair was the controversy surrounding the publication, retraction, and republication of a journal article by French molecular biologist Gilles-Éric Séralini.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Scientists and regulatory agencies subsequently concluded that the study's design was flawed and its findings unsubstantiated.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Following widespread criticism by scientists, Food and Chemical Toxicology retracted the paper in November 2013 after the authors refused to withdraw it. 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Conclusions cannot be drawn on the difference in tumour incidence between treatment groups on the basis of the design, the analysis and the results as reported.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "However, given this study presents serious deficiencies in the protocol, the procedures and the interpretation of the results, the SFPT cannot support any of the scientific claims drawn by the authors, and any relevance for human risk assessment.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Using Seralini's published numerical data, the review found no significant effects on animal health after analysis with statistical tests.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The finding that \"in females, all the treated groups died 2–3 times more than controls\" was not statistically significant. The highest mortality was observed for the group of female rats fed 22% genetically modified maize. This difference was not statistically significant. Seralini also originally claimed males in groups fed 22% and 33% genetically modified maize had three times lower mortality than controls, but this was also not statistically significant. The findings of liver necrosis and mammary tumors were also not significant.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "A 2017 study found that since it was retracted, Seralini et al. 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Normal variance could not be excluded as the cause of the results.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The data are inconclusive, therefore the claim (i.e., conclusion) that Roundup Ready maize NK603 and/or the Roundup herbicide have a link to cancer is unreliable.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "However, to be very clear, it is the entire paper, with the claim that there is a definitive link between GMO and cancer that is being retracted.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In our analysis, his conclusions cannot be claimed from the data presented in this article.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Séralini and his supporters strongly objected to the retraction, and Séralini himself threatened to sue FCT.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Hayes said in an interview that he did not have a contract with Monsanto when he retracted Séralini's paper, and that his decision to retract it was not influenced by Monsanto at all.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "was inadequate for evaluation because the number of animals per group was small, the histopathological description of tumours was poor, and incidences of tumours for individual animals were not provided.", "section": "Republication", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Complaints about Author", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d06cd0a477f135a3", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 39331424 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 19.333333333333332, "severity": 0.01933333333333333, "rank": 535 }, { "id": "sha256:0f3bd3f64b50dcb7", "key": "RW-3604 / 39331424 / #7", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369163903 } ], "first_seen": 1369163903, "last_checked": 1369163903, "page_id": 39331424, "revid": 1369163903, "written_on": "Séralini affair", "doi": "10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.005", "pmid": "22999595", "record_id": 3604, "paper_title": "Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize", "cited": false, "section": "Retraction", "where": "", "text": "The retraction statement could have been clearer, and should have referred to the relevant COPE guidelines. The data are inconclusive, therefore the claim (i.e., conclusion) that Roundup Ready maize NK603 and/or the Roundup herbicide have a link to cancer is unreliable. Dr. Séralini deserves the benefit of the doubt that this unreliable conclusion was reached in honest error. The review of the data made it clear that there was no misconduct. However, to be very clear, it is the entire paper, with the claim that there is a definitive link between GMO and cancer that is being retracted. Dr. Séralini has been very vocal that he believes his conclusions are correct. In our analysis, his conclusions cannot be claimed from the data presented in this article.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The data are inconclusive, therefore the claim (i.e., conclusion) that Roundup Ready maize NK603 and/or the Roundup herbicide have a link to cancer is unreliable.", "reason": "The editor's statement repeats the paper's central claim expressly to label it unreliable, under the Retraction heading; it does not endorse the finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The Séralini affair was the controversy surrounding the publication, retraction, and republication of a journal article by French molecular biologist Gilles-Éric Séralini.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Scientists and regulatory agencies subsequently concluded that the study's design was flawed and its findings unsubstantiated.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Following widespread criticism by scientists, Food and Chemical Toxicology retracted the paper in November 2013 after the authors refused to withdraw it. 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This difference was not statistically significant. Seralini also originally claimed males in groups fed 22% and 33% genetically modified maize had three times lower mortality than controls, but this was also not statistically significant. The findings of liver necrosis and mammary tumors were also not significant.", "section": "Scientific evaluation", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "A 2017 study found that since it was retracted, Seralini et al. 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Normal variance could not be excluded as the cause of the results.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The data are inconclusive, therefore the claim (i.e., conclusion) that Roundup Ready maize NK603 and/or the Roundup herbicide have a link to cancer is unreliable.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "However, to be very clear, it is the entire paper, with the claim that there is a definitive link between GMO and cancer that is being retracted.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In our analysis, his conclusions cannot be claimed from the data presented in this article.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Séralini and his supporters strongly objected to the retraction, and Séralini himself threatened to sue FCT.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Hayes said in an interview that he did not have a contract with Monsanto when he retracted Séralini's paper, and that his decision to retract it was not influenced by Monsanto at all.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "was inadequate for evaluation because the number of animals per group was small, the histopathological description of tumours was poor, and incidences of tumours for individual animals were not provided.", "section": "Republication", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Complaints about Author", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d06cd0a477f135a3", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 39331424 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 19.333333333333332, "severity": 0.01933333333333333, "rank": 536 }, { "id": "sha256:9d41d4cf7668a7de", "key": "RW-23720 / 16939254 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377215588 } ], "first_seen": 1377215588, "last_checked": 1377215588, "page_id": 16939254, "revid": 1377215588, "written_on": "Race in the United States criminal justice system", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1903856116", "pmid": "31332014", "record_id": 23720, "paper_title": "Officer characteristics and racial disparities in fatal officer-involved shootings", "cited": true, "section": "Police killings", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A separate PNAS study found that there were no racial disparities in police shootings by White police; the findings of the study were disputed by Princeton University scholars who argued that the study's method and dataset made it impossible for the authors to reach that conclusion.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A separate PNAS study found that there were no racial disparities in police shootings by White police; the findings of the study were disputed by Princeton University scholars who argued that the study's method and dataset made it impossible for the authors to reach that conclusion. Following the criticism by the Princeton scholars, the authors of the original PNAS study corrected their significance statement to read, \"As the proportion of White officers in a fatal officer-involved shooting increased, a person fatally shot was not more likely to be of a racial minority.\"", "reason": "The passage presents the study's conclusion and subsequent correction as a methodological controversy, explicitly explaining that the original conclusion could not be inferred; its later retraction is nevertheless unmentioned.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [ { "quote": "the findings of the study were disputed by Princeton University scholars who argued that the study's method and dataset made it impossible for the authors to reach that conclusion.", "section": "Police killings", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Following the criticism by the Princeton scholars, the authors of the original PNAS study corrected their significance statement", "section": "Police killings", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:558d6434fdebc1d3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[60]", "others": [ "Knox, Dean (August 2, 2019). Making inferences about racial disparities in police violence. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3431132. SSRN 3431132.", "Knox, Dean; Mummolo, Jonathan (January 21, 2020). \"Making inferences about racial disparities in police violence\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (3): 1261–1262. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.1261K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1919418117. PMC 6983428. 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Lindsay, Peter Boghossian and Helen Pluckrose disingenuously submitted a paper titled \"Human Reactions to Rape Culture and Queer Performativity in Urban Dog Parks in Portland, Oregon.\"", "section": "Scholarly publishing hoax", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The paper has since been retracted.", "section": "Scholarly publishing hoax", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Author Unresponsive", "Breach of Policy by Author", "Hoax Paper", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:cfab080499136474", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[23]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 850705 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 18.7, "severity": 0.0187, "rank": 539 }, { "id": "sha256:8c5f694a3f015eed", "key": "RW-28634 / 523104 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373839279 } ], "first_seen": 1373839279, "last_checked": 1373839279, "page_id": 523104, "revid": 1373839279, "written_on": "Managerial economics", "doi": "10.1093/restud/rdy054", "pmid": "", "record_id": 28634, "paper_title": "Attribution Bias in Consumer Choice", "cited": true, "section": "State-dependent preferences", "where": "paragraph", "text": "For example, food tastes better when you are hungry or attending a concert is more enjoyable if you are not injured.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "For example, food tastes better when you are hungry or attending a concert is more enjoyable if you are not injured.", "reason": "These are background examples of state-dependent preferences, rather than identifiable findings about attribution bias; the duplicated publication should be replaced with a valid source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.8, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Content through Error by Journal/Publisher" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:883810c4ffdf53b5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Haggag 2136–2183", "marker": "[53]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 523104 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 72.6, "severity": 0.01815, "rank": 540 }, { "id": "sha256:475ba9fefb230b93", "key": "RW-45336 / 2184802 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374369402 } ], "first_seen": 1374369402, "last_checked": 1374369402, "page_id": 2184802, "revid": 1374369402, "written_on": "J. Michael Bailey", "doi": "10.1007/s10508-023-02576-9", "pmid": "36991212", "record_id": 45336, "paper_title": "Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria: Parent Reports on 1655 Possible Cases", "cited": true, "section": "Research and views", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2023, Springer retracted a paper co-authored by Bailey on the rapid onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) hypothesis \"due to concerns about lack of informed consent\", which had been published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The paper described ROGD as a controversial theory that \"common cultural beliefs, values, and preoccupations cause some adolescents (especially female adolescents) to attribute their social problems, feelings, and mental health issues to gender dysphoria,\" and that \"youth with ROGD falsely believe that they are transgender\".", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the paper's characterization of ROGD but explicitly identifies the paper as retracted, rather than presenting its claims as established findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2023, Springer retracted a paper co-authored by Bailey on the rapid onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) hypothesis \"due to concerns about lack of informed consent\", which had been published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior.", "section": "Research and views", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Informed/Patient Consent - None/Withdrawn" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4aa337e02cd129fc", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[28]", "others": [ "Kincaid, Ellie (2023-05-30). \"Parent Survey of Children With Gender Dysphoria Retracted\". Medscape. Retrieved 2023-08-11." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 2184802 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 71.06666666666666, "severity": 0.017766666666666667, "rank": 541 }, { "id": "sha256:3328c23ff60f8a01", "key": "RW-30532 / 4427515 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370445706 } ], "first_seen": 1370445706, "last_checked": 1370445706, "page_id": 4427515, "revid": 1370445706, "written_on": "National Centre for Biological Sciences", "doi": "10.1038/s41589-020-00665-7", "pmid": "33020663", "record_id": 30532, "paper_title": "Discovery of iron-sensing bacterial riboswitches", "cited": true, "section": "Controversies and allegations", "where": "paragraph", "text": "in 2020–2021, multiple allegations appeared in PubPeer, where some faculty at NCBS were alleged to be involved in data manipulation in their publications and lead to internal investigation and retraction from journal.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "in 2020–2021, multiple allegations appeared in PubPeer, where some faculty at NCBS were alleged to be involved in data manipulation in their publications and lead to internal investigation and retraction from journal.", "reason": "The paragraph discusses allegations, investigation and retraction, not the paper's finding about iron-sensing bacterial riboswitches.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "in 2020–2021, multiple allegations appeared in PubPeer, where some faculty at NCBS were alleged to be involved in data manipulation in their publications and lead to internal investigation and retraction from journal.", "section": "Controversies and allegations", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Manipulation of Images", "Objections by Third Party", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:86a4927449c19fae", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[18]", "others": [ "Datta, Sayantan (31 July 2021). \"NCBS Retraction: Ex-Student Alleges Others Involved in Research Fraud\". The Wire Science. Retrieved 1 August 2021.", "Koshy, Jacob (17 July 2021). \"After recall of paper over data manipulation, NCBS storm over charges of 'harassment'\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 1 August 2021." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 4427515 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 17.733333333333334, "severity": 0.017733333333333334, "rank": 542 }, { "id": "sha256:1564a90d124b36fe", "key": "RW-4036 / 19887527 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1301622754 } ], "first_seen": 1301622754, "last_checked": 1301622754, "page_id": 19887527, "revid": 1301622754, "written_on": "Availability cascade", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "Vaccination scares", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It was triggered by the publication in 1998 of a paper in the medical journal The Lancet which presented apparent evidence that autism spectrum disorders could be caused by the MMR vaccine, an immunization against measles, mumps and rubella.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It was triggered by the publication in 1998 of a paper in the medical journal The Lancet which presented apparent evidence that autism spectrum disorders could be caused by the MMR vaccine, an immunization against measles, mumps and rubella.", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the paper's role in the controversy but explicitly identifies its retraction, evidence manipulation, and the lack of evidence for a vaccine–autism link.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The MMR vaccine controversy was an example of an unwarranted health scare.", "section": "Vaccination scares", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2004, investigations by Sunday Times journalist Brian Deer revealed that the lead author of the article, Andrew Wakefield, had multiple undeclared conflicts of interest, had manipulated evidence, and had broken other ethical codes.", "section": "Vaccination scares", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The Lancet paper was partially retracted in 2004 and fully retracted in 2010, and Wakefield was found guilty of professional misconduct.", "section": "Vaccination scares", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The scientific consensus is that no evidence links the vaccine to the development of autism, and that the vaccine's benefits greatly outweigh its risks.", "section": "Vaccination scares", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:22662a80c510b5db", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wakefield", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 19887527 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 17.266666666666666, "severity": 0.017266666666666666, "rank": 543 }, { "id": "sha256:ee5b362f6d84c898", "key": "RW-47382 / 59753398 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374093906 } ], "first_seen": 1374093906, "last_checked": 1374093906, "page_id": 59753398, "revid": 1374093906, "written_on": "Stegodyphus dumicola", "doi": "10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.001", "pmid": "", "record_id": 47382, "paper_title": "Personality and morphology shape task participation, collective foraging and escape behaviour in the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola", "cited": true, "section": "Population structure, speciation, and phylogeny", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Stegodyphus dumicola live in groups with a high female to male sex ratio.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Stegodyphus dumicola live in groups with a high female to male sex ratio.", "reason": "This is species background, not a finding about personality, morphology or task participation indicated by the paper's title.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Data", "Salami Slicing" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:321a90c830eeff8c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "refname1", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 59753398 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 16.7, "severity": 0.0167, "rank": 544 }, { "id": "sha256:61585c11d71b47de", "key": "RW-47382 / 59753398 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374093906 } ], "first_seen": 1374093906, "last_checked": 1374093906, "page_id": 59753398, "revid": 1374093906, "written_on": "Stegodyphus dumicola", "doi": "10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.001", "pmid": "", "record_id": 47382, "paper_title": "Personality and morphology shape task participation, collective foraging and escape behaviour in the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola", "cited": true, "section": "Habitat and distribution", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Stegodyphus dumicola can be found in Southwestern regions of Africa.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Stegodyphus dumicola can be found in Southwestern regions of Africa.", "reason": "Geographical distribution is background outside the paper's stated research topic; the Namibia study plausibly supports it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Data", "Salami Slicing" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:321a90c830eeff8c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "refname1", "marker": "[4]", "others": [ "Henschel, J (1992), \"Is solitary life an alternative for the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola?\", Journal of the Namibia Scientific Society, 43: 71–79" ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 59753398 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 16.7, "severity": 0.0167, "rank": 545 }, { "id": "sha256:c4905dc60aee8a95", "key": "RW-47382 / 59753398 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374093906 } ], "first_seen": 1374093906, "last_checked": 1374093906, "page_id": 59753398, "revid": 1374093906, "written_on": "Stegodyphus dumicola", "doi": "10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.001", "pmid": "", "record_id": 47382, "paper_title": "Personality and morphology shape task participation, collective foraging and escape behaviour in the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola", "cited": true, "section": "Mating", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Spiders do not travel far to mate and will typically mate in the natal colony, leading to high levels of inbreeding.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Spiders do not travel far to mate and will typically mate in the natal colony, leading to high levels of inbreeding.", "reason": "Natal mating and inbreeding are species background rather than findings within the paper's stated personality and collective-behaviour topic.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Data", "Salami Slicing" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:321a90c830eeff8c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "refname1", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 59753398 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 16.7, "severity": 0.0167, "rank": 546 }, { "id": "sha256:529c6e4ab4aa0c9d", "key": "RW-56556 / 43589512 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375970691 } ], "first_seen": 1375970691, "last_checked": 1375970691, "page_id": 43589512, "revid": 1375970691, "written_on": "Single-layer materials", "doi": "10.1038/s44160-022-00068-7", "pmid": "", "record_id": 56556, "paper_title": "Synthesis of γ-graphyne using dynamic covalent chemistry", "cited": true, "section": "C: graphene and graphyne", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2022 a team claimed to have successfully used alkyne metathesis to synthesise graphyne though this claim is disputed.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2022 a team claimed to have successfully used alkyne metathesis to synthesise graphyne though this claim is disputed.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the synthesis claim but immediately explains that the paper was retracted for fabricated data; the other citation is the same paper, not independent support.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2022 a team claimed to have successfully used alkyne metathesis to synthesise graphyne though this claim is disputed. However, after an investigation the team's paper was retracted by the publication citing fabricated data.", "section": "C: graphene and graphyne", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:00e847c51923a769", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[15]", "others": [ "Hu, Yiming; Wu, Chenyu; Pan, Qingyan; Jin, Yinghua; Lyu, Rui; Martinez, Vikina; Huang, Shaofeng; Wu, Jingyi; Wayment, Lacey J.; Clark, Noel A.; Raschke, Markus B.; Zhao, Yingjie; Zhang, Wei (9 May 2022). \"Synthesis of γ-graphyne using dynamic covalent chemistry\"." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 43589512 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 16.666666666666668, "severity": 0.01666666666666667, "rank": 547 }, { "id": "sha256:1f80f880efd24807", "key": "RW-31672 / 3300228 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1342794573 } ], "first_seen": 1342794573, "last_checked": 1342794573, "page_id": 3300228, "revid": 1342794573, "written_on": "Herpetic gingivostomatitis", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006700.pub2", "pmid": "18843726", "record_id": 31672, "paper_title": "Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Causes", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Both HSV-1, and HSV-2 can be the cause of herpetic gingivostomatitis, although HSV-1 is the source of infection in around 90% of cases.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Both HSV-1, and HSV-2 can be the cause of herpetic gingivostomatitis, although HSV-1 is the source of infection in around 90% of cases.", "reason": "This is background about viral causes, not a finding of the review of acyclovir effectiveness; a current source should replace the withdrawn review.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:260f77c3e5640abb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":0", "marker": "[5]", "others": [ "M. Kaye, Kenneth. \"Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections\". MSD Manuals. Retrieved 27 November 2018." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 3300228 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 64.33333333333333, "severity": 0.01608333333333333, "rank": 548 }, { "id": "sha256:822a04bcc18e9788", "key": "RW-31672 / 3300228 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1342794573 } ], "first_seen": 1342794573, "last_checked": 1342794573, "page_id": 3300228, "revid": 1342794573, "written_on": "Herpetic gingivostomatitis", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006700.pub2", "pmid": "18843726", "record_id": 31672, "paper_title": "Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Causes", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Reactivation can be spontaneous or stimulated by a number of factors such as: reinfection by direct effect of stimuli, immunosuppression, ultraviolet light, febrile illnesses and stress.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Reactivation can be spontaneous or stimulated by a number of factors such as: reinfection by direct effect of stimuli, immunosuppression, ultraviolet light, febrile illnesses and stress.", "reason": "The reactivation triggers are background information outside the review's treatment findings, and the MSD Manuals citation plausibly supports them.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:260f77c3e5640abb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":0", "marker": "[5]", "others": [ "M. Kaye, Kenneth. \"Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections\". MSD Manuals. Retrieved 27 November 2018." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 3300228 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 64.33333333333333, "severity": 0.01608333333333333, "rank": 549 }, { "id": "sha256:051661433175256c", "key": "RW-31672 / 3300228 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1342794573 } ], "first_seen": 1342794573, "last_checked": 1342794573, "page_id": 3300228, "revid": 1342794573, "written_on": "Herpetic gingivostomatitis", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006700.pub2", "pmid": "18843726", "record_id": 31672, "paper_title": "Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Risk factors", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This virus is also common in young adults aged around 20–25.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Age: Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis is common in children from 6 months to 5 years old. This virus is also common in young adults aged around 20–25.", "reason": "These age-distribution statements are epidemiological background, not findings of the treatment review; its trial eligibility ages do not establish population prevalence.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:260f77c3e5640abb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":0", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 3300228 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 64.33333333333333, "severity": 0.01608333333333333, "rank": 550 }, { "id": "sha256:b243869186d33ec6", "key": "RW-31672 / 3300228 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1342794573 } ], "first_seen": 1342794573, "last_checked": 1342794573, "page_id": 3300228, "revid": 1342794573, "written_on": "Herpetic gingivostomatitis", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006700.pub2", "pmid": "18843726", "record_id": 31672, "paper_title": "Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Risk factors", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Environment: As this virus is very contagious it has the potential to spread quickly in enclosed environments e.g. nurseries and orphanages.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Environment: As this virus is very contagious it has the potential to spread quickly in enclosed environments e.g. nurseries and orphanages.", "reason": "This is background about transmission rather than an acyclovir treatment finding, but the withdrawn review should be replaced as its source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:260f77c3e5640abb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":0", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 3300228 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 64.33333333333333, "severity": 0.01608333333333333, "rank": 551 }, { "id": "sha256:ef6d52fc2b80b941", "key": "RW-31672 / 3300228 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1342794573 } ], "first_seen": 1342794573, "last_checked": 1342794573, "page_id": 3300228, "revid": 1342794573, "written_on": "Herpetic gingivostomatitis", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006700.pub2", "pmid": "18843726", "record_id": 31672, "paper_title": "Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Risk factors", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Socio-economic status: Those with a lower income have a higher risk of HSV-1 infection at a younger age.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Socio-economic status: Those with a lower income have a higher risk of HSV-1 infection at a younger age.", "reason": "The socioeconomic risk claim is epidemiological background, not a finding of this review of treatment effectiveness.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:260f77c3e5640abb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":0", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 3300228 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 64.33333333333333, "severity": 0.01608333333333333, "rank": 552 }, { "id": "sha256:59286ae49f122a74", "key": "RW-31672 / 3300228 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1342794573 } ], "first_seen": 1342794573, "last_checked": 1342794573, "page_id": 3300228, "revid": 1342794573, "written_on": "Herpetic gingivostomatitis", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006700.pub2", "pmid": "18843726", "record_id": 31672, "paper_title": "Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Histopathology", "where": "paragraph", "text": "One way to distinguish between the herpes virus (and hence herpetic gingivostomatitis) and varicella virus is by direct immunohistochemistry using fluorescent antibodies.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "One way to distinguish between the herpes virus (and hence herpetic gingivostomatitis) and varicella virus is by direct immunohistochemistry using fluorescent antibodies.", "reason": "This diagnostic-method claim is outside the review's treatment findings and needs a suitable 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new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous Javelina Formation of Texas", "cited": true, "section": "Genera", "where": "table", "text": "Javelinadactylus Campos 2021 Junior synonym N/A N/A Junior synonym of Wellnhopterus. Although named a few months earlier, its description was retracted over allegations that the describer did not have access to its holotype.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Although named a few months earlier, its description was retracted over allegations that the describer did not have access to its holotype.", "reason": "The row discusses the taxon's naming history and explicitly identifies its description as retracted, rather than presenting the paper's discovery as an accepted finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Although named a few months earlier, its description was retracted over allegations that the describer did not have access to its holotype.", "section": "Genera", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Copyright Claims", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2a0a8108b66c0704", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "campos2021", "marker": "[111]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 2595296 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 62.733333333333334, "severity": 0.015683333333333334, "rank": 554 }, { "id": "sha256:2b699f4347681bc3", "key": "RW-2081 / 41787889 / #7", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375988571 } ], "first_seen": 1375988571, "last_checked": 1375988571, "page_id": 41787889, "revid": 1375988571, "written_on": "Stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency", "doi": "10.1038/nature12968", "pmid": "24476887", "record_id": 2081, "paper_title": "Stimulus-triggered Fate Conversion of Somatic Cells Into Pluripotency", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP) was a proposed method of generating pluripotent stem cells by subjecting ordinary cells to certain types of stress, such as the application of a bacterial toxin, submersion in a weak acid, or physical trauma. The technique gained prominence in January 2014 when research by Haruko Obokata et al. was published in Nature. Over the following months, all scientists who tried to duplicate her results failed, and suspicion arose that Obokata's results were due to error or fraud. An investigation by her employer, RIKEN, was launched. On April 1, 2014, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had falsified data to obtain her results. On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract the papers. On August 5, 2014, Yoshiki Sasai—Obokata's supervisor at RIKEN and one of the coauthors on the STAP cell papers—was found dead at a RIKEN facility after an apparent suicide by hanging.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP) was a proposed method of generating pluripotent stem cells by subjecting ordinary cells to certain types of stress, such as the application of a bacterial toxin, submersion in a weak acid, or physical trauma.", "reason": "This summarizes the same stress-induced reprogramming claim, but its paragraph explicitly identifies falsification and agreed retraction; any local sources should be checked by an editor.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Over the following months, all scientists who tried to duplicate her results failed, and suspicion arose that Obokata's results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On April 1, 2014, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had falsified data to obtain her results. On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract the papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In the months after the two Nature papers were released, all scientists who tried to duplicate Obokata's results failed and suspicion arose that her results were due to error or fraud.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On April 1, RIKEN concluded that Obokata had engaged in \"research misconduct\", falsifying data on two occasions.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both the article and the \"letter\". The article was officially retracted on July 2, 2014.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On September 24, 2015, the RIKEN scientists reported that Obokata's STAP cells came from embryonic stem cell contamination, while on the same day, research groups who had attempted to reproduce the STAP protocol jointly reported that they had found it irreproducible.", "section": "Investigation into disputed claims", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "If the findings had proven to be valid, stimulus-triggered pluripotency cells could have been generated more easily and efficiently than by existing iPS techniques.", "section": "Implications", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Unreliable Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f45a50f8aa712406", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 41787889 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 15.433333333333334, "severity": 0.015433333333333334, "rank": 555 }, { "id": "sha256:fb50c3da3aff3820", "key": "RW-24769 / 47438571 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377141839 } ], "first_seen": 1377141839, "last_checked": 1377141839, "page_id": 47438571, "revid": 1377141839, "written_on": "Science of the Total Environment", "doi": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142830", "pmid": "33071142", "record_id": 24769, "paper_title": "Can Traditional Chinese Medicine provide insights into controlling the COVID-19 pandemic: Serpentinization-induced lithospheric long-wavelength magnetic anomalies in Proterozoic bedrocks in a weakened geomagnetic field mediate the aberrant transformation of biogenic molecules in COVID-19 via magnetic catalysis", "cited": true, "section": "Controversies", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The October 2020 article suggesting that amulets may prevent COVID-19 has been met with skepticism even among the listed coauthors.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The October 2020 article suggesting that amulets may prevent COVID-19 has been met with skepticism even among the listed coauthors.", "reason": "This describes the paper's controversy, and the same paragraph explicitly says it was withdrawn rather than presenting its claim as established.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "As of November 2020, the article was under \"temporary removal\".", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "It was later withdrawn at the request of the authors.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4179c6ee5b40924a", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Bility et al. 2020", "marker": "[1]", "others": [ "Shawna Williams (4 November 2020). \"Paper Proposing COVID-19, Magnetism Link to Be Retracted\". The Scientist. Retrieved 7 December 2020.", "Ivan Oransky (16 November 2020). \"Co-authors of paper on COVID-19 and jade amulets blame 'the online press' and social media for misinterpretation in retraction letter\". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 7 December 2020." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 47438571 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 30.566666666666666, "severity": 0.015283333333333333, "rank": 556 }, { "id": "sha256:2908494f165bc792", "key": "RW-24769 / 47438571 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377141839 } ], "first_seen": 1377141839, "last_checked": 1377141839, "page_id": 47438571, "revid": 1377141839, "written_on": "Science of the Total Environment", "doi": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142830", "pmid": "33071142", "record_id": 24769, "paper_title": "Can Traditional Chinese Medicine provide insights into controlling the COVID-19 pandemic: Serpentinization-induced lithospheric long-wavelength magnetic anomalies in Proterozoic bedrocks in a weakened geomagnetic field mediate the aberrant transformation of biogenic molecules in COVID-19 via magnetic catalysis", "cited": true, "section": "Controversies", "where": "paragraph", "text": "As of November 2020, the article was under \"temporary removal\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "As of November 2020, the article was under \"temporary removal\".", "reason": "This reports the paper's removal status, not a scientific finding, and the paragraph also states its subsequent withdrawal.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "As of November 2020, the article was under \"temporary removal\".", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "It was later withdrawn at the request of the authors.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4179c6ee5b40924a", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Bility et al. 2020", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 47438571 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 30.566666666666666, "severity": 0.015283333333333333, "rank": 557 }, { "id": "sha256:fb4d46a9ba3f1545", "key": "RW-1801 / 5557355 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1355506561 } ], "first_seen": 1355506561, "last_checked": 1355506561, "page_id": 5557355, "revid": 1355506561, "written_on": "Brian Hooker (bioengineer)", "doi": "10.1186/2047-9158-3-16", "pmid": "25114790", "record_id": 1801, "paper_title": "Measles-mumps-rubella Vaccination Timing and Autism Among Young African American Boys: A Reanalysis of CDC Data", "cited": true, "section": "Anti-vaccine claims", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2014, after talking to Thompson, Hooker published a paper titled \"Measles-mumps-rubella vaccination timing and autism among young African American boys: a reanalysis of CDC data\" in the journal Translational Neurodegeneration.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2014, after talking to Thompson, Hooker published a paper titled \"Measles-mumps-rubella vaccination timing and autism among young African American boys: a reanalysis of CDC data\" in the journal Translational Neurodegeneration.", "reason": "This records the paper's publication rather than relying on its findings, and the same paragraph explicitly describes its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Later, the journal retracted the paper for scientific misconduct, saying that Hooker had not disclosed important conflicts of interest and that there were \"concerns about the validity of the methods and statistical analysis\".", "section": "Anti-vaccine claims", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Conflict of Interest", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c0bd277800f1d062", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":3", "marker": "[9]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 5557355 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 15.233333333333333, "severity": 0.015233333333333333, "rank": 558 }, { "id": "sha256:4c60d6546ca62561", "key": "RW-1801 / 5557355 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1355506561 } ], "first_seen": 1355506561, "last_checked": 1355506561, "page_id": 5557355, "revid": 1355506561, "written_on": "Brian Hooker (bioengineer)", "doi": "10.1186/2047-9158-3-16", "pmid": "25114790", "record_id": 1801, "paper_title": "Measles-mumps-rubella Vaccination Timing and Autism Among Young African American Boys: A Reanalysis of CDC Data", "cited": true, "section": "Anti-vaccine claims", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The paper claimed that the 2004 study showed a statistically significant correlation between autism and the MMR vaccine among African-American boys if it was administered at a certain age.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The paper claimed that the 2004 study showed a statistically significant correlation between autism and the MMR vaccine among African-American boys if it was administered at a certain age.", "reason": "The finding is reported as the paper's claim, but the same paragraph explicitly identifies its retraction and concerns about its methods and statistical analysis.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Later, the journal retracted the paper for scientific misconduct, saying that Hooker had not disclosed important conflicts of interest and that there were \"concerns about the validity of the methods and statistical analysis\".", "section": "Anti-vaccine claims", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Conflict of Interest", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c0bd277800f1d062", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":3", "marker": "[9]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 5557355 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 15.233333333333333, "severity": 0.015233333333333333, "rank": 559 }, { "id": "sha256:76f7b1b24fe545bc", "key": "RW-40630 / 485309 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374888754 } ], "first_seen": 1374888754, "last_checked": 1374888754, "page_id": 485309, "revid": 1374888754, "written_on": "Face perception", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-642-03767-2_9", "pmid": "", "record_id": 40630, "paper_title": "Human Age Estimation by Metric Learning for Regression Problems", "cited": true, "section": "Artificial intelligence", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The aging process is also slow, making sufficient data difficult to collect.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The aging process is also slow, making sufficient data difficult to collect.", "reason": "This is background motivation for facial age estimation, not an identifiable finding of the metric-learning paper; an independent source should support it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.86, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Breach of Policy by Author", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "False/Forged Authorship" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:cbd5bee45847c7e8", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[159]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 485309 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 60.3, "severity": 0.015075, "rank": 560 }, { "id": "sha256:946fb15c597a2c4a", "key": "RW-18405 / 52857727 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1344123348 } ], "first_seen": 1344123348, "last_checked": 1344123348, "page_id": 52857727, "revid": 1344123348, "written_on": "Predimed", "doi": "10.1056/nejmoa1200303", "pmid": "23432189", "record_id": 18405, "paper_title": "Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet", "cited": true, "section": "Network", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The main paper with the final cardiovascular results was published in 2013, but retracted and immediately republished in 2018 because of errors in statistical methodology, which were revised in the republished paper.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The main paper with the final cardiovascular results was published in 2013, but retracted and immediately republished in 2018 because of errors in statistical methodology, which were revised in the republished paper.", "reason": "This describes the paper's publication and retraction history, explicitly acknowledging the errors rather than asserting its findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Parts of this article (those related to the retracted study need to be removed, with accompanying text, and replaced by the 2018 study) need to be updated.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The core publication was retracted and republished as a non-randomised study.", "section": "Criticisms", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "The main paper with the final cardiovascular results was published in 2013, but retracted and immediately republished in 2018 because of errors in statistical methodology, which were revised in the republished paper.", "section": "Network", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Methods", "Error in Results 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described as a bird; reinterpreted as an indeterminate lizard.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Originally described as a bird; reinterpreted as an indeterminate lizard.", "reason": "The row records the original identification as historical and explicitly rejects it, rather than presenting the paper's bird identification as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Originally described as a bird; reinterpreted as an indeterminate lizard.", "section": "List", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b799162c7b444dbd", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[153]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 68294171 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in 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Science News. 22 August 2016. Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2020." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 26279144 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 13.566666666666666, "severity": 0.013566666666666666, "rank": 563 }, { "id": "sha256:31e28dc1c454fccb", "key": "RW-16893 / 21293835 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1315291582 } ], "first_seen": 1315291582, "last_checked": 1315291582, "page_id": 21293835, "revid": 1315291582, "written_on": "Cello scrotum", "doi": "10.1136/bmj.2.5914.335-a", "pmid": "4827125", "record_id": 16893, "paper_title": "Cello scrotum", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Cello scrotum is a hoax medical condition originally published as a brief case report in the British Medical Journal in 1974.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "As its name suggests, it was purportedly an affliction of the scrotum affecting male players of the cello.", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the claimed condition but explicitly identifies it as a hoax, rather than presenting the finding as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Cello scrotum is a hoax medical condition originally published as a brief case report in the British Medical Journal in 1974.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Baroness Murphy, originator of the cello scrotum hoax", "section": "History", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Murphy now points out that even a cursory study of the cellist's posture would show that the 'cello scrotum' complaint would not occur.", "section": "History", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Murphy admitted the hoax in 2009 in another letter to the BMJ after an article in the 2008 Christmas edition of the BMJ made reference to the complaint.", "section": "History", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:07d8910fea3cc4ad", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "BMJ, Murphy, 1974", "marker": "[1]", "others": [ "\"Peer reveals 'cello scrotum' hoax\". Health. BBC News Online. 28 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-28.", "\"'Cello scrotum' exposed as a hoax\". CNN. 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-28." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 21293835 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 13.5, "severity": 0.0135, "rank": 564 }, { "id": "sha256:8e77ff6ed47e3378", "key": "RW-16893 / 21293835 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1315291582 } ], "first_seen": 1315291582, "last_checked": 1315291582, "page_id": 21293835, "revid": 1315291582, "written_on": "Cello scrotum", "doi": "10.1136/bmj.2.5914.335-a", "pmid": "4827125", "record_id": 16893, "paper_title": "Cello scrotum", "cited": true, "section": "History", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The original letter was written by Elaine Murphy but signed by her husband John.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The original letter was written by Elaine Murphy but signed by her husband John.", "reason": "This is a claim about the letter's authorship, not its fabricated medical finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Cello scrotum is a hoax medical condition originally published as a brief case report in the British Medical Journal in 1974.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Baroness Murphy, originator of the cello scrotum hoax", "section": "History", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Murphy now points out that even a cursory study of the cellist's posture would show that the 'cello scrotum' complaint would not occur.", "section": "History", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Murphy admitted the hoax in 2009 in another letter to the BMJ after an article in the 2008 Christmas edition of the BMJ made reference to the complaint.", "section": "History", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:07d8910fea3cc4ad", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "BMJ, Murphy, 1974", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 21293835 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 13.5, "severity": 0.0135, "rank": 565 }, { "id": "sha256:2329aceb45d14f10", "key": "RW-21620 / 31400429 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1364829534 } ], "first_seen": 1364829534, "last_checked": 1364829534, "page_id": 31400429, "revid": 1364829534, "written_on": "How to Have Sex in an Epidemic", "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2014.00154", "pmid": "25695040", "record_id": 21620, "paper_title": "Questioning the HIV-AIDS hypothesis: 30 years of dissent", "cited": true, "section": "HIV/AIDS epidemic", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The multifactorial theory espoused in the manual has since been disproven; the majority of scientists are now in agreement that AIDS is caused by the transmission of the retrovirus HIV.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The multifactorial theory espoused in the manual has since been disproven; the majority of scientists are now in agreement that AIDS is caused by the transmission of the retrovirus HIV.", "reason": "This states established background about HIV causing AIDS, not a finding identifiable from the retracted paper's title about dissent from that conclusion; it needs an appropriate non-retracted source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.93, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Objections by Third Party", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:bdc65d39863f95ca", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[12]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 31400429 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 13.366666666666667, "severity": 0.013366666666666667, "rank": 566 }, { "id": "sha256:24cf2c251af9e38e", "key": "RW-4036 / 40361754 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372341254 } ], "first_seen": 1372341254, "last_checked": 1372341254, "page_id": 40361754, "revid": 1372341254, "written_on": "H. Hugh Fudenberg", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "MMR vaccine and autism", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This paper was cited by Andrew Wakefield's fraudulent 1998 Lancet paper.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This paper was cited by Andrew Wakefield's fraudulent 1998 Lancet paper.", "reason": "This documents Wakefield's citation of Fudenberg's paper, not a scientific finding, and explicitly identifies Wakefield's paper as fraudulent.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "This paper was cited by Andrew Wakefield's fraudulent 1998 Lancet paper.", "section": "MMR vaccine and autism", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:515a811364bad23c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Auto4A-10", "marker": "[11]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 40361754 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 13.066666666666666, "severity": 0.013066666666666667, "rank": 567 }, { "id": "sha256:35b25946a12116c8", "key": "RW-4849 / 29572416 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373064265 } ], "first_seen": 1373064265, "last_checked": 1373064265, "page_id": 29572416, "revid": 1373064265, "written_on": "Frontiers in Psychology", "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00073", "pmid": "23508808", "record_id": 4849, "paper_title": "Recursive fury: conspiracist ideation in the blogosphere in response to research on conspiracist ideation.", "cited": true, "section": "Controversies", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In February 2013, Frontiers in Psychology published a study by Stephan Lewandowsky and co-authors which analysed the conspiracy theories offered by the climate blog readers who responded to his 2012 paper about public opinion on climate change.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In February 2013, Frontiers in Psychology published a study by Stephan Lewandowsky and co-authors which analysed the conspiracy theories offered by the climate blog readers who responded to his 2012 paper about public opinion on climate change.", "reason": "The sentence describes the study and its subject within a paragraph that explicitly reports its retraction, rather than relying on its findings as established fact.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In March 2014, Frontiers retracted the study, indicating that while they \"did not identify any issues with the academic and ethical aspects of the study\" they believed that \"the legal context is insufficiently clear\".", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 4 April 2014, Frontiers said they retracted the 2013 Lewandowsky article because the authors did not sufficiently protect the rights of people analyzed and named in the article: \"Specifically, the article categorizes the behaviour of identifiable individuals within the context of psychopathological characteristics.\"", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "An Ars Technica article discussed the controversy, including \"apparent contradictions\" between Frontiers' March 2014 retraction and their April 2014 statement.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Legal Reasons and/or Threats" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b61bebdca0941e11", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[11]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 29572416 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 26.1, "severity": 0.01305, "rank": 568 }, { "id": "sha256:0c670137a32b3b7c", "key": "RW-66335 / 29855647 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372149547 } ], "first_seen": 1372149547, "last_checked": 1372149547, "page_id": 29855647, "revid": 1372149547, "written_on": "Arsenic biochemistry", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Incorrect claims of arsenic incorporation into DNA and RNA", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2010, Felisa Wolfe-Simon published a paper claiming that the bacterium GFAJ-1 could incorporate arsenic into its DNA; other researchers vigorously refuted this claim, leading Science to retract the paper in 2025.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2010, Felisa Wolfe-Simon published a paper claiming that the bacterium GFAJ-1 could incorporate arsenic into its DNA; other researchers vigorously refuted this claim, leading Science to retract the paper in 2025.", "reason": "This reports the paper's claim as explicitly refuted and retracted, rather than presenting arsenic incorporation as established.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Incorrect claims of arsenic incorporation into DNA and RNA", "section": "Incorrect claims of arsenic incorporation into DNA and RNA", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Although phosphate and arsenate are structurally similar, there is no evidence that arsenic can be incorporated into DNA or RNA.", "section": "Incorrect claims of arsenic incorporation into DNA and RNA", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "other researchers vigorously refuted this claim, leading Science to retract the paper in 2025.", "section": "Incorrect claims of arsenic incorporation into DNA and RNA", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f3c0d711ddbffa97", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[14]", "others": [ "Erb, T. J.; Kiefer, P.; Hattendorf, B.; Gunther, D.; Vorholt, J. A. (2012). \"GFAJ-1 is an Arsenate-Resistant, Phosphate-Dependent Organism\". Science. 337 (6093): 467–70. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..467E. doi:10.1126/science.1218455. PMID 22773139. S2CID 20229329.", "Reaves, M. L.; Sinha, S.; Rabinowitz, J. D.; Kruglyak, L.; Redfield, R. J. (2012). \"Absence of Detectable Arsenate in DNA from Arsenate-Grown GFAJ-1 Cells\". Science. 337 (6093): 470–3. arXiv:1201.6643. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..470R. doi:10.1126/science.1219861. PMC 3845625. PMID 22773140.", "Vinson, Valda; Thorp, H. Holden (24 July 2025). \"The last step in a long process on \"arsenic life\"\". science.org. Retrieved 25 July 2025." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 29855647 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 12.0, "severity": 0.012, "rank": 569 }, { "id": "sha256:f338b08978c0f473", "key": "RW-33038 / 21442391 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369221464 } ], "first_seen": 1369221464, "last_checked": 1369221464, "page_id": 21442391, "revid": 1369221464, "written_on": "Effects of long-term benzodiazepine use", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd005194.pub2", "pmid": "16856084", "record_id": 33038, "paper_title": "Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine mono‐dependence management in outpatient settings (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In addition, benzodiazepines have reinforcing properties in some individuals and thus are considered to be addictive drugs, especially in individuals that have a \"drug-seeking\" behavior; further, a physical dependence can develop after a few weeks or months of use.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In addition, benzodiazepines have reinforcing properties in some individuals and thus are considered to be addictive drugs, especially in individuals that have a \"drug-seeking\" behavior; further, a physical dependence can develop after a few weeks or months of use.", "reason": "This cites established background about reinforcement and dependence, not the review's findings on withdrawal interventions; the review was withdrawn as out of date, so a current source is needed.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.93, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:746fd18375fbfc4b", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid16856084", "marker": "[13]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 21442391 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 46.766666666666666, "severity": 0.011691666666666666, "rank": 570 }, { "id": "sha256:b9fc1df9b75da304", "key": "RW-28669 / 66094894 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360802178 } ], "first_seen": 1360802178, "last_checked": 1360802178, "page_id": 66094894, "revid": 1360802178, "written_on": "Ubirajara jubatus", "doi": "10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104686", "pmid": "", "record_id": 28669, "paper_title": "A maned theropod dinosaur from Gondwana with elaborate integumentary structures", "cited": true, "section": "Legal issues", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The authors of the 2020 study claimed that the fossil had been acquired by the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe (SMNK) in 1995, following an export from Brazil with the necessary documentation.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The authors of the 2020 study claimed that the fossil had been acquired by the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe (SMNK) in 1995, following an export from Brazil with the necessary documentation.", "reason": "This reports the authors' disputed provenance account as part of the controversy, rather than relying on the paper's scientific findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The taxon was informally named in 2020 in a now-withdrawn in-press academic paper.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Due to the ethical issues involving the potentially illegal transfer of the fossil from Brazil to Germany, the paper describing the specimen was \"temporarily removed\" only a few days after being made available online \"in press\" prior to formal publication. The article was later withdrawn in September 2021.", "section": "Legal issues", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The \"temporary removal\" and ultimately the retraction of the publication describing the new genus and species, however, raise questions as to the nomenclatural validity of the new taxon.", "section": "Nomenclatural issues", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:db92cbbb7b98f5b9", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Smythetal2020", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 66094894 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 22.8, "severity": 0.0114, "rank": 571 }, { "id": "sha256:22417c63d847292e", "key": "RW-28669 / 66094894 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360802178 } ], "first_seen": 1360802178, "last_checked": 1360802178, "page_id": 66094894, "revid": 1360802178, "written_on": "Ubirajara jubatus", "doi": "10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104686", "pmid": "", "record_id": 28669, "paper_title": "A maned theropod dinosaur from Gondwana with elaborate integumentary structures", "cited": true, "section": "Nomenclatural issues", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The genus name \"Ubirajara\" was erected by Robert S. H. Smyth, David Michael Martill, Eberhard Frey, Hector Eduardo Rivera-Silva and Norbert Lenz in December 2020.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The genus name \"Ubirajara\" was erected by Robert S. H. Smyth, David Michael Martill, Eberhard Frey, Hector Eduardo Rivera-Silva and Norbert Lenz in December 2020.", "reason": "The citation documents the naming event and authorship, not the validity of a scientific finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The taxon was informally named in 2020 in a now-withdrawn in-press academic paper.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Due to the ethical issues involving the potentially illegal transfer of the fossil from Brazil to Germany, the paper describing the specimen was \"temporarily removed\" only a few days after being made available online \"in press\" prior to formal publication. The article was later withdrawn in September 2021.", "section": "Legal issues", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The \"temporary removal\" and ultimately the retraction of the publication describing the new genus and species, however, raise questions as to the nomenclatural validity of the new taxon.", "section": "Nomenclatural issues", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:db92cbbb7b98f5b9", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Smythetal2020", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 66094894 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 22.8, "severity": 0.0114, "rank": 572 }, { "id": "sha256:bec94d9dcf3607c9", "key": "RW-28669 / 66094894 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360802178 } ], "first_seen": 1360802178, "last_checked": 1360802178, "page_id": 66094894, "revid": 1360802178, "written_on": "Ubirajara jubatus", "doi": "10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104686", "pmid": "", "record_id": 28669, "paper_title": "A maned theropod dinosaur from Gondwana with elaborate integumentary structures", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "\"Ubirajara\" (\"lord of the spear\") is an informal genus of compsognathid theropod dinosaur that lived during the early Cretaceous period in what is now Brazil. The manuscript describing it was available online pre-publication but was never formally published and, as a consequence, both genus and species name are considered invalid and unavailable. It is known by a single species, \"Ubirajara jubatus\", recovered from the Crato Formation. It was described as the first Gondwanan non-avian theropod dinosaur discovered with preserved integumentary structures. Such proto-feathers, most likely used for display, include slender monofilaments associated with the base of the neck, increasing in length along the dorsal thoracic region, where they would form a mane, as well as a pair of elongate, ribbon-like structures likely emerging from its shoulders. The taxon was informally named in 2020 in a now-withdrawn in-press academic paper. The description caused controversy due to the fossil having been apparently illegally smuggled from Brazil. In June 2023, Germany returned the fossil to Brazil after a legitimate export permit could not be found. The name \"Ubirajara jubatus\" was removed from ZooBank in November 2022, which means it no longer has any nomenclatural significance. The case has been labeled as an instance of scientific colonialism.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It was described as the first Gondwanan non-avian theropod dinosaur discovered with preserved integumentary structures. Such proto-feathers, most likely used for display, include slender monofilaments associated with the base of the neck, increasing in length along the dorsal thoracic region, where they would form a mane, as well as a pair of elongate, ribbon-like structures likely emerging from its shoulders.", "reason": "These claims summarize the withdrawn specimen description rather than an identifiable independent source; an editor should check any lead sources, but this same paragraph explicitly identifies the paper as withdrawn.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The taxon was informally named in 2020 in a now-withdrawn in-press academic paper.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Due to the ethical issues involving the potentially illegal transfer of the fossil from Brazil to Germany, the paper describing the specimen was \"temporarily removed\" only a few days after being made available online \"in press\" prior to formal publication. The article was later withdrawn in September 2021.", "section": "Legal issues", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The \"temporary removal\" and ultimately the retraction of the publication describing the new genus and species, however, raise questions as to the nomenclatural validity of the new taxon.", "section": "Nomenclatural issues", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:db92cbbb7b98f5b9", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 66094894 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 22.8, "severity": 0.0114, "rank": 573 }, { "id": "sha256:d3db048ab53a3d8e", "key": "RW-72796 / 1741558 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374623485 } ], "first_seen": 1374623485, "last_checked": 1374623485, "page_id": 1741558, "revid": 1374623485, "written_on": "SCIgen", "doi": "10.1016/j.amc.2007.03.011", "pmid": "", "record_id": 72796, "paper_title": "Cooperative, compact algorithms for randomized algorithms", "cited": true, "section": "In journals", "where": "list", "text": "Students at Iran's Sharif University of Technology published a paper in Elsevier's Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computation. The students wrote under the surname \"MosallahNejad\", which translates literally from Persian language (in spite of not being a traditional Persian name) as \"from an Armed Breed\". The paper was subsequently removed when the publishers were informed that it was a joke paper.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Students at Iran's Sharif University of Technology published a paper in Elsevier's Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computation.", "reason": "This describes the paper's publication history, not its algorithmic findings; the same item explicitly identifies it as a removed joke paper.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The paper was subsequently removed when the publishers were informed that it was a joke paper.", "section": "In journals", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f1cbdf769d63bbcf", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[16]", "others": [ "Rohollah Mosallahnezhad. \"Cooperative, Compact Algorithms for Randomized Algorithms\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 1741558 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 22.633333333333333, "severity": 0.011316666666666666, "rank": 574 }, { "id": "sha256:d975475927748f36", "key": "RW-15518 / 14147566 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371817199 } ], "first_seen": 1371817199, "last_checked": 1371817199, "page_id": 14147566, "revid": 1371817199, "written_on": "Cobratoxin", "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2184.2008.00566.x", "pmid": "19040571", "record_id": 15518, "paper_title": "Role of alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in human non-small cell lung cancer proliferation", "cited": true, "section": "Lung cancer", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Cobratoxin was at one time thought to block the acetylcholine receptor because of the high affinity; however, in 2011 this theory has been disproven and the original article was retracted for fabrication of results.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This cell proliferation caused by nicotine could be blocked by using cobratoxin. Cobratoxin was at one time thought to block the acetylcholine receptor because of the high affinity; however, in 2011 this theory has been disproven and the original article was retracted for fabrication of results.", "reason": "The paragraph retells the paper's cobratoxin finding but explicitly identifies it as disproven and the original article as retracted for fabricated results.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Cobratoxin was at one time thought to block the acetylcholine receptor because of the high affinity; however, in 2011 this theory has been disproven and the original article was retracted for fabrication of results.", "section": "Lung cancer", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Mice treated with cobratoxin did not show any significant reduction in tumor growth. The conclusion of these results, in contrast with earlier results, was that the acetylcholine receptor inhibitors neither suppressed growth of the lung tumors nor prolonged the lives of the mice.", "section": "Lung cancer", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5cff04a9d281b78b", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Paleari", "marker": "[15]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 14147566 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 11.3, "severity": 0.011300000000000001, "rank": 575 }, { "id": "sha256:66ee5790088e64e9", "key": "RW-54364 / 6853600 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369099231 } ], "first_seen": 1369099231, "last_checked": 1369099231, "page_id": 6853600, "revid": 1369099231, "written_on": "Karen Ashe", "doi": "10.1038/nature04533", "pmid": "16541076", "record_id": 54364, "paper_title": "A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In July 2022, concerns were raised that certain images in a 2006 Nature paper co-authored by Ashe and her postdoctoral student Sylvain Lesné were manipulated.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In July 2022, concerns were raised that certain images in a 2006 Nature paper co-authored by Ashe and her postdoctoral student Sylvain Lesné were manipulated.", "reason": "This reports concerns about the paper's images, not its scientific finding; the paragraph also explicitly reports its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In July 2022, concerns were raised that certain images in a 2006 Nature paper co-authored by Ashe and her postdoctoral student Sylvain Lesné were manipulated.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The 2006 article was retracted in June 2024; all of the original authors except Lesné agreed with the retraction.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Ashe is a co-author on a 2006 paper published in Nature (retracted in 2024), entitled \"A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory\".", "section": "Amyloid-beta protein", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In July 2022, concerns were raised by Matthew Schrag, a Vanderbilt University neuroscientist, that certain images in the 2006 Nature paper were manipulated in the paper co-authored by Ashe's postdoctoral Sylvain Lesné, whom she hired in 2002.", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Ashe has stated that the edited images, which she agrees \"should not have occurred\", do not change the conclusions of the paper.", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The editors of Nature responded with a July 14, 2022 note stating they were aware of and investigating the concerns raised, that a \"further editorial response [would] follow as soon as possible\", and that \"readers are advised to use caution when using results reported therein\".", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "2024 retraction", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In May 2024, Ashe announced that the 2006 publication would be retracted because Nature would not print a correction.", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "All of the original authors except Lesné agreed to the June 2024 retraction; other researchers dispute the strength of conclusions in the new, re-worked study.", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Manipulation of Images", "Objections by Author(s)", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e6e798c2405b239e", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Lesne2006", "marker": "[5]", "others": [ "Piller C (July 21, 2022). \"Blots on a field?\". Science. 377 (6604): 358–363. Bibcode:2022Sci...377..358P. doi:10.1126/science.add9993. PMID 35862524. S2CID 250953611. Archived from the original on July 21, 2022." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 6853600 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 11.266666666666667, "severity": 0.011266666666666668, "rank": 576 }, { "id": "sha256:ba2cfd5075ed33aa", "key": "RW-54364 / 6853600 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369099231 } ], "first_seen": 1369099231, "last_checked": 1369099231, "page_id": 6853600, "revid": 1369099231, "written_on": "Karen Ashe", "doi": "10.1038/nature04533", "pmid": "16541076", "record_id": 54364, "paper_title": "A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory", "cited": true, "section": "Amyloid-beta protein", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Ashe is a co-author on a 2006 paper published in Nature (retracted in 2024), entitled \"A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The paper describes the Aβ*56 oligomer (known as amyloid beta star 56 and Aβ*56) correlating with memory loss in mice prior to the appearance of amyloid plaques.", "reason": "This summarizes the paper's finding, but the same paragraph explicitly identifies the paper as retracted, making it a contextualized account rather than an unqualified reliance on the finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In July 2022, concerns were raised that certain images in a 2006 Nature paper co-authored by Ashe and her postdoctoral student Sylvain Lesné were manipulated.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The 2006 article was retracted in June 2024; all of the original authors except Lesné agreed with the retraction.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Ashe is a co-author on a 2006 paper published in Nature (retracted in 2024), entitled \"A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory\".", "section": "Amyloid-beta protein", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In July 2022, concerns were raised by Matthew Schrag, a Vanderbilt University neuroscientist, that certain images in the 2006 Nature paper were manipulated in the paper co-authored by Ashe's postdoctoral Sylvain Lesné, whom she hired in 2002.", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Ashe has stated that the edited images, which she agrees \"should not have occurred\", do not change the conclusions of the paper.", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The editors of Nature responded with a July 14, 2022 note stating they were aware of and investigating the concerns raised, that a \"further editorial response [would] follow as soon as possible\", and that \"readers are advised to use caution when using results reported therein\".", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "2024 retraction", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In May 2024, Ashe announced that the 2006 publication would be retracted because Nature would not print a correction.", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "All of the original authors except Lesné agreed to the June 2024 retraction; other researchers dispute the strength of conclusions in the new, re-worked study.", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Manipulation of Images", "Objections by Author(s)", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e6e798c2405b239e", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Lesne2006", "marker": "[5]", "others": [ "Piller C (June 4, 2024). \"Researchers plan to retract landmark Alzheimer's paper containing doctored images\". Science. Retrieved June 4, 2024.", "Piller C (July 21, 2022). \"Blots on a field?\". Science. 377 (6604): 358–363. Bibcode:2022Sci...377..358P. doi:10.1126/science.add9993. PMID 35862524. S2CID 250953611. Archived from the original on July 21, 2022." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 6853600 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 11.266666666666667, "severity": 0.011266666666666668, "rank": 577 }, { "id": "sha256:f32a46033c69eef7", "key": "RW-54364 / 6853600 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369099231 } ], "first_seen": 1369099231, "last_checked": 1369099231, "page_id": 6853600, "revid": 1369099231, "written_on": "Karen Ashe", "doi": "10.1038/nature04533", "pmid": "16541076", "record_id": 54364, "paper_title": "A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory", "cited": true, "section": "2022 investigation", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The editors of Nature responded with a July 14, 2022 note stating they were aware of and investigating the concerns raised, that a \"further editorial response [would] follow as soon as possible\", and that \"readers are advised to use caution when using results reported therein\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The editors of Nature responded with a July 14, 2022 note stating they were aware of and investigating the concerns raised, that a \"further editorial response [would] follow as soon as possible\", and that \"readers are advised to use caution when using results reported therein\".", "reason": "This describes the journal's investigation and cautionary notice, without asserting the paper's scientific finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In July 2022, concerns were raised that certain images in a 2006 Nature paper co-authored by Ashe and her postdoctoral student Sylvain Lesné were manipulated.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The 2006 article was retracted in June 2024; all of the original authors except Lesné agreed with the retraction.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Ashe is a co-author on a 2006 paper published in Nature (retracted in 2024), entitled \"A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory\".", "section": "Amyloid-beta protein", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In July 2022, concerns were raised by Matthew Schrag, a Vanderbilt University neuroscientist, that certain images in the 2006 Nature paper were manipulated in the paper co-authored by Ashe's postdoctoral Sylvain Lesné, whom she hired in 2002.", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Ashe has stated that the edited images, which she agrees \"should not have occurred\", do not change the conclusions of the paper.", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The editors of Nature responded with a July 14, 2022 note stating they were aware of and investigating the concerns raised, that a \"further editorial response [would] follow as soon as possible\", and that \"readers are advised to use caution when using results reported therein\".", "section": "2022 investigation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "2024 retraction", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In May 2024, Ashe announced that the 2006 publication would be retracted because Nature would not print a correction.", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "All of the original authors except Lesné agreed to the June 2024 retraction; other researchers dispute the strength of conclusions in the new, re-worked study.", "section": "2024 retraction", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Manipulation of Images", "Objections by Author(s)", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e6e798c2405b239e", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Lesne2006", "marker": "[5]", "others": [ "Olson J (July 22, 2022). \"University of Minnesota scientist responds to fraud allegations in Alzheimer's research\". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 6853600 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 11.266666666666667, "severity": 0.011266666666666668, "rank": 578 }, { "id": "sha256:7ff9ec04add29f4e", "key": "RW-6343 / 9686427 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360216464 } ], "first_seen": 1360216464, "last_checked": 1360216464, "page_id": 9686427, "revid": 1360216464, "written_on": "Xenotropic murine leukemia virus–related virus", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.0906922106", "pmid": "19805305", "record_id": 6343, "paper_title": "XMRV is present in malignant prostatic epithelium and is associated with prostate cancer, especially high-grade tumors", "cited": true, "section": "Prostate cancer", "where": "paragraph", "text": "However, subsequent studies and retractions cast doubt on these findings.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Detection of XMRV was reported in several articles. 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PLoS ONE. 7 (9) e44954. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...744954L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044954. PMC 3445615. 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(2010). \"XMRV infection in patients with prostate cancer: novel serologic assay and correlation with PCR and FISH\". Urology. 75 (4): 755–61. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2010.01.038. 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There is no evidence that XMRV infects humans, nor that XMRV is associated with or causes any human disease.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "However, subsequent studies and retractions cast doubt on these findings.", "section": "Prostate cancer", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Positive findings of the virus were likely due to contamination rather than true presence of the virus in humans.", "section": "Controversy and origins", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "As a result, many of the key publications which did claim an association were voluntarily retracted.", "section": "Controversy and origins", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f4653a67c8547685", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "novel_2006", "marker": "[2]", "others": [ "Lo, SC; Pripuzova, N; Li, B; Komaroff, AL; Hung, GC; Wang, R; Alter, HJ (7 September 2010). \"Detection of MLV-related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors\". PNAS. 107 (36): 15874–9. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10715874L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1006901107. PMC 2936598. PMID 20798047. (Retracted, see doi:10.1073/pnas.1119641109, PMID 22203980, Retraction Watch)", "Schlaberg, R; Choe, DJ; Brown, KR; Thaker, HM; Singh, IR (22 September 2009). \"XMRV is present in malignant prostatic epithelium and is associated with prostate cancer, especially high-grade tumors\". PNAS. 106 (38): 16351–16356. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616351S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0906922106. PMC 2739868. PMID 19805305. (Retracted, see doi:10.1073/pnas.1409186111, PMID 25114258, Retraction Watch)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 9686427 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 11.233333333333333, "severity": 0.011233333333333333, "rank": 586 }, { "id": "sha256:287bfd3e7d35ecd9", "key": "RW-23529 / 64161242 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360204599 } ], "first_seen": 1360204599, "last_checked": 1360204599, "page_id": 64161242, "revid": 1360204599, "written_on": "Surgisphere", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31180-6", "pmid": "32450107", "record_id": 23529, "paper_title": "Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis", "cited": true, "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Surgisphere provided dubious data used for studies of COVID-19 that were published in The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) in May 2020.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The Lancet study claimed that the dataset of hospital records showed that patients taking hydroxychloroquine were more likely to die in hospital, and prompted the World Health Organization to halt global trials of the drug to treat COVID-19.", "reason": "The paragraph retells the mortality claim as part of the scandal and explicitly identifies the underlying data as dubious, rather than endorsing the result.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [ { "quote": "it came under scrutiny in May 2020 after it provided large datasets of COVID-19 patients that were subsequently found to be unreliable.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After the studies were retracted, the WHO trials were resumed and then discontinued shortly after.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After the retractions of two studies in June 2020, company social media accounts were deleted, and on 15 June 2020, the company website was taken offline.", "section": "History", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Surgisphere provided dubious data used for studies of COVID-19 that were published in The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) in May 2020.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The dataset from the alleged 1200 hospitals had many errors, including the listing of an Asian hospital as being in Australia, and no indications of how Surgisphere could collect the data, and was widely criticised.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 3 June 2020, The Lancet and the NEJM released online \"expressions of concern\" about the published studies, and on 4 June the Lancet paper was retracted by Mehra, Ruschitzka, and Amit Patel, all authors except Desai.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Based on this development, we can no longer vouch for the veracity of the primary data sources. Due to this unfortunate development, the authors request that the paper be retracted.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 4 June, The Lancet retracted the study, as did the NEJM.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 7 June 2020, fellow author Amit Patel's position with the University of Utah was terminated over the journal retractions.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, called the paper \"a fabrication\" and \"a monumental fraud\".", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:46b93914b34e4876", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "mehra", "marker": "[19]", "others": [ "Davey, Melissa; Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; Boseley, Sarah (3 June 2020). \"Governments and WHO changed Covid-19 policy based on suspect data from tiny US company\". Guardian. Retrieved 3 June 2020.", "Piller, Charles (2020-06-08). \"Who's to blame? These three scientists are at the heart of the Surgisphere COVID-19 scandal\". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 2021-07-23." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 64161242 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 11.2, "severity": 0.0112, "rank": 587 }, { "id": "sha256:82ecba99896ac5a1", "key": "RW-23529 / 64161242 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360204599 } ], "first_seen": 1360204599, "last_checked": 1360204599, "page_id": 64161242, "revid": 1360204599, "written_on": "Surgisphere", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31180-6", "pmid": "32450107", "record_id": 23529, "paper_title": "Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis", "cited": true, "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The dataset from the alleged 1200 hospitals had many errors, including the listing of an Asian hospital as being in Australia, and no indications of how Surgisphere could collect the data, and was widely criticised.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The dataset from the alleged 1200 hospitals had many errors, including the listing of an Asian hospital as being in Australia, and no indications of how Surgisphere could collect the data, and was widely criticised.", "reason": "This describes errors and criticism of the study's data, not a finding accepted as true; the accompanying sources plausibly support that criticism.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "it came under scrutiny in May 2020 after it provided large datasets of COVID-19 patients that were subsequently found to be unreliable.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After the studies were retracted, the WHO trials were resumed and then discontinued shortly after.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After the retractions of two studies in June 2020, company social media accounts were deleted, and on 15 June 2020, the company website was taken offline.", "section": "History", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Surgisphere provided dubious data used for studies of COVID-19 that were published in The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) in May 2020.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The dataset from the alleged 1200 hospitals had many errors, including the listing of an Asian hospital as being in Australia, and no indications of how Surgisphere could collect the data, and was widely criticised.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 3 June 2020, The Lancet and the NEJM released online \"expressions of concern\" about the published studies, and on 4 June the Lancet paper was retracted by Mehra, Ruschitzka, and Amit Patel, all authors except Desai.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Based on this development, we can no longer vouch for the veracity of the primary data sources. Due to this unfortunate development, the authors request that the paper be retracted.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 4 June, The Lancet retracted the study, as did the NEJM.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 7 June 2020, fellow author Amit Patel's position with the University of Utah was terminated over the journal retractions.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, called the paper \"a fabrication\" and \"a monumental fraud\".", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:46b93914b34e4876", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pubp_PubP", "marker": "[25]", "others": [ "Gelman, Andrew (24 May 2020). \"Doubts about that article claiming that hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine is killing people « Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science\". statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu. Retrieved 3 June 2020.", "Gelman, Andrew (25 May 2020). \"Hydroxychloroquine update: Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science\". statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu. Retrieved 3 June 2020.", "Davey, Melissa (28 May 2020). \"Questions raised over hydroxychloroquine study which caused WHO to halt trials for Covid-19\". Guardian. Retrieved 3 June 2020." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 64161242 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 11.2, "severity": 0.0112, "rank": 588 }, { "id": "sha256:8c69131eeaa75d8b", "key": "RW-23529 / 64161242 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360204599 } ], "first_seen": 1360204599, "last_checked": 1360204599, "page_id": 64161242, "revid": 1360204599, "written_on": "Surgisphere", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31180-6", "pmid": "32450107", "record_id": 23529, "paper_title": "Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Surgisphere is an American healthcare analytics company established in 2008 by Sapan Desai. Originally a textbook marketing company, it came under scrutiny in May 2020 after it provided large datasets of COVID-19 patients that were subsequently found to be unreliable. The questionable data were used in studies published in The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine in May 2020, suggesting that COVID-19 patients on hydroxychloroquine had a \"significantly higher risk of death\". In light of these studies, the World Health Organization decided to temporarily halt global trials of the drug hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19. After the studies were retracted, the WHO trials were resumed and then discontinued shortly after.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The questionable data were used in studies published in The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine in May 2020, suggesting that COVID-19 patients on hydroxychloroquine had a \"significantly higher risk of death\".", "reason": "This repeats the Lancet paper's mortality finding, but the same paragraph labels the data unreliable and says the studies were retracted; an editor can check the paragraph's own sources for this historical account.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "it came under scrutiny in May 2020 after it provided large datasets of COVID-19 patients that were subsequently found to be unreliable.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After the studies were retracted, the WHO trials were resumed and then discontinued shortly after.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After the retractions of two studies in June 2020, company social media accounts were deleted, and on 15 June 2020, the company website was taken offline.", "section": "History", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Surgisphere provided dubious data used for studies of COVID-19 that were published in The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) in May 2020.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The dataset from the alleged 1200 hospitals had many errors, including the listing of an Asian hospital as being in Australia, and no indications of how Surgisphere could collect the data, and was widely criticised.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On 3 June 2020, The Lancet and the NEJM released online \"expressions of concern\" about the published studies, and on 4 June the Lancet paper was retracted by Mehra, Ruschitzka, and Amit Patel, all authors except Desai.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Based on this development, we can no longer vouch for the veracity of the primary data sources. Due to this unfortunate development, the authors request that the paper be retracted.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On 4 June, The Lancet retracted the study, as did the NEJM.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On 7 June 2020, fellow author Amit Patel's position with the University of Utah was terminated over the journal retractions.", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, called the paper \"a fabrication\" and \"a monumental fraud\".", "section": "Lancet and NEJM articles", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:46b93914b34e4876", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 64161242 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 11.2, "severity": 0.0112, "rank": 589 }, { "id": "sha256:8aa3a3e6e1bdfc33", "key": "RW-19999 / 5924742 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378379527 } ], "first_seen": 1378379527, "last_checked": 1378379527, "page_id": 5924742, "revid": 1378379527, "written_on": "Gideon Koren", "doi": "10.1097/00007691-199902000-00011", "pmid": "10051057", "record_id": 19999, "paper_title": "An Investigation into Variability in the Therapeutic Response to Deferiprone in Patients with Thalassemia Major", "cited": true, "section": "Deferiprone controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Koren supported its use for certain patients, while Toronto hematologist Nancy Olivieri raised concerns about its safety and efficacy.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Koren supported its use for certain patients, while Toronto hematologist Nancy Olivieri raised concerns about its safety and efficacy.", "reason": "This describes the researchers’ positions in a controversy rather than presenting the paper’s therapeutic findings as fact.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2019, Koren threatened legal action against the editor of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring after one of his papers was retracted.", "section": "Scientific misconduct", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Conflict of Interest", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Lack of Approval from Third Party", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8035ef61317ead39", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[18]", "others": [ "Olivieri NF, Brittenham GM, McLaren CE, et al. (August 1998). \"Long-term safety and effectiveness of iron-chelation therapy with deferiprone for thalassemia major\". The New England Journal of Medicine. 339 (7): 417–23. doi:10.1056/NEJM199808133390701. PMID 9700174." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 5924742 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 11.033333333333333, "severity": 0.011033333333333334, "rank": 590 }, { "id": "sha256:c12298f127f1bc8d", "key": "RW-32710 / 11265221 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373833464 } ], "first_seen": 1373833464, "last_checked": 1373833464, "page_id": 11265221, "revid": 1373833464, "written_on": "5-HT3 antagonist", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006272", "pmid": "", "record_id": 32710, "paper_title": "Comparison of clinical efficacy of serotonin receptor antagonists in highly emetogenic chemotherapy", "cited": true, "section": "History", "where": "paragraph", "text": "While Fozard was investigating cocaine analogues, researchers at Sandoz identified the potent, selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ICS 205-930 from which the first marketed selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists ondansetron and granisetron were developed, and approved in 1991 and 1993 respectively.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "While Fozard was investigating cocaine analogues, researchers at Sandoz identified the potent, selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ICS 205-930 from which the first marketed selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists ondansetron and granisetron were developed, and approved in 1991 and 1993 respectively.", "reason": "This is drug-development and approval history, not a finding of the review comparing clinical efficacy; the accompanying historical monograph plausibly supports it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:391be2e312f26ffb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Billio_2008", "marker": "[37]", "others": [ "King, Frank D.; Jones, Brian J.; Sanger, Gareth J. (1993). 5-Hydroxytryptamine-3 Receptor Antagonists. CRC Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-8493-5463-2." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 11265221 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 44.1, "severity": 0.011025, "rank": 591 }, { "id": "sha256:e0d031f1d396738d", "key": "RW-32710 / 11265221 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373833464 } ], "first_seen": 1373833464, "last_checked": 1373833464, "page_id": 11265221, "revid": 1373833464, "written_on": "5-HT3 antagonist", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006272", "pmid": "", "record_id": 32710, "paper_title": "Comparison of clinical efficacy of serotonin receptor antagonists in highly emetogenic chemotherapy", "cited": true, "section": "History", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Several compounds related to MDL 72222 were synthesized which eventually resulted in approval of tropisetron in 1994 and dolasetron in 1997.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Several compounds related to MDL 72222 were synthesized which eventually resulted in approval of tropisetron in 1994 and dolasetron in 1997.", "reason": "This concerns synthesis and approval history rather than the review's comparative clinical findings; an independent historical source should replace the withdrawn review.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:391be2e312f26ffb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Billio_2008", "marker": "[37]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 11265221 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 44.1, "severity": 0.011025, "rank": 592 }, { "id": "sha256:71cc17b578c88d12", "key": "RW-4566 / 34870612 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376100555 } ], "first_seen": 1376100555, "last_checked": 1376100555, "page_id": 34870612, "revid": 1376100555, "written_on": "GcMAF", "doi": "10.1002/jmv.21376", "pmid": "19031451", "record_id": 4566, "paper_title": "Immunotherapy of HIV-infected patients with Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor", "cited": true, "section": "False claims", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Since around 2008, GcMAF has been promoted as a cure for cancer, HIV, autism and other conditions.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Since around 2008, GcMAF has been promoted as a cure for cancer, HIV, autism and other conditions.", "reason": "This describes promotion of GcMAF, not its efficacy; the section heading identifies the promoted claims as false, and the other sources plausibly document that promotion.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "False claims", "section": "False claims", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Three out of four of the original studies authored by Yamamoto (published between 2007 and 2009) were retracted by the scientific journals in which they were published in 2014, officially due to irregularities in the way ethical approval was granted. Retraction reasons also included methodological errors in the studies. The integrity of the research, conducted by Nobuto Yamamoto and colleagues, that originally prompted claims regarding cancer and HIV has been questioned.", "section": "False claims", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9346bba315895aa7", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid-19031451", "marker": "[6]", "others": [ "Arney, Kat (3 December 2008). \"'Cancer cured for good?' – Gc-MAF and the miracle cure (revised 25 July 2014)\". Cancer Research UK. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2015.", "Miller, Michael E. (16 July 2015). \"The mysterious death of a doctor who peddled autism 'cures' to thousands\". Washington Post. Retrieved 26 August 2015.", "\"Press Release: Regulator warns against GcMAF made in unlicensed facility in Cambridgeshire - GOV.UK\". Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. 3 February 2015." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 34870612 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 43.9, "severity": 0.010975, "rank": 593 }, { "id": "sha256:c33bd3bac0c2aaeb", "key": "RW-4566 / 34870612 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376100555 } ], "first_seen": 1376100555, "last_checked": 1376100555, "page_id": 34870612, "revid": 1376100555, "written_on": "GcMAF", "doi": "10.1002/jmv.21376", "pmid": "19031451", "record_id": 4566, "paper_title": "Immunotherapy of HIV-infected patients with Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor", "cited": true, "section": "False claims", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Three out of four of the original studies authored by Yamamoto (published between 2007 and 2009) were retracted by the scientific journals in which they were published in 2014, officially due to irregularities in the way ethical approval was granted.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Three out of four of the original studies authored by Yamamoto (published between 2007 and 2009) were retracted by the scientific journals in which they were published in 2014, officially due to irregularities in the way ethical approval was granted.", "reason": "This reports the studies' retraction rather than relying on their findings; the accompanying retraction notices plausibly support the retraction history.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "False claims", "section": "False claims", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Three out of four of the original studies authored by Yamamoto (published between 2007 and 2009) were retracted by the scientific journals in which they were published in 2014, officially due to irregularities in the way ethical approval was granted. Retraction reasons also included methodological errors in the studies. The integrity of the research, conducted by Nobuto Yamamoto and colleagues, that originally prompted claims regarding cancer and HIV has been questioned.", "section": "False claims", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9346bba315895aa7", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid-19031451", "marker": "[6]", "others": [ "Yamamoto, Nobuto; Suyama, Hirofumi; Yamamoto, Nobuyuki; Ushijima, Naofumi (15 January 2008). \"Immunotherapy of metastatic breast cancer patients with vitamin D-binding protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF)\". International Journal of Cancer. 122 (2): 461–467. doi:10.1002/ijc.23107. PMID 17935130. S2CID 15258428. (Retracted, see doi:10.1002/ijc.29014, PMID 25180398, Retraction Watch)", "Yamamoto, N.; Suyama, H.; Nakazato, H.; Yamamoto, N.; Koga, Y. (2014). \"Retraction Note to: Immunotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer with vitamin D-binding protein-derived macrophage-activating factor, GcMAF\". Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 63 (12): 1349. doi:10.1007/s00262-014-1616-x. PMC 11028656. PMID 25297451.", "\"Retraction\". International Journal of Cancer. 135 (6): 1509. 15 September 2014. doi:10.1002/ijc.29014. S2CID 221774191." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 34870612 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 43.9, "severity": 0.010975, "rank": 594 }, { "id": "sha256:090a857e74aa9b0e", "key": "RW-1011 / 14661752 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376392253 } ], "first_seen": 1376392253, "last_checked": 1376392253, "page_id": 14661752, "revid": 1376392253, "written_on": "Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase", "doi": "10.1126/science.1097243", "pmid": "15604363", "record_id": 1011, "paper_title": "Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin", "cited": true, "section": "Hormone claim retracted", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In particular, Nampt/PBEF was recently re-identified as a \"new visceral fat-derived hormone\" named visfatin.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In particular, Nampt/PBEF was recently re-identified as a \"new visceral fat-derived hormone\" named visfatin.", "reason": "Reports the paper's hormone identification, but the section heading explicitly identifies the hormone claim as retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Hormone claim retracted", "section": "Hormone claim retracted", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 26 October 2007, A. Fukuhara (first author), I.Shimomura (senior author) and the other co-authors of the paper, who first described Visfatin as a visceral-fat derived hormone that acts by binding and activating the insulin receptor, retracted the entire paper at the suggestion of the editor of the journal 'Science' and recommendation of the Faculty Council of Osaka University Medical School after a report of the Committee for Research Integrity.", "section": "Hormone claim retracted", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9946deb5f7b6be4e", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid15604363", "marker": "[30]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 14661752 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.966666666666667, "severity": 0.010966666666666666, "rank": 595 }, { "id": "sha256:7f4ca528775f8ce9", "key": "RW-1011 / 14661752 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376392253 } ], "first_seen": 1376392253, "last_checked": 1376392253, "page_id": 14661752, "revid": 1376392253, "written_on": "Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase", "doi": "10.1126/science.1097243", "pmid": "15604363", "record_id": 1011, "paper_title": "Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin", "cited": true, "section": "Hormone claim retracted", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It is reported that visfatin is enriched in the visceral fat of both humans and mice and that its plasma levels increase during the development of obesity.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It is reported that visfatin is enriched in the visceral fat of both humans and mice and that its plasma levels increase during the development of obesity.", "reason": "Repeats the paper's enrichment and obesity findings within a section explicitly headed as a retracted hormone claim.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Hormone claim retracted", "section": "Hormone claim retracted", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 26 October 2007, A. Fukuhara (first author), I.Shimomura (senior author) and the other co-authors of the paper, who first described Visfatin as a visceral-fat derived hormone that acts by binding and activating the insulin receptor, retracted the entire paper at the suggestion of the editor of the journal 'Science' and recommendation of the Faculty Council of Osaka University Medical School after a report of the Committee for Research Integrity.", "section": "Hormone claim retracted", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9946deb5f7b6be4e", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid15604363", "marker": "[30]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 14661752 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.966666666666667, "severity": 0.010966666666666666, "rank": 596 }, { "id": "sha256:200634147b2285fb", "key": "RW-1011 / 14661752 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376392253 } ], "first_seen": 1376392253, "last_checked": 1376392253, "page_id": 14661752, "revid": 1376392253, "written_on": "Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase", "doi": "10.1126/science.1097243", "pmid": "15604363", "record_id": 1011, "paper_title": "Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin", "cited": true, "section": "Hormone claim retracted", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Noteworthy is that visfatin is reported to exert insulin-mimetic effects in cultured cells and to lower plasma glucose levels in mice by binding to and activating the insulin receptor.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Noteworthy is that visfatin is reported to exert insulin-mimetic effects in cultured cells and to lower plasma glucose levels in mice by binding to and activating the insulin receptor.", "reason": "Retells the paper's insulin-mimetic and receptor-binding claims, but the section heading explicitly warns that the hormone claim was retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Hormone claim retracted", "section": "Hormone claim retracted", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 26 October 2007, A. Fukuhara (first author), I.Shimomura (senior author) and the other co-authors of the paper, who first described Visfatin as a visceral-fat derived hormone that acts by binding and activating the insulin receptor, retracted the entire paper at the suggestion of the editor of the journal 'Science' and recommendation of the Faculty Council of Osaka University Medical School after a report of the Committee for Research Integrity.", "section": "Hormone claim retracted", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9946deb5f7b6be4e", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid15604363", "marker": "[30]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 14661752 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.966666666666667, "severity": 0.010966666666666666, "rank": 597 }, { "id": "sha256:6a950271c77835d6", "key": "RW-1011 / 14661752 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376392253 } ], "first_seen": 1376392253, "last_checked": 1376392253, "page_id": 14661752, "revid": 1376392253, "written_on": "Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase", "doi": "10.1126/science.1097243", "pmid": "15604363", "record_id": 1011, "paper_title": "Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin", "cited": true, "section": "Hormone claim retracted", "where": "paragraph", "text": "However, the physiological relevance of visfatin is still in question because its plasma concentration is 40 to 100-fold lower than that of insulin despite having similar receptor-binding affinity.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "However, the physiological relevance of visfatin is still in question because its plasma concentration is 40 to 100-fold lower than that of insulin despite having similar receptor-binding affinity.", "reason": "The comparison incorporates the paper's receptor-affinity claim, but appears under an explicit retraction heading; the accompanying reviews plausibly discuss the same comparison.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Hormone claim retracted", "section": "Hormone claim retracted", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 26 October 2007, A. Fukuhara (first author), I.Shimomura (senior author) and the other co-authors of the paper, who first described Visfatin as a visceral-fat derived hormone that acts by binding and activating the insulin receptor, retracted the entire paper at the suggestion of the editor of the journal 'Science' and recommendation of the Faculty Council of Osaka University Medical School after a report of the Committee for Research Integrity.", "section": "Hormone claim retracted", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9946deb5f7b6be4e", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid15604363", "marker": "[30]", "others": [ "Stephens JM, Vidal-Puig AJ (April 2006). \"An update on visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor, an ubiquitously expressed, illusive cytokine that is regulated in obesity\". Current Opinion in Lipidology. 17 (2): 128–131. doi:10.1097/01.mol.0000217893.77746.4b. PMID 16531748. S2CID 46178743.", "Arner P (January 2006). \"Visfatin--a true or false trail to type 2 diabetes mellitus\". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 91 (1): 28–30. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2391. PMID 16401830." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 14661752 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.966666666666667, "severity": 0.010966666666666666, "rank": 598 }, { "id": "sha256:ed139596632b95a2", "key": "RW-1011 / 14661752 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376392253 } ], "first_seen": 1376392253, "last_checked": 1376392253, "page_id": 14661752, "revid": 1376392253, "written_on": "Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase", "doi": "10.1126/science.1097243", "pmid": "15604363", "record_id": 1011, "paper_title": "Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin", "cited": true, "section": "Hormone claim retracted", "where": "paragraph", "text": "On 26 October 2007, A. Fukuhara (first author), I.Shimomura (senior author) and the other co-authors of the paper, who first described Visfatin as a visceral-fat derived hormone that acts by binding and activating the insulin receptor, retracted the entire paper at the suggestion of the editor of the journal 'Science' and recommendation of the Faculty Council of Osaka University Medical School after a report of the Committee for Research Integrity.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "On 26 October 2007, A. Fukuhara (first author), I.Shimomura (senior author) and the other co-authors of the paper, who first described Visfatin as a visceral-fat derived hormone that acts by binding and activating the insulin receptor, retracted the entire paper at the suggestion of the editor of the journal 'Science' and recommendation of the Faculty Council of Osaka University Medical School after a report of the Committee for Research Integrity.", "reason": "Describes the paper's claim as part of an explicit account of its retraction, supported by the retraction notice.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Hormone claim retracted", "section": "Hormone claim retracted", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 26 October 2007, A. Fukuhara (first author), I.Shimomura (senior author) and the other co-authors of the paper, who first described Visfatin as a visceral-fat derived hormone that acts by binding and activating the insulin receptor, retracted the entire paper at the suggestion of the editor of the journal 'Science' and recommendation of the Faculty Council of Osaka University Medical School after a report of the Committee for Research Integrity.", "section": "Hormone claim retracted", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9946deb5f7b6be4e", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid15604363", "marker": "[30]", "others": [ "Fukuhara A, Matsuda M, Nishizawa M, Segawa K, Tanaka M, Kishimoto K, et al. (October 2007). \"Retraction\". Science. 318 (5850): 565. doi:10.1126/science.318.5850.565b. PMID 17962537. S2CID 220091956." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 14661752 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.966666666666667, "severity": 0.010966666666666666, "rank": 599 }, { "id": "sha256:27dafbd45f412ea1", "key": "RW-1009 / 3011436 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378621644 } ], "first_seen": 1378621644, "last_checked": 1378621644, "page_id": 3011436, "revid": 1378621644, "written_on": "Florigen", "doi": "10.1126/science.1117768", "pmid": "16099949", "record_id": 1009, "paper_title": "The mRNA of the Arabidopsis gene FT moves from leaf to shoot apex and induces flowering", "cited": true, "section": "Research history", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The initial article that described FT mRNA as flowering stimuli was retracted by the authors themselves.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The initial article that described FT mRNA as flowering stimuli was retracted by the authors themselves.", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the FT mRNA claim as research history and explicitly identifies its retraction rather than endorsing the finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The initial article that described FT mRNA as flowering stimuli was retracted by the authors themselves.", "section": "Research history", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:72b6d2f5478e272a", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[23]", "others": [ "Böhlenius H, Eriksson S, Parcy F, Nilsson O (April 2007). \"Retraction\". Science. 316 (5823): 367. doi:10.1126/science.316.5823.367b. PMID 17446370." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 3011436 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.833333333333334, "severity": 0.010833333333333334, "rank": 600 }, { "id": "sha256:3242cc9b51aa9ff5", "key": "RW-60028 / 38006816 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375513120 } ], "first_seen": 1375513120, "last_checked": 1375513120, "page_id": 38006816, "revid": 1375513120, "written_on": "Tetrataenite", "doi": "10.1002/advs.202204315", "pmid": "36281692", "record_id": 60028, "paper_title": "Direct Formation of Hard-Magnetic Tetrataenite in Bulk Alloy Castings", "cited": true, "section": "Addition of Phosphorus (Article Retracted)", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2022, it was reported that mixing iron and nickel together in specific quantities, with a phosphorus catalyst, and smelting the mixture, formed tetrataenite in bulk quantities, in seconds.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2022, it was reported that mixing iron and nickel together in specific quantities, with a phosphorus catalyst, and smelting the mixture, formed tetrataenite in bulk quantities, in seconds.", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the original synthesis claim but explicitly identifies its retraction and explains that phosphides, rather than tetrataenite, caused the observed peaks.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Addition of Phosphorus (Article Retracted)", "section": "Addition of Phosphorus (Article Retracted)", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "However, in late 2024, the article originally reporting this result was retracted by the journal due to 'misinterpretation of the experimental data'.", "section": "Addition of Phosphorus (Article Retracted)", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "A subsequent Comment, published by a group containing many of the original article's authors, provided both reinterpretation of the original data as well as new measurements, and showed that the Bragg peaks originally attributed to presence of tetrataenite in the samples were, in fact, caused by the presence of phosphides.", "section": "Addition of Phosphorus (Article Retracted)", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d20aa526287222fd", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[20]", "others": [ "\"Method of tetratenite production and system therefor\"." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 38006816 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.766666666666667, "severity": 0.010766666666666667, "rank": 601 }, { "id": "sha256:d8563cc4d8375f13", "key": "RW-66335 / 29837208 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372843758 } ], "first_seen": 1372843758, "last_checked": 1372843758, "page_id": 29837208, "revid": 1372843758, "written_on": "Felisa Wolfe-Simon", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2010, Wolfe-Simon led a team that discovered GFAJ-1, an extremophile bacterium that they claimed was capable of substituting arsenic for a small percentage of its phosphorus to sustain its growth, thus advancing the remarkable possibility of non-RNA/DNA-based genetics.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2010, Wolfe-Simon led a team that discovered GFAJ-1, an extremophile bacterium that they claimed was capable of substituting arsenic for a small percentage of its phosphorus to sustain its growth, thus advancing the remarkable possibility of non-RNA/DNA-based genetics.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the original claim but explicitly says its conclusions were refuted and the paper retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2012, two reports refuting the most significant aspects of the original results were published in the same journal in which the original findings had been previously published.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On July 24, 2025, Science formally retracted the 2010 paper, citing expanded retraction criteria and concluding that the experiments did not support the paper's key conclusions; the study's authors objected to the decision.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Following the publication of the articles challenging the conclusions of the original Science article first describing GFAJ-1, David Sanders on the website Retraction Watch argued that the original article should be retracted because of misrepresentation of critical data.", "section": "GFAJ-1 controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In October 2024, Science editor Holden Thorp notified the article's authors of its intention to retract, arguing that, whereas formerly only misconduct justified retraction, current practice allows it for unreliability. The paper was retracted in 2025 with \"no evidence of misconduct by researchers\".", "section": "GFAJ-1 controversy", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:68af0b7cb4c47b7d", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wolfe-Simon et al 2010", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 29837208 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.733333333333333, "severity": 0.010733333333333333, "rank": 602 }, { "id": "sha256:5db89b5852a7e943", "key": "RW-66335 / 29837208 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372843758 } ], "first_seen": 1372843758, "last_checked": 1372843758, "page_id": 29837208, "revid": 1372843758, "written_on": "Felisa Wolfe-Simon", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "GFAJ-1 controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The Science article \"A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus\" appeared in the June 3, 2011, print version of Science; it had remained on the \"Publication ahead of print\" ScienceXpress page for six months after acceptance for publication.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The Science article \"A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus\" appeared in the June 3, 2011, print version of Science; it had remained on the \"Publication ahead of print\" ScienceXpress page for six months after acceptance for publication.", "reason": "The citation supports publication history, not the paper's biological findings, and the paragraph describes subsequent contrary results.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2012, two reports refuting the most significant aspects of the original results were published in the same journal in which the original findings had been previously published.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On July 24, 2025, Science formally retracted the 2010 paper, citing expanded retraction criteria and concluding that the experiments did not support the paper's key conclusions; the study's authors objected to the decision.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Following the publication of the articles challenging the conclusions of the original Science article first describing GFAJ-1, David Sanders on the website Retraction Watch argued that the original article should be retracted because of misrepresentation of critical data.", "section": "GFAJ-1 controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In October 2024, Science editor Holden Thorp notified the article's authors of its intention to retract, arguing that, whereas formerly only misconduct justified retraction, current practice allows it for unreliability. The paper was retracted in 2025 with \"no evidence of misconduct by researchers\".", "section": "GFAJ-1 controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:68af0b7cb4c47b7d", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wolfe-Simon et al 2010", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 29837208 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.733333333333333, "severity": 0.010733333333333333, "rank": 603 }, { "id": "sha256:769b680ba6f7c449", "key": "RW-59591 / 79041320 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372552435 } ], "first_seen": 1372552435, "last_checked": 1372552435, "page_id": 79041320, "revid": 1372552435, "written_on": "Ashok Pandey", "doi": "10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.073", "pmid": "29957294", "record_id": 59591, "paper_title": "Influence of clay as additive on greenhouse gases emission and maturity evaluation during chicken manure composting", "cited": true, "section": "Modus operandi", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Not only were his authored papers retracted by Bioresource Technology, but several others in which he was the handling editor.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Not only were his authored papers retracted by Bioresource Technology, but several others in which he was the handling editor.", "reason": "This concerns retractions and Pandey's editorial role, not the paper's findings about clay and composting.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "By 2025, 43 of the research papers he co-authored in the journal were retracted, as Elsevier established that he added his name in those papers and violated the journal's policies in the peer review process.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Elsevier also retracted several papers by different researchers which Pandey edited and handled the reviewing, but Pandey's name was there in the initial manuscripts and the authors were his collaborators in many of his publications.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "By September 2024, 45 papers by Pandey were retracted by different journals. Pandey published 43 research papers in Bioresource Technology alone, 1 during his position as an editor, 1 as the executive editor, and the rest as the editor-in-chief. All the papers were retracted by 2025 when Elsevier made an investigation on the alleged malpractices of Pandey as the author in these papers.", "section": "Publication controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Not only were his authored papers retracted by Bioresource Technology, but several others in which he was the handling editor.", "section": "Modus operandi", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Conflict of Interest", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Compromised Peer Review", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:65ac23457a3b550e", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[25]", "others": [ "Sindhu, Raveendran; Manju, Athulya; Mohan, Pooja; Omana Rajesh, Rajendran; Madhavan, Aravind; Arun, K. B.; Hazeena, Sulfath Hakkim; Mohandas, Anju; Rajamani, Swathi Ponnusamy; Puthiyamadam, Anoop; Binod, Parameswaran; Reshmy, R. (1 January 2025). \"Retraction notice to \"Valorization of food and kitchen waste: An integrated strategy adopted for the production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, bioethanol, pectinase and 2,3-butanediol\" [Bioresour. Technol. 310 (2020) 123515]\". Bioresource Technology. 415 131692. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131692. ISSN 0960-8524.", "Singh, R. S.; Singh, Taranjeet; Larroche, Christian (1 January 2025). \"Retraction notice to \"Biotechnological applications of inulin-rich feedstocks\" [Bioresour. Technol. 273 (2019) 641–653]\". Bioresource Technology. 415 131680. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131680. ISSN 0960-8524." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 79041320 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.533333333333333, "severity": 0.010533333333333334, "rank": 604 }, { "id": "sha256:db8501f7b1d7efe6", "key": "RW-59583 / 79041320 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372552435 } ], "first_seen": 1372552435, "last_checked": 1372552435, "page_id": 79041320, "revid": 1372552435, "written_on": "Ashok Pandey", "doi": "10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123584", "pmid": "32471691", "record_id": 59583, "paper_title": "Effect of red kaolin on the diversity of functional genes based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways during chicken manure composting", "cited": true, "section": "Modus operandi", "where": "list", "text": "Assign reviewers from his circle of collaborators with whom he had authored several papers;", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Assign reviewers from his circle of collaborators with whom he had authored several papers;", "reason": "This describes editorial misconduct involving the paper, not its findings about red kaolin and functional genes.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Not only were his authored papers retracted by Bioresource Technology, but several others in which he was the handling editor.", "section": "Modus operandi", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Conflict of Interest", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Compromised Peer Review", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:307677af4d8a387b", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[28]", "others": [ "Qin, Shiyi; Shekher Giri, Balendu; Kumar Patel, Anil; Sar, Taner; Liu, Huimin; Chen, Hongyu; Juneja, Ankita; Kumar, Deepak; Zhang, Zengqiang; Kumar Awasthi, Mukesh; Taherzadeh, Mohammad J. (1 February 2021). \"RETRACTED: Resource recovery and biorefinery potential of apple orchard waste in the circular bioeconomy\". Bioresource Technology. 321 124496. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124496. ISSN 0960-8524. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124496)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 79041320 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.533333333333333, "severity": 0.010533333333333334, "rank": 605 }, { "id": "sha256:6d98e3a522375cbb", "key": "RW-59589 / 79041320 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372552435 } ], "first_seen": 1372552435, "last_checked": 1372552435, "page_id": 79041320, "revid": 1372552435, "written_on": "Ashok Pandey", "doi": "10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124496", "pmid": "33302013", "record_id": 59589, "paper_title": "Resource recovery and biorefinery potential of apple orchard waste in the circular bioeconomy", "cited": true, "section": "Modus operandi", "where": "list", "text": "Assign reviewers from his circle of collaborators with whom he had authored several papers;", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Assign reviewers from his circle of collaborators with whom he had authored several papers;", "reason": "The item concerns editorial misconduct and retractions, not the paper's findings about apple orchard waste valorization; its introduction already identifies the papers as retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Not only were his authored papers retracted by Bioresource Technology, but several others in which he was the handling editor.", "section": "Modus operandi", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Conflict of Interest", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Compromised Peer Review", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e80d3150236e3549", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[29]", "others": [ "Chen, Hongyu; Zhang, Yue; Awasthi, Sanjeev Kumar; Liu, Tao; Zhang, Zengqiang; Awasthi, Mukesh Kumar (1 September 2020). \"RETRACTED: Effect of red kaolin on the diversity of functional genes based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways during chicken manure composting\". Bioresource Technology. 311 123584. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123584. ISSN 0960-8524. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123584)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 79041320 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.533333333333333, "severity": 0.010533333333333334, "rank": 606 }, { "id": "sha256:3bbce837c4f6edf3", "key": "RW-57434 / 79041320 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372552435 } ], "first_seen": 1372552435, "last_checked": 1372552435, "page_id": 79041320, "revid": 1372552435, "written_on": "Ashok Pandey", "doi": "10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127565", "pmid": "35788392", "record_id": 57434, "paper_title": "Recovery of value-added products from biowaste: A review", "cited": true, "section": "Modus operandi", "where": "list", "text": "Inform the authors to add his papers in the citation. In one instance, the original manuscript had 3 of his papers cited but 10 in the published version.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In one instance, the original manuscript had 3 of his papers cited but 10 in the published version.", "reason": "This describes citation manipulation in the paper's publication history, not its scientific findings; the introduction also explicitly identifies the papers as retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "By 2025, 43 of the research papers he co-authored in the journal were retracted, as Elsevier established that he added his name in those papers and violated the journal's policies in the peer review process.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "All the papers were retracted by 2025 when Elsevier made an investigation on the alleged malpractices of Pandey as the author in these papers.", "section": "Publication controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Not only were his authored papers retracted by Bioresource Technology, but several others in which he was the handling editor.", "section": "Modus operandi", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions", "Conflict of Interest", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Compromised Peer Review", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Rogue Editor" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c78ee090bfac34fa", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[31]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 79041320 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.533333333333333, "severity": 0.010533333333333334, "rank": 607 }, { "id": "sha256:553cdba845dbc4ed", "key": "RW-57428 / 79041320 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372552435 } ], "first_seen": 1372552435, "last_checked": 1372552435, "page_id": 79041320, "revid": 1372552435, "written_on": "Ashok Pandey", "doi": "10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129044", "pmid": "37044151", "record_id": 57428, "paper_title": "A strategic review on sustainable approaches in municipal solid waste management and energy recovery: Role of artificial intelligence, economic stability and life cycle assessment", "cited": true, "section": "Modus operandi", "where": "list", "text": "Add names of his collaborators during revision of the manuscript \"without validation or authorisation\", as Elsevier noted.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Add names of his collaborators during revision of the manuscript \"without validation or authorisation\", as Elsevier noted.", "reason": "This describes authorship misconduct associated with the publication, not the paper's findings on waste management and energy recovery.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "By 2025, 43 of the research papers he co-authored in the journal were retracted, as Elsevier established that he added his name in those papers and violated the journal's policies in the peer review process.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "All the papers were retracted by 2025 when Elsevier made an investigation on the alleged malpractices of Pandey as the author in these papers. According to Elsevier, the reason was \"violations of the journal's policies on authorship and conflict of interest related to the submission and review of this [specified in the retraction note] paper.\"", "section": "Publication controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Pandey had no research or intellectual contributions to most of the retracted papers.", "section": "Modus operandi", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Not only were his authored papers retracted by Bioresource Technology, but several others in which he was the handling editor.", "section": "Modus operandi", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Conflict of Interest", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Compromised Peer Review", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Rogue Editor" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ae875ea76ffcd06c", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[30]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 79041320 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.533333333333333, "severity": 0.010533333333333334, "rank": 608 }, { "id": "sha256:0f67b90f17761366", "key": "RW-39370 / 79041320 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372552435 } ], "first_seen": 1372552435, "last_checked": 1372552435, "page_id": 79041320, "revid": 1372552435, "written_on": "Ashok Pandey", "doi": "10.1080/21655979.2020.1736238", "pmid": "32149573", "record_id": 39370, "paper_title": "Metagenomics for taxonomy profiling: tools and approaches", "cited": true, "section": "Modus operandi", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A review paper titled \"Metagenomics for taxonomy profiling: tools and approaches\" he published in Taylor & Francis's Bioengineered in 2020 was found to contain texts copied from other published papers.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A review paper titled \"Metagenomics for taxonomy profiling: tools and approaches\" he published in Taylor & Francis's Bioengineered in 2020 was found to contain texts copied from other published papers.", "reason": "This describes the paper's plagiarism and publication history, not its scientific findings; the paragraph also explicitly states its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In another case, Pandey was involved in an extensive plagiarism. A review paper titled \"Metagenomics for taxonomy profiling: tools and approaches\" he published in Taylor & Francis's Bioengineered in 2020 was found to contain texts copied from other published papers. The paper was retracted in 2022.", "section": "Modus operandi", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Plagiarism of/in Article", "Computer-Aided Content or Computer-Generated Content" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d99fc742cec28938", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[32]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 79041320 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.533333333333333, "severity": 0.010533333333333334, "rank": 609 }, { "id": "sha256:85736f11632e3a43", "key": "RW-4779 / 79041320 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372552435 } ], "first_seen": 1372552435, "last_checked": 1372552435, "page_id": 79041320, "revid": 1372552435, "written_on": "Ashok Pandey", "doi": "10.1099/ijs.0.023382-0", "pmid": "", "record_id": 4779, "paper_title": "Micrococcus niistensis sp. nov., isolated from forest soil", "cited": true, "section": "Publication controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The publisher, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, retracted the paper on the ground that there was not \"sufficient evidence\" to identify the reported specimen as a new species as the researchers failed to deposit the pure culture of the specimen required for taxonomic validation.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "He described a new species of soil bacteria in 2012, named Micrococcus niistensis after his work place at the time, the National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST).", "reason": "This reports the paper's species-description claim, but the same paragraph explicitly explains its retraction and the insufficient evidence for a new species.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Pandey's first paper to be retracted was a case of irreproducible research data.", "section": "Publication controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The publisher, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, retracted the paper on the ground that there was not \"sufficient evidence\" to identify the reported specimen as a new species as the researchers failed to deposit the pure culture of the specimen required for taxonomic validation.", "section": "Publication controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4c0097d3c61fefa0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[19]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 79041320 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.533333333333333, "severity": 0.010533333333333334, "rank": 610 }, { "id": "sha256:bc023a4297fc5694", "key": "RW-498 / 8938711 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1342480562 } ], "first_seen": 1342480562, "last_checked": 1342480562, "page_id": 8938711, "revid": 1342480562, "written_on": "Gene-for-gene relationship", "doi": "10.1126/science.1173438", "pmid": "19892983", "record_id": 498, "paper_title": "A Type I-secreted, Sulfated Peptide Triggers XA21-mediated Innate Immunity", "cited": true, "section": "Avirulence genes", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Thus, this term can encompass some conserved microbial signatures, also called pathogen or microbe associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs), and pathogen effectors (e.g. bacterial type III effectors and oomycete effectors) as well as any genes that control variation in the activity of those molecules.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Thus, this term can encompass some conserved microbial signatures, also called pathogen or microbe associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs), and pathogen effectors (e.g. bacterial type III effectors and oomycete effectors) as well as any genes that control variation in the activity of those molecules.", "reason": "This is a broad definition of avirulence genes rather than the paper's specific finding that Ax21 activates XA21; it needs an appropriate independent background source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.87, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Contamination of Cell Lines/Tissues", "Doing the Right Thing", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2eb0900711149f9d", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Sang-Won Lee 2009. pp. 850-853", "marker": "[10]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 8938711 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.433333333333334, "severity": 0.010433333333333334, "rank": 611 }, { "id": "sha256:8b776493ec285352", "key": "RW-520 / 43331745 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378086104 } ], "first_seen": 1378086104, "last_checked": 1378086104, "page_id": 43331745, "revid": 1378086104, "written_on": "Donald Green", "doi": "10.1126/science.1256151", "pmid": "25504721", "record_id": 520, "paper_title": "When Contact Changes Minds: An Experiment on Transmission of Support for Gay Equality", "cited": true, "section": "Biography", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In December 2014, Green and UCLA graduate student Michael LaCour published a highly publicized study, When contact changes minds, on attitudes towards same-sex marriage, in Science.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In December 2014, Green and UCLA graduate student Michael LaCour published a highly publicized study, When contact changes minds, on attitudes towards same-sex marriage, in Science.", "reason": "This describes the paper's publication and topic, not its findings; the same paragraph also explains the withdrawal request and data irregularities.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In May 2015, however, Green requested that the article be withdrawn after colleagues and former students identified misrepresentations and data \"irregularities\" in the paper.", "section": "Biography", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Ethical Violations by Author", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Manipulation of Results" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:7e41c33822ecbefa", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[7]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 43331745 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.4, "severity": 0.010400000000000001, "rank": 612 }, { "id": "sha256:4506077975b415b9", "key": "RW-39363 / 55878228 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375697132 } ], "first_seen": 1375697132, "last_checked": 1375697132, "page_id": 55878228, "revid": 1375697132, "written_on": "2020 in science", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z", "pmid": "33057222", "record_id": 39363, "paper_title": "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "cited": true, "section": "October", "where": "list", "text": "Report that a high pressure room-temperature superconductor able to work at 15 °C is demonstrated by the University of Rochester. Although requiring 260 GPa (2.6 million times the atmospheric pressure), this new compound of hydrogen, carbon and sulfur is a 35 °C improvement on the previous record. In 2022 the article was retracted by Nature journal editorial board due to a non standard, user-defined data analysis calling into question the scientific validity of the claim.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Report that a high pressure room-temperature superconductor able to work at 15 °C is demonstrated by the University of Rochester. Although requiring 260 GPa (2.6 million times the atmospheric pressure), this new compound of hydrogen, carbon and sulfur is a 35 °C improvement on the previous record.", "reason": "These sentences report the paper's superconductivity claim, but the same item explicitly identifies its retraction and questions its scientific validity.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Report is not reliable (retracted article).", "section": "October", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2022 the article was retracted by Nature journal editorial board due to a non standard, user-defined data analysis calling into question the scientific validity of the claim.", "section": "October", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3970411e464890b5", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[409]", "others": [ "\"UNLV and University of Rochester Physicists Observe Room-Temperature Superconductivity\". University of Rochester. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.", "\"Superconductivity endures to 15 °C in high-pressure material\". Physics World. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.", "\"First Room-Temperature Superconductor Excites and Baffles Scientists\". Scientific American. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.", "Castelvecchi, Davide (27 September 2022). \"Room-Stunning room-temperature-superconductor claim is retracted\". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-03066-z. PMID 36171305. 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Federal Trade Commission. May 15, 2014. Case 8:14-cv-01155-SDM-TGW." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 41653716 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 10.366666666666667, "severity": 0.010366666666666668, "rank": 615 }, { "id": "sha256:8ecd58930b99bd56", "key": "RW-21186 / 61476581 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374728460 } ], "first_seen": 1374728460, "last_checked": 1374728460, "page_id": 61476581, "revid": 1374728460, "written_on": "Cho Kuk", "doi": "10.4132/koreanjpathol.2009.43.4.306", "pmid": "", "record_id": 21186, "paper_title": "eNOS Gene Polymorphisms in Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy", "cited": true, "section": "Falsification of academic achievements of Cho Min", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Falsified academic achievements include her research in genetics and pathology, one which has since been retracted for violation of ethical guidelines.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Falsified academic achievements include her research in genetics and pathology, one which has since been retracted for violation of ethical guidelines.", "reason": "The sentence concerns the paper's role in an academic-credentials controversy and explicitly reports its retraction; it does not state its scientific findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Falsified academic achievements include her research in genetics and pathology, one which has since been retracted for violation of ethical guidelines.", "section": "Falsification of academic achievements of Cho Min", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "A senior association of medical experts in South Korea condemned the paper as one of the most serious cases of academic misconduct in South Korean history and compared it to the Hwang Woo-suk scandal.", "section": "Falsification of academic achievements of Cho Min", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e27cff37ab60b8d4", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[55]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 61476581 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 40.3, "severity": 0.010074999999999999, "rank": 616 }, { "id": "sha256:9000b3deda905960", "key": "RW-4749 / 29811008 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1363179988 } ], "first_seen": 1363179988, "last_checked": 1363179988, "page_id": 29811008, "revid": 1363179988, "written_on": "Transition metal oxo complex", "doi": "10.1021/ja054131h", "pmid": "16117527", "record_id": 4749, "paper_title": "A Palladium-Oxo Complex. Stabilization of This Proposed Catalytic Intermediate by an Encapsulating Polytungstate Ligand", "cited": true, "section": "The \"oxo wall\"", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Claimed exceptions to this rule have been retracted.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Claimed exceptions to this rule have been retracted.", "reason": "This reports the retraction of the proposed palladium-oxo exception, rather than presenting its finding as valid.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Claimed exceptions to this rule have been retracted.", "section": "The \"oxo wall\"", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Methods", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ea37a10ef4409044", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[21]", "others": [ "Anderson, Travis M.; Neiwert, Wade A.; Kirk, Martin L.; Piccoli, Paula M. B.; Schultz, Arthur J.; Koetzle, Thomas F.; Musaev, Djamaladdin G.; Morokuma, Keiji; Cao, Rui; Hill, Craig L. (2004-12-17). \"A Late-Transition Metal Oxo Complex: K7Na9[O=PtIV(H2O)L2], L = [PW9O34]^9−\". Science. 306 (5704): 2074–2077. doi:10.1126/science.1104696. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 15564312. S2CID 41123922. (Retracted, see doi:10.1126/science.337.6092.290-a, PMID 22822129, Retraction Watch)", "Cao, Rui; Anderson, Travis M.; Piccoli, Paula M. B.; Schultz, Arthur J.; Koetzle, Thomas F.; Geletii, Yurii V.; Slonkina, Elena; Hedman, Britt; Hodgson, Keith O.; Hardcastle, Kenneth I.; Fang, Xikui (2007-09-01). \"Terminal Gold-Oxo Complexes\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 129 (36): 11118–11133. Bibcode:2007JAChS.12911118C. doi:10.1021/ja072456n. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 17711276. (Retracted, see doi:10.1021/ja207909y, PMID 22873776, Retraction Watch)", "O’Halloran, Kevin P.; Zhao, Chongchao; Ando, Nicole S.; Schultz, Arthur J.; Koetzle, Thomas F.; Piccoli, Paula M. 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(Retracted, see doi:10.1021/ja207910h, PMID 22873777, Retraction Watch)", "O’Halloran, Kevin P.; Zhao, Chongchao; Ando, Nicole S.; Schultz, Arthur J.; Koetzle, Thomas F.; Piccoli, Paula M. B.; Hedman, Britt; Hodgson, Keith O.; et al. (2012). \"Revisiting the Polyoxometalate-Based Late-Transition-Metal-Oxo Complexes: The \"Oxo Wall\" Stands\". Inorganic Chemistry. 51 (13): 7025–7031. doi:10.1021/ic2008914. PMID 22694272.", "Ritter, Stephen K. (June 12, 2012). \"Metal-Oxo Papers Retracted\". cen.acs.org. Retrieved 2021-05-15.", "Hadlington, Simon (2012-06-14). \"Oxo wall still stands as inorganic papers retracted\". Chemistry World. 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(2005-08-01). \"A Palladium-Oxo Complex. Stabilization of This Proposed Catalytic Intermediate by an Encapsulating Polytungstate Ligand\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (34): 11948–11949. Bibcode:2005JAChS.12711948A. doi:10.1021/ja054131h. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 16117527. (Retracted, see doi:10.1021/ja207910h, PMID 22873777, Retraction Watch)", "Cao, Rui; Anderson, Travis M.; Piccoli, Paula M. B.; Schultz, Arthur J.; Koetzle, Thomas F.; Geletii, Yurii V.; Slonkina, Elena; Hedman, Britt; Hodgson, Keith O.; Hardcastle, Kenneth I.; Fang, Xikui (2007-09-01). \"Terminal Gold-Oxo Complexes\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 129 (36): 11118–11133. Bibcode:2007JAChS.12911118C. doi:10.1021/ja072456n. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 17711276. (Retracted, see doi:10.1021/ja207909y, PMID 22873776, Retraction Watch)", "O’Halloran, Kevin P.; Zhao, Chongchao; Ando, Nicole S.; Schultz, Arthur J.; Koetzle, Thomas F.; Piccoli, Paula M. B.; Hedman, Britt; Hodgson, Keith O.; et al. 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research was also conducted with amazing verve and subtlety—for example, Milgram ensured that the \"experimenter\" wear a grey lab coat rather than a white one, precisely because he did not want subjects to think that the \"experimenter\" was a medical doctor and thereby limit the implications of his findings to the power of physician authority.", "reason": "This quotation is directly introduced as Persaud's commentary from the retracted article, rather than independently sourced text; its introduction already discloses the retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Raj Persaud, in a since retracted article in the BMJ, comments on Milgram's attention to detail in his experiment:", "section": "Embodiment of prestige or power", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Plagiarism of Text" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:31f43ff42a1b30c6", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 358677 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 37.36666666666667, "severity": 0.009341666666666667, "rank": 623 }, { "id": "sha256:822a574b46c2f25c", "key": "RW-58025 / 70499140 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372425310 } ], "first_seen": 1372425310, "last_checked": 1372425310, "page_id": 70499140, "revid": 1372425310, "written_on": "Deborah F. 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(30 December 2013). \"In situ TEM of Biological Assemblies in Liquid\". Journal of Visualized Experiments (82). doi:10.3791/50936. PMC 4106202. PMID 24429390.", "Cameron Varano, A.; Rahimi, Amina; Dukes, Madeline J.; Poelzing, Steven; M. McDonald, Sarah; Kelly, Deborah F. (2015). \"Visualizing virus particle mobility in liquid at the nanoscale\". Chemical Communications. 51 (90): 16176–16179. doi:10.1039/C5CC05744B. hdl:10919/64948. PMC 4626320. PMID 26355472." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 70499140 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 9.1, "severity": 0.0091, "rank": 624 }, { "id": "sha256:4b96e53917dbc86f", "key": "RW-55722 / 70499140 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372425310 } ], "first_seen": 1372425310, "last_checked": 1372425310, "page_id": 70499140, "revid": 1372425310, "written_on": "Deborah F. 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"where": "paragraph", "text": "It has since been retracted.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It has since been retracted.", "reason": "The paragraph describes the paper's publication controversy and explicitly reports its retraction, rather than relying on its findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "It has since been retracted.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Objections by Third Party", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:cf6451f5d0648551", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 68076493 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 9.0, "severity": 0.009000000000000001, "rank": 626 }, { "id": "sha256:4ce43b7b781a3f4c", "key": "RW-4032 / 3765577 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374547270 } ], "first_seen": 1374547270, "last_checked": 1374547270, "page_id": 3765577, "revid": 1374547270, "written_on": "Jon Sudbø", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67488-0", "pmid": "16226613", "record_id": 4032, "paper_title": "Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and the Risk of Oral Cancer: A Nested Case-control Study", "cited": true, "section": "Scandal", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The article had suggested that non-COX2-NSAIDs like ibuprofen diminish the risk of oral cancer in smokers.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The article had suggested that non-COX2-NSAIDs like ibuprofen diminish the risk of oral cancer in smokers.", "reason": "The finding is recounted as part of the fraud scandal, and the same paragraph explicitly says the patient data were fictional.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article that led to his downfall, which was published in The Lancet, was based on 900 patients Sudbø had fabricated entirely.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In January 2006 it was revealed that his October 2005 fast track submission to The Lancet was based upon fraudulent patient data.", "section": "Scandal", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "However, it turned out that the whole patient material was fictional.", "section": "Scandal", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Retracted papers", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ff784c0da0457c08", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 3765577 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 8.7, "severity": 0.0087, "rank": 627 }, { "id": "sha256:2f805543c81ee4eb", "key": "RW-3200 / 3765577 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374547270 } ], "first_seen": 1374547270, "last_checked": 1374547270, "page_id": 3765577, "revid": 1374547270, "written_on": "Jon Sudbø", "doi": "10.1056/nejmoa033374", "pmid": "15070790", "record_id": 3200, "paper_title": "The Influence of Resection and Aneuploidy on Mortality in Oral Leukoplakia", "cited": true, "section": "External links", "where": "list", "text": "\"The influence of resection and aneuploidy on mortality in oral leukoplakia\" (in English)", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "\"The influence of resection and aneuploidy on mortality in oral leukoplakia\" (in English)", "reason": "This external link identifies the paper by title without stating or relying on its findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Sudbø has later acknowledged that he has used fictional data in at least two more papers, published in the New England Journal of Medicine and the Journal of Clinical Oncology.", "section": "Scandal", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "The commission deemed much of Sudbø's work invalid because of manipulation and fabrication of raw data: of the 38 articles he had published since 1993, 15 were condemned as fraudulent, including his doctoral dissertation. Because of this, the dissertation and the other fraudulent articles will be rescinded.", "section": "Scandal", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Retracted papers", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "earlier" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:65fcf606b682c44d", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 3765577 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 8.7, "severity": 0.0087, "rank": 628 }, { "id": "sha256:6cdb1e5abc716680", "key": "RW-4478 / 66974230 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375196474 } ], "first_seen": 1375196474, "last_checked": 1375196474, "page_id": 66974230, "revid": 1375196474, "written_on": "Sophie Jamal", "doi": "10.1001/jama.2011.176", "pmid": "21343579", "record_id": 4478, "paper_title": "Effect of nitroglycerin ointment on bone density and strength in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Abida Sophie Jamal (born on 6 June 1966) is a Canadian endocrinologist and former osteoporosis researcher who was at the centre of a scientific misconduct case in the mid-to-late 2010s. Jamal published a high-profile paper suggesting that the heart medication nitroglycerin was a treatment for osteoporosis, and was later demonstrated to have misrepresented her results. She received a lifetime ban from receiving funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and was named directly in their disclosure report, becoming the first person mentioned by name by the institute for scientific misconduct. Jamal was later stripped of her medical license for two years, regaining it in a controversial 3–2 decision.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Jamal published a high-profile paper suggesting that the heart medication nitroglycerin was a treatment for osteoporosis, and was later demonstrated to have misrepresented her results.", "reason": "This repeats the same trial's treatment claim, but explicitly identifies its results as misrepresented; an editor should check any local sources supporting this historical account.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Jamal published a high-profile paper suggesting that the heart medication nitroglycerin was a treatment for osteoporosis, and was later demonstrated to have misrepresented her results.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "When Eastell conducted his own statistical analysis in 2014, he found no difference between the treatment and placebo groups.", "section": "Misconduct controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Following investigation by the Women's College Hospital, Jamal was deemed to have manipulated data and misrepresented her findings.", "section": "Misconduct controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "That December, her paper on nitroglycerin was retracted by JAMA, the journal of the American Medical Association and its original publisher.", "section": "Misconduct controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Following the JAMA retraction, two further papers of Jamal's were retracted; one on the risk of osteoporosis in kidney disease, and one on nitrate use and bone density.", "section": "Misconduct controversy", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a96d7664cf483254", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 66974230 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 8.466666666666667, "severity": 0.008466666666666667, "rank": 629 }, { "id": "sha256:418dbb462436bbcb", "key": "RW-63958 / 41925151 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374127503 } ], "first_seen": 1374127503, "last_checked": 1374127503, "page_id": 41925151, "revid": 1374127503, "written_on": "James L. 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Tall el-Hammam airburst paper,, which had been based on research funded by the Comet Research Group (CRG) and authored primarily by its members.", "reason": "This describes Powell's resignation and the paper's funding and authorship, without asserting its airburst finding as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "On February 15, 2023, the following editor's note was posted on the Bunch et al. paper: \"Readers are alerted that concerns raised about the data presented and the conclusions of this article are being considered by the Editors. A further editorial response will follow the resolution of these issues.\" On April 24, 2025, Nature issued a formal retraction note, citing concerns about methodology, analysis, and data interpretation.", "section": "Committee for Skeptical Inquiry", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Methods", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d9f2781cb23ea6fe", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Bunch et al.", "marker": "[12]", "others": [ "Boslough, Mark (January 2022). \"Sodom Meteor Strike Claims Should Be Taken with a Pillar of Salt: A controversial, widely publicized paper claiming that a cosmic impact destroyed a biblical city has had key images photoshopped and rotated to fit the biblical hypothesis\". Skeptical Inquirer. Vol. 46, no. 1. New York City: Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. pp. 10–14. ISSN 0194-6730. Wikidata Q110293090." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 41925151 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 8.333333333333334, "severity": 0.008333333333333335, "rank": 630 }, { "id": "sha256:15b2b954a115debc", "key": "RW-498 / 33597073 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378626585 } ], "first_seen": 1378626585, "last_checked": 1378626585, "page_id": 33597073, "revid": 1378626585, "written_on": "Pamela Ronald", "doi": "10.1126/science.1173438", "pmid": "19892983", "record_id": 498, "paper_title": "A Type I-secreted, Sulfated Peptide Triggers XA21-mediated Innate Immunity", "cited": true, "section": "Xa21: Pattern recognition receptor-mediated immunity", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 1995, the Ronald laboratory isolated and characterized the rice XA21 pattern recognition receptor.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 1995, the Ronald laboratory isolated and characterized the rice XA21 pattern recognition receptor.", "reason": "This describes the earlier isolation and characterization of XA21, not the retracted paper's identification of Ax21 as its activator.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.92, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Paper retraction", "section": "Paper retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2013, Ronald retracted both scientific papers, notifying the scientific community that two bacterial strains had been mixed up. The error was discovered when new laboratory members Rory Pruitt and Benjamin Schwessinger were unable to replicate previous results.", "section": "Paper retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Examination of the bacterial strains and rice seed stocks indicated that one of the bacterial strains involved in key experiments had been mislabeled. Researchers also discovered that results of one of the tests that had been performed were highly variable.", "section": "Paper retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In a blog post at Scientific American, Ronald describes the 18-month process leading to the retraction. The retractions were also reported on by The Scientist.", "section": "Paper retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "As part of a story about the importance of setting the record straight, in 2014, Nature magazine also covered the Ronald retraction.", "section": "Paper retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2015, Ronald published the discovery of the predicted ligand of XA21, a sulfated peptide called RaxX, correcting their mistake and bringing the research team full circle.", "section": "RaxX, the activator of Xa21-mediated immunity", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Contamination of Cell Lines/Tissues", "Doing the Right Thing", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8a706c8019ff25ca", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Retraction1", "marker": "[30]", "others": [ "Summers, Holly (April 22, 2012). \"Bacteria Talk, Plants Listen: The Discovery of Plant Immune Receptors, an Interview with Pamela Ronald\". Scientific American. Retrieved 22 January 2016.", "Song, W.-Y.; Wang, G.-L.; Chen, L.-L.; Kim, H.-S.; Pi, L.-Y.; Holsten, T.; Gardner, J.; Wang, B.; Zhai, W.-X.; Zhu, L.-H.; Fauquet, C.; Ronald, P. (15 December 1995). \"A Receptor Kinase-Like Protein Encoded by the Rice Disease Resistance Gene, Xa21\". Science. 270 (5243): 1804–1806. Bibcode:1995Sci...270.1804S. doi:10.1126/science.270.5243.1804. PMID 8525370. S2CID 10548988." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 33597073 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 8.1, "severity": 0.0081, "rank": 631 }, { "id": "sha256:829061d140a127ec", "key": "RW-498 / 33597073 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378626585 } ], "first_seen": 1378626585, "last_checked": 1378626585, "page_id": 33597073, "revid": 1378626585, "written_on": "Pamela Ronald", "doi": "10.1126/science.1173438", "pmid": "19892983", "record_id": 498, "paper_title": "A Type I-secreted, Sulfated Peptide Triggers XA21-mediated Innate Immunity", "cited": true, "section": "Paper retraction", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2009 and 2011, Ronald's laboratory reported on the discovery of a bacterial protein that they believed was the activator of Xa21-mediated immunity.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2009 and 2011, Ronald's laboratory reported on the discovery of a bacterial protein that they believed was the activator of Xa21-mediated immunity.", "reason": "The paragraph explicitly explains that these reports were retracted and describes the errors, so it reports the claim historically rather than endorsing it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Paper retraction", "section": "Paper retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2013, Ronald retracted both scientific papers, notifying the scientific community that two bacterial strains had been mixed up. The error was discovered when new laboratory members Rory Pruitt and Benjamin Schwessinger were unable to replicate previous results.", "section": "Paper retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Examination of the bacterial strains and rice seed stocks indicated that one of the bacterial strains involved in key experiments had been mislabeled. Researchers also discovered that results of one of the tests that had been performed were highly variable.", "section": "Paper retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In a blog post at Scientific American, Ronald describes the 18-month process leading to the retraction. The retractions were also reported on by The Scientist.", "section": "Paper retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "As part of a story about the importance of setting the record straight, in 2014, Nature magazine also covered the Ronald retraction.", "section": "Paper retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2015, Ronald published the discovery of the predicted ligand of XA21, a sulfated peptide called RaxX, correcting their mistake and bringing the research team full circle.", "section": "RaxX, the activator of Xa21-mediated immunity", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Contamination of Cell Lines/Tissues", "Doing the Right Thing", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8a706c8019ff25ca", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Retraction1", "marker": "[30]", "others": [ "Han, Sang-Wook; Sriariyanun, Malinee; Lee, Sang-Won; Sharma, Manoj; Bahar, Ofir; Bower, Zachary; Ronald, Pamela C.; Chakravortty, Dipshikha (12 December 2011). \"Small Protein-Mediated Quorum Sensing in a Gram-Negative Bacterium\". PLOS ONE. 6 (12) e29192. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...629192H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029192. PMC 3236232. PMID 22174954. (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/annotation/880a72e1-9cf3-45a9-bf1c-c74ccb73fd35, PMID 24098628, Retraction Watch)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 33597073 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 8.1, "severity": 0.0081, "rank": 632 }, { "id": "sha256:d8d19e062c4ca616", "key": "RW-1969 / 33597073 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378626585 } ], "first_seen": 1378626585, "last_checked": 1378626585, "page_id": 33597073, "revid": 1378626585, "written_on": "Pamela Ronald", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0029192", "pmid": "22174954", "record_id": 1969, "paper_title": "Small protein-mediated quorum sensing in a Gram-negative bacterium", "cited": true, "section": "Paper retraction", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2009 and 2011, Ronald's laboratory reported on the discovery of a bacterial protein that they believed was the activator of Xa21-mediated immunity.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2009 and 2011, Ronald's laboratory reported on the discovery of a bacterial protein that they believed was the activator of Xa21-mediated immunity.", "reason": "This reports the historical claim, but the section and paragraph explicitly identify both papers as retracted and explain the errors; it does not endorse the finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Paper retraction", "section": "Paper retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2013, Ronald retracted both scientific papers, notifying the scientific community that two bacterial strains had been mixed up.", "section": "Paper retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The error was discovered when new laboratory members Rory Pruitt and Benjamin Schwessinger were unable to replicate previous results.", "section": "Paper retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Examination of the bacterial strains and rice seed stocks indicated that one of the bacterial strains involved in key experiments had been mislabeled. Researchers also discovered that results of one of the tests that had been performed were highly variable.", "section": "Paper retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In a blog post at Scientific American, Ronald describes the 18-month process leading to the retraction. The retractions were also reported on by The Scientist.", "section": "Paper retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "As part of a story about the importance of setting the record straight, in 2014, Nature magazine also covered the Ronald retraction.", "section": "Paper retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2015, Ronald published the discovery of the predicted ligand of XA21, a sulfated peptide called RaxX, correcting their mistake and bringing the research team full circle.", "section": "RaxX, the activator of Xa21-mediated immunity", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Doing the Right Thing", "Error in Cell Lines/Tissues", "Error in Materials", "Results Not Reproducible", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8976a2f92c2226ae", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Retraction2", "marker": "[39]", "others": [ "Lee, S.-W.; Han, S.-W.; Sririyanum, M.; Park, C.-J.; Seo, Y.-S.; Ronald, P. C. (5 November 2009). \"A Type I-Secreted, Sulfated Peptide Triggers XA21-Mediated Innate Immunity\". Science. 326 (5954): 850–853. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..850L. doi:10.1126/science.1173438. PMID 19892983. S2CID 8726419. (Retracted, see doi:10.1126/science.342.6155.191-a, PMID 24115421, Retraction Watch)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 33597073 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 8.1, "severity": 0.0081, "rank": 633 }, { "id": "sha256:fd00e28feed1e1bb", "key": "RW-36319 / 70579655 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362085996 } ], "first_seen": 1362085996, "last_checked": 1362085996, "page_id": 70579655, "revid": 1362085996, "written_on": "Simufilam", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0001554", "pmid": "18253501", "record_id": 36319, "paper_title": "High-Affinity Naloxone Binding to Filamin A Prevents Mu Opioid Receptor–Gs Coupling Underlying Opioid Tolerance and Dependence", "cited": true, "section": "History", "where": "paragraph", "text": "From research funded by Cassava Sciences (then Pain Therapeutics), Lindsay Burns (Cassava's senior vice president of neuroscience), Hoau-Yan Wang (a CUNY professor and Cassava advisor), and Maya Frankfurt (CUNY) reported in PLOS One the binding of a 300-kDa protein called filamin A (FLNA) with naloxone to prevent opioid tolerance and drug dependence.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "reported in PLOS One the binding of a 300-kDa protein called filamin A (FLNA) with naloxone to prevent opioid tolerance and drug dependence.", "reason": "This reports the paper's binding and opioid-tolerance findings, but the same paragraph explicitly identifies the paper as retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Both of these papers were retracted by PLOS One in 2022.", "section": "History", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Two papers were retracted by journals and expressions of concern were issued for other papers.", "section": "Allegations of research irregularities", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Two papers unrelated to Alzheimer's disease that reported FLNA binding by certain opioid antagonists and FLNA's role in opioid tolerance and dependence were retracted for \"similarities in background pixels\" in western blot images without evidence of data manipulation.", "section": "Allegations of research irregularities", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b4f89f253759aa41", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wang_2008", "marker": "[6]", "others": [ "Michaels D, Walker J (November 17, 2021). \"SEC Investigating Cassava Sciences, Developer of Experimental Alzheimer's Drug\". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2022." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 70579655 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 8.033333333333333, "severity": 0.008033333333333333, "rank": 634 }, { "id": "sha256:3544ced0db0a0901", "key": "RW-36319 / 70579655 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362085996 } ], "first_seen": 1362085996, "last_checked": 1362085996, "page_id": 70579655, "revid": 1362085996, "written_on": "Simufilam", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0001554", "pmid": "18253501", "record_id": 36319, "paper_title": "High-Affinity Naloxone Binding to Filamin A Prevents Mu Opioid Receptor–Gs Coupling Underlying Opioid Tolerance and Dependence", "cited": true, "section": "Pharmacology", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The publishing journals have issued expressions of concern for studies related to the pharmacology.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The publishing journals have issued expressions of concern for studies related to the pharmacology.", "reason": "This concerns the studies' editorial status rather than a scientific finding; the other references identify expressions of concern.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Both of these papers were retracted by PLOS One in 2022.", "section": "History", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Two papers were retracted by journals and expressions of concern were issued for other papers.", "section": "Allegations of research irregularities", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Two papers unrelated to Alzheimer's disease that reported FLNA binding by certain opioid antagonists and FLNA's role in opioid tolerance and dependence were retracted for \"similarities in background pixels\" in western blot images without evidence of data manipulation.", "section": "Allegations of research irregularities", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b4f89f253759aa41", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wang_2008", "marker": "[6]", "others": [ "Wang HY, Bakshi K, Frankfurt M, Stucky A, Goberdhan M, Shah SM, et al. (July 2012). \"Reducing amyloid-related Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis by a small molecule targeting filamin A\". The Journal of Neuroscience. 32 (29): 9773–9784. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0354-12.2012. PMC 6621293. PMID 22815492. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2306-21.2021, PMID 34921050, Retraction Watch)", "Wang HY, Lee KC, Pei Z, Khan A, Bakshi K, Burns LH (July 2017). \"PTI-125 binds and reverses an altered conformation of filamin A to reduce Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis\". Neurobiology of Aging. 55: 99–114. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.03.016. PMID 28438486. S2CID 207163555. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.03.012)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 70579655 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 8.033333333333333, "severity": 0.008033333333333333, "rank": 635 }, { "id": "sha256:7450c7c321f678d6", "key": "RW-36319 / 70579655 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362085996 } ], "first_seen": 1362085996, "last_checked": 1362085996, "page_id": 70579655, "revid": 1362085996, "written_on": "Simufilam", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0001554", "pmid": "18253501", "record_id": 36319, "paper_title": "High-Affinity Naloxone Binding to Filamin A Prevents Mu Opioid Receptor–Gs Coupling Underlying Opioid Tolerance and Dependence", "cited": false, "section": "Allegations of research irregularities", "where": "", "text": "Research papers demonstrating the mechanism of action of simufilam contained an error of units in methods (one instance of milligrams noted as micrograms) and erroneous duplication of images, but neither journal found evidence of data manipulation that was previously alleged. Two papers unrelated to Alzheimer's disease that reported FLNA binding by certain opioid antagonists and FLNA's role in opioid tolerance and dependence were retracted for \"similarities in background pixels\" in western blot images without evidence of data manipulation.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Two papers unrelated to Alzheimer's disease that reported FLNA binding by certain opioid antagonists and FLNA's role in opioid tolerance and dependence were retracted for \"similarities in background pixels\" in western blot images without evidence of data manipulation.", "reason": "This retells the target paper's distinctive binding and opioid-tolerance findings while explicitly reporting its retraction; an editor should check the paragraph's own sources for the characterization of the retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Both of these papers were retracted by PLOS One in 2022.", 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"views": 8.033333333333333, "severity": 0.008033333333333333, "rank": 636 }, { "id": "sha256:f7a2238c97c21652", "key": "RW-36320 / 70579655 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362085996 } ], "first_seen": 1362085996, "last_checked": 1362085996, "page_id": 70579655, "revid": 1362085996, "written_on": "Simufilam", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0004282", "pmid": "19172190", "record_id": 36320, "paper_title": "Naloxone's Pentapeptide Binding Site on Filamin A Blocks Mu Opioid Receptor–Gs Coupling and CREB Activation of Acute Morphine", "cited": true, "section": "History", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Burns and Wang reported the pentapeptide binding site on FLNA the next year.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Burns and Wang reported the pentapeptide binding site on FLNA the next year.", "reason": "This reports the paper's binding-site finding, but the same paragraph explicitly states that both papers were retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Both of these papers were retracted by PLOS One in 2022.", "section": "History", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Two papers were retracted by journals and expressions of concern were issued for other papers.", "section": "Allegations of research irregularities", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Two papers unrelated to Alzheimer's disease that reported FLNA binding by certain opioid antagonists and FLNA's role in opioid tolerance and dependence were retracted for \"similarities in background pixels\" in western blot images without evidence of data manipulation.", "section": "Allegations of research irregularities", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of/in Image", "Manipulation of Images" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:015130317f44c8dc", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 70579655 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 8.033333333333333, "severity": 0.008033333333333333, "rank": 637 }, { "id": "sha256:d1e81e93d8cc6208", "key": "RW-36320 / 70579655 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362085996 } ], "first_seen": 1362085996, "last_checked": 1362085996, "page_id": 70579655, "revid": 1362085996, "written_on": "Simufilam", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0004282", "pmid": "19172190", "record_id": 36320, "paper_title": "Naloxone's Pentapeptide Binding Site on Filamin A Blocks Mu Opioid Receptor–Gs Coupling and CREB Activation of Acute Morphine", "cited": false, "section": "Allegations of research irregularities", "where": "", "text": "Research papers demonstrating the mechanism of action of simufilam contained an error of units in methods (one instance of milligrams noted as micrograms) and erroneous duplication of images, but neither journal found evidence of data manipulation that was previously alleged. Two papers unrelated to Alzheimer's disease that reported FLNA binding by certain opioid antagonists and FLNA's role in opioid tolerance and dependence were retracted for \"similarities in background pixels\" in western blot images without evidence of data manipulation.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Two papers unrelated to Alzheimer's disease that reported FLNA binding by certain opioid antagonists and FLNA's role in opioid tolerance and dependence were retracted for \"similarities in background pixels\" in western blot images without evidence of data manipulation.", "reason": "This retells findings of the two opioid–FLNA papers, including the target paper, while explicitly acknowledging their retraction; an editor should check the paragraph's own sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Both of these papers were retracted by PLOS One in 2022.", "section": "History", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Two papers were retracted by journals and expressions of concern were issued for other papers.", "section": "Allegations of research irregularities", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Two papers unrelated to Alzheimer's disease that reported FLNA binding by certain opioid antagonists and FLNA's role in opioid tolerance and dependence were retracted for \"similarities in background pixels\" in western blot images without evidence of data manipulation.", "section": "Allegations of research irregularities", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of/in Image", "Manipulation of Images" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:015130317f44c8dc", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 70579655 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 8.033333333333333, "severity": 0.008033333333333333, "rank": 638 }, { "id": "sha256:f84495247e41d47c", "key": "RW-26402 / 67041189 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372442110 } ], "first_seen": 1372442110, "last_checked": 1372442110, "page_id": 67041189, "revid": 1372442110, "written_on": "Leo Kouwenhoven", "doi": "10.1038/nature26142", "pmid": "29590094", "record_id": 26402, "paper_title": "Quantized Majorana conductance", "cited": true, "section": "Career", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2018 his research group claimed to have proved the definitive existence of Majorana particles in a Nature publication.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2018 his research group claimed to have proved the definitive existence of Majorana particles in a Nature publication.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the study's claim but immediately explains its retraction and that the complete data did not support its conclusions.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, the results could not be reproduced by other scientists, and the article had to be retracted in 2021 due to \"insufficient scientific rigour\". The researchers had excluded data points that contradicted their claims, with the complete data not supporting their conclusions.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Two of the Majorana research papers involving Leo Kouwenhoven's group at QuTech were retracted due to data irregularities, leading to a couple of investigations by the TU Delft's Research Integrity Committee (CWI) and the Dutch Body for Scientific Integrity (LOWI) between 2020 and 2023.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4c5f3bbefc593e30", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[6]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 67041189 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 8.0, "severity": 0.008, "rank": 639 }, { "id": "sha256:4e01fb9e7ee14ac6", "key": "RW-961 / 653532 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370020709 } ], "first_seen": 1370020709, "last_checked": 1370020709, "page_id": 653532, "revid": 1370020709, "written_on": "Retracted article on dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MDMA", "doi": "10.1126/science.1074501", "pmid": "12351788", "record_id": 961, "paper_title": "Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA (ecstasy)", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "\"Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA (\"ecstasy\")\", is an article by George A. Ricaurte that was published in September 2002 in the peer-reviewed journal Science, one of the world's top academic journals.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "\"Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA (\"ecstasy\")\", is an article by George A. Ricaurte that was published in September 2002 in the peer-reviewed journal Science, one of the world's top academic journals.", "reason": "This identifies the paper and its publication rather than endorsing its findings; the paragraph explicitly explains its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "It was later retracted; instead of using MDMA, methamphetamine had been used in the test.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Retraction", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In September 2003, the paper was retracted. In a statement published in Science, the research team indicated that due to a labelling error, methamphetamine had been administered to 9 of the 10 test animals instead of MDMA. The team had consistently been unable to replicate the original results, which lead to them conducting an investigation and ultimately discovering the error.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Following the retraction, Ricaurte stated that he would continue to investigate the possibility of a relationship between MDMA and dopamine dysfunction, and that the laboratory would be adjusting its chemical handling procedure.", "section": "Retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "We shared in one: Some vials containing the recreational drug Ecstasy got switched with vials containing methamphetamine, and we wound up publishing a paper we wish we hadn't", "section": "Reactions", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Journalists such as Larry Smith and Carla Spartos have stated that the inaccurate study may have influenced drug policy being made at the time, such as the RAVE act of April 2003.", "section": "Reactions", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "A study of the 50 largest American newspapers with available online archives found that 26 (52%) covered the original article's publication, while 20 (40%) covered its retraction. 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Rheumatology. 56 (10): 1827. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kex259. 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The Scientist. Retrieved 2025-09-09.", "\"Episode #1052 | The Skeptics Guide to the Universe\". 2025-09-06. 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Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 290 (2001) 20231346. doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.1346. ISSN 1471-2954. PMC 10297828. 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kalimantanensis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T54444A3015179. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T54444A3015179.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 12358044 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 7.166666666666667, "severity": 0.0071666666666666675, "rank": 649 }, { "id": "sha256:631b1fd75b2a8709", "key": "RW-1097 / 63068806 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1346435358 } ], "first_seen": 1346435358, "last_checked": 1346435358, "page_id": 63068806, "revid": 1346435358, "written_on": "Harold Y. 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"10.1038/nmeth.4293", "pmid": "28557981", "record_id": 17834, "paper_title": "Unexpected mutations after CRISPR–Cas9 editing in vivo", "cited": true, "section": "Schaefer et al. 2017", "where": "paragraph", "text": "On May 30, 2017, a two-page correspondence article was published in Nature Methods that reported an unusually high number of off-target SNVs and indels after sequencing mice that were previously involved in an in vivo gene repair experiment.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "On May 30, 2017, a two-page correspondence article was published in Nature Methods that reported an unusually high number of off-target SNVs and indels after sequencing mice that were previously involved in an in vivo gene repair experiment.", "reason": "This reports the paper's claim as part of its controversy history; the same paragraph explicitly states that the paper was retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Nature Methods has issued two editorial notes on the paper, and later retracted it.", "section": "Schaefer et al. 2017", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Objections by Author(s)", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9ee4b1103ca3bd47", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[66]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 56710049 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 6.866666666666666, "severity": 0.006866666666666667, "rank": 651 }, { "id": "sha256:57577ca61537205c", "key": "RW-64761 / 7903579 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377682714 } ], "first_seen": 1377682714, "last_checked": 1377682714, "page_id": 7903579, "revid": 1377682714, "written_on": "Kay Davies", "doi": "10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105248", "pmid": "35952426", "record_id": 64761, "paper_title": "Evaluating the efficacy and safety of a novel prophylactic nasal spray in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multi-centre, double blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial", "cited": true, "section": "Controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The paper however came under scrutiny at the end of 2023, and was ultimately retracted in 2025 due to issues regarding the ethical approvals and subject recruitment of the study not adhering to the standards.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The paper however came under scrutiny at the end of 2023, and was ultimately retracted in 2025 due to issues regarding the ethical approvals and subject recruitment of the study not adhering to the standards.", "reason": "This describes the paper's retraction, and the paragraph explicitly warns readers rather than presenting its efficacy finding as established.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The paper however came under scrutiny at the end of 2023, and was ultimately retracted in 2025 due to issues regarding the ethical approvals and subject recruitment of the study not adhering to the standards.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The retraction came after an expression of concern was added to the paper in February 2025.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Human Subject Welfare", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d09c103ed835951e", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Balmforth Swales Silpa et al novel prophylactic nasal spray", "marker": "[17]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 7903579 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 6.3, "severity": 0.0063, "rank": 652 }, { "id": "sha256:52b05165fe92e52a", "key": "RW-64761 / 7903579 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377682714 } ], "first_seen": 1377682714, "last_checked": 1377682714, "page_id": 7903579, "revid": 1377682714, "written_on": "Kay Davies", "doi": "10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105248", "pmid": "35952426", "record_id": 64761, "paper_title": "Evaluating the efficacy and safety of a novel prophylactic nasal spray in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multi-centre, double blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial", "cited": true, "section": "Controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The retraction came after an expression of concern was added to the paper in February 2025.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The retraction came after an expression of concern was added to the paper in February 2025.", "reason": "This reports the publication's notice history, not a scientific finding, within a paragraph explicitly identifying the retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The paper however came under scrutiny at the end of 2023, and was ultimately retracted in 2025 due to issues regarding the ethical approvals and subject recruitment of the study not adhering to the standards.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The retraction came after an expression of concern was added to the paper in February 2025.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Human Subject Welfare", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d09c103ed835951e", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Balmforth Swales Silpa et al novel prophylactic nasal spray", "marker": "[17]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 7903579 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 6.3, "severity": 0.0063, "rank": 653 }, { "id": "sha256:352ff8960e092008", "key": "RW-36319 / 30728189 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1368686453 } ], "first_seen": 1368686453, "last_checked": 1368686453, "page_id": 30728189, "revid": 1368686453, "written_on": "Lindsay Burns", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0001554", "pmid": "18253501", "record_id": 36319, "paper_title": "High-Affinity Naloxone Binding to Filamin A Prevents Mu Opioid Receptor–Gs Coupling Underlying Opioid Tolerance and Dependence", "cited": true, "section": "FLNA, simufilam and Alzheimer's disease", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2008, Burns, Wang and Maya Frankfurt published in PLOS One a (later retracted) finding that the opioid antagonists naloxone and naltrexone bind with ultra-high affinity to FLNA to prevent mu opioid receptor excitatory signaling.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2008, Burns, Wang and Maya Frankfurt published in PLOS One a (later retracted) finding that the opioid antagonists naloxone and naltrexone bind with ultra-high affinity to FLNA to prevent mu opioid receptor excitatory signaling.", "reason": "The sentence reports this paper's finding but explicitly identifies it as later retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2008, Burns, Wang and Maya Frankfurt published in PLOS One a (later retracted) finding that the opioid antagonists naloxone and naltrexone bind with ultra-high affinity to FLNA to prevent mu opioid receptor excitatory signaling.", "section": "FLNA, simufilam and Alzheimer's disease", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:08aadeddd6b3d6a5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":14", "marker": "[37]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30728189 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 6.066666666666666, "severity": 0.006066666666666666, "rank": 654 }, { "id": "sha256:410ec2d7f8903983", "key": "RW-36320 / 30728189 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1368686453 } ], "first_seen": 1368686453, "last_checked": 1368686453, "page_id": 30728189, "revid": 1368686453, "written_on": "Lindsay Burns", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0004282", "pmid": "19172190", "record_id": 36320, "paper_title": "Naloxone's Pentapeptide Binding Site on Filamin A Blocks Mu Opioid Receptor–Gs Coupling and CREB Activation of Acute Morphine", "cited": true, "section": "FLNA, simufilam and Alzheimer's disease", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Burns and Wang published (now retracted) the binding site on FLNA and the activation of CREB by opioid receptor – Gs coupling in the same journal the next year.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Burns and Wang published (now retracted) the binding site on FLNA and the activation of CREB by opioid receptor – Gs coupling in the same journal the next year.", "reason": "This reports the paper's binding-site and CREB findings but explicitly identifies the publication as retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Burns and Wang published (now retracted) the binding site on FLNA and the activation of CREB by opioid receptor – Gs coupling in the same journal the next year.", "section": "FLNA, simufilam and Alzheimer's disease", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of/in Image", "Manipulation of Images" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a608b53f0af78991", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":15", "marker": "[38]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30728189 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 6.066666666666666, "severity": 0.006066666666666666, "rank": 655 }, { "id": "sha256:5357be1e20bbe771", "key": "RW-3572 / 38028125 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1346314034 } ], "first_seen": 1346314034, "last_checked": 1346314034, "page_id": 38028125, "revid": 1346314034, "written_on": "High-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant", "doi": "10.1200/jco.1995.13.10.2483", "pmid": "7595697", "record_id": 3572, "paper_title": "High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic rescue as primary treatment for metastatic breast cancer: a randomized trial", "cited": false, "section": "History", "where": "", "text": "The results of clinical trials ended up showing that HDC/BMT for breast cancer was not an effective treatment and did not increase survival rates compared to existing treatment. These conclusions were drawn from a combination of studies, including that of Peters and a large study executed by the Netherlands Cancer Institute, both of which drew the conclusion that HDC/BMT was not superior to standard breast cancer treatment. Another study, done by researcher Werner Bezwoda, reached the conclusion that the treatment was effective, but his study was later discredited due to scientific misconduct, including the falsification of data. The treatment was discontinued for breast cancer, although it is still used to combat other types of cancers, like leukemias and lymphomas.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Another study, done by researcher Werner Bezwoda, reached the conclusion that the treatment was effective, but his study was later discredited due to scientific misconduct, including the falsification of data.", "reason": "This retells Bezwoda's efficacy conclusion while explicitly discrediting it; an editor should check the paragraph's own sources and which Bezwoda study they identify.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "but his study was later discredited due to scientific misconduct, including the falsification of data.", "section": "History", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "although his study was later confirmed to have falsified data.", "section": "Funding mechanisms and litigation", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "However, Bezwoda's research work was seriously flawed, and an audit concluded that the results were essentially fabricated.", "section": "Randomised controlled trials", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Research misconduct", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Treatment details bore little resemblance to the published data.", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The Journal of Clinical Oncology retracted the 1995 paper on April 26, 2001, concluding: \"the trial was not conducted in a scientifically acceptable manner. The protocol was apparently written 9 years after the study was started and only after another study by the same investigator was to be audited. No patient signed a consent form, and there is little evidence of true randomisation.\" ASCO President Lawrence H. Einhorn called the fraud \"a stunning betrayal of public trust\".", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "the finding that the Bezwoda study was false", "section": "Status in breast cancer", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a2162536c205f503", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 38028125 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 6.033333333333333, "severity": 0.006033333333333333, "rank": 656 }, { "id": "sha256:e5e9517b1d87765a", "key": "RW-3572 / 38028125 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1346314034 } ], "first_seen": 1346314034, "last_checked": 1346314034, "page_id": 38028125, "revid": 1346314034, "written_on": "High-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant", "doi": "10.1200/jco.1995.13.10.2483", "pmid": "7595697", "record_id": 3572, "paper_title": "High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic rescue as primary treatment for metastatic breast cancer: a randomized trial", "cited": false, "section": "Funding mechanisms and litigation", "where": "", "text": "The reluctance of insurance organizations to pay for the HDC/BMT treatment stemmed from the difference in patients'/doctors' and researchers' opinions of the treatment. Academic researchers wanted to wait for the results of the clinical trials, while breast cancer oncologists and bone marrow transplanters supported the procedure. At the time, the clinical trials on the effectiveness and benefits of this treatment diverged greatly: the trials by Peters in the U.S. and other large research hospitals in Europe reached the conclusion that the treatment had at most modest results—even negative results—regarding the superiority of this high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplant. However, a study by the researcher Werner Bezwoda showed promising benefits of this treatment—although his study was later confirmed to have falsified data. In addition, there was already a lot of positive publicity surrounding the treatment, and 79% of oncologists believed that HDC/BMT was an appropriate treatment for women with locally advanced breast cancer. In fact, the number of women who received this treatment increased by about 8000 between 1990 and 1999. This disparity was one of the reasons HMOs held back from covering high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplant; if a treatment is expensive and not clinically proven to be beneficial, health organizations can decline to pay for the treatment, regardless of patient protests.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "However, a study by the researcher Werner Bezwoda showed promising benefits of this treatment—although his study was later confirmed to have falsified data.", "reason": "This repeats the efficacy claim associated with Bezwoda's work but locally identifies it as falsified; an editor should check the paragraph's sources for the study intended.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "but his study was later discredited due to scientific misconduct, including the falsification of data.", "section": "History", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "although his study was later confirmed to have falsified data.", "section": "Funding mechanisms and litigation", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "However, Bezwoda's research work was seriously flawed, and an audit concluded that the results were essentially fabricated.", "section": "Randomised controlled trials", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Research misconduct", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Treatment details bore little resemblance to the published data.", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The Journal of Clinical Oncology retracted the 1995 paper on April 26, 2001, concluding: \"the trial was not conducted in a scientifically acceptable manner. The protocol was apparently written 9 years after the study was started and only after another study by the same investigator was to be audited. No patient signed a consent form, and there is little evidence of true randomisation.\" ASCO President Lawrence H. Einhorn called the fraud \"a stunning betrayal of public trust\".", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "the finding that the Bezwoda study was false", "section": "Status in breast cancer", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a2162536c205f503", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 38028125 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 6.033333333333333, "severity": 0.006033333333333333, "rank": 657 }, { "id": "sha256:bc40190838158654", "key": "RW-3572 / 38028125 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1346314034 } ], "first_seen": 1346314034, "last_checked": 1346314034, "page_id": 38028125, "revid": 1346314034, "written_on": "High-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant", "doi": "10.1200/jco.1995.13.10.2483", "pmid": "7595697", "record_id": 3572, "paper_title": "High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic rescue as primary treatment for metastatic breast cancer: a randomized trial", "cited": false, "section": "Randomised controlled trials", "where": "", "text": "The apparent success of the 1995 study drew immediate notice for its authors; as of February 2001, the 1995 article had been cited 354 times. Patients were also enthused; in the Autologous Blood and Marrow Transplant Registry (ABMTR) database, the number of patients treated with high-dose therapy increased rapidly after the Bezwoda study was published. Many centers in the United States moved to offer HDC/BMT on the basis of Bezwoda's work. By 1999/2000 perhaps as many as 35,000 women had been treated with the regime. However, Bezwoda's research work was seriously flawed, and an audit concluded that the results were essentially fabricated.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The apparent success of the 1995 study drew immediate notice for its authors;", "reason": "This refers to the retracted trial's apparent efficacy, but the same paragraph explicitly says its results were fabricated; an editor should check the paragraph's historical sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "but his study was later discredited due to scientific misconduct, including the falsification of data.", "section": "History", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "although his study was later confirmed to have falsified data.", "section": "Funding mechanisms and litigation", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "However, Bezwoda's research work was seriously flawed, and an audit concluded that the results were essentially fabricated.", "section": "Randomised controlled trials", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Research misconduct", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Treatment details bore little resemblance to the published data.", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The Journal of Clinical Oncology retracted the 1995 paper on April 26, 2001, concluding: \"the trial was not conducted in a scientifically acceptable manner. The protocol was apparently written 9 years after the study was started and only after another study by the same investigator was to be audited. No patient signed a consent form, and there is little evidence of true randomisation.\" ASCO President Lawrence H. Einhorn called the fraud \"a stunning betrayal of public trust\".", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "the finding that the Bezwoda study was false", "section": "Status in breast cancer", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a2162536c205f503", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 38028125 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 6.033333333333333, "severity": 0.006033333333333333, "rank": 658 }, { "id": "sha256:70a9fb9fa1e5fe25", "key": "RW-3572 / 38028125 / #7", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1346314034 } ], "first_seen": 1346314034, "last_checked": 1346314034, "page_id": 38028125, "revid": 1346314034, "written_on": "High-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant", "doi": "10.1200/jco.1995.13.10.2483", "pmid": "7595697", "record_id": 3572, "paper_title": "High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic rescue as primary treatment for metastatic breast cancer: a randomized trial", "cited": false, "section": "Research misconduct", "where": "", "text": "At the time of the 1999 ASCO meeting, Bezwoda's 1995 and 1999 studies were the only trials supporting the use of HDC/BMT. While still at the meeting, Gabriel Hortobagyi had called for the replication of the South African study. Raymond Weiss of Georgetown University, who had also seen the presentation, and Roy Beberidge helped organize an audit of the South African's research.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "At the time of the 1999 ASCO meeting, Bezwoda's 1995 and 1999 studies were the only trials supporting the use of HDC/BMT.", "reason": "This describes the studies' historical evidentiary role under the Research misconduct heading, rather than endorsing their findings; an editor should check its own historical sources.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [ { "quote": "but his study was later discredited due to scientific misconduct, including the falsification of data.", "section": "History", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "although his study was later confirmed to have falsified data.", "section": "Funding mechanisms and litigation", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "However, Bezwoda's research work was seriously flawed, and an audit concluded that the results were essentially fabricated.", "section": "Randomised controlled trials", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Research misconduct", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Treatment details bore little resemblance to the published data.", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The Journal of Clinical Oncology retracted the 1995 paper on April 26, 2001, concluding: \"the trial was not conducted in a scientifically acceptable manner. The protocol was apparently written 9 years after the study was started and only after another study by the same investigator was to be audited. No patient signed a consent form, and there is little evidence of true randomisation.\" ASCO President Lawrence H. Einhorn called the fraud \"a stunning betrayal of public trust\".", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "the finding that the Bezwoda study was false", "section": "Status in breast cancer", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a2162536c205f503", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 38028125 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 6.033333333333333, "severity": 0.006033333333333333, "rank": 659 }, { "id": "sha256:1025d9d92b00cc09", "key": "RW-3572 / 38028125 / #8", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1346314034 } ], "first_seen": 1346314034, "last_checked": 1346314034, "page_id": 38028125, "revid": 1346314034, "written_on": "High-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant", "doi": "10.1200/jco.1995.13.10.2483", "pmid": "7595697", "record_id": 3572, "paper_title": "High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic rescue as primary treatment for metastatic breast cancer: a randomized trial", "cited": false, "section": "Status in breast cancer", "where": "", "text": "Utilization of HDC/ABMT for breast cancer decreased sharply after the negative reports revealed at the ASCO meeting in 1999. In addition, a mixture of wins and losses from litigation lawsuits over health insurance corporations' coverage of the treatment influenced the decline of the treatment, because technology assessments exhibited in court had concluded that the data did not support claims that HDC/ABMT was better than conventional therapy. Due to the decreased quality of life during and following HDC/BMT compared to that of conventional breast cancer treatment as well as the minimal extension of life, many physicians and the majority of people believe that the treatment is ineffective and too toxic. In addition, the finding that the Bezwoda study was false further drove the point that the treatment was not of significant benefit compared to standard treatment, because it was the only study that suggested a degree of recurrence-free survival benefit from HDC/BMT. The other randomized trials performed in the Netherlands and the United States, for example, all supported the opposite point: that this treatment is not a significant improvement over then-current conventional breast cancer treatment. High-dose therapy is also associated with an increase in second malignancies, including myelodysplastic syndromes and leukemias. When reflecting on the story of HDC/ABMT, especially on the widespread treatment and the lack of scientific data, many researchers and medical professionals stated that HDC/ABMT should have never been made accessible to the public without sound scientific data and conclusions; they view it as a period of shame for cancer medicine.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In addition, the finding that the Bezwoda study was false further drove the point that the treatment was not of significant benefit compared to standard treatment, because it was the only study that suggested a degree of recurrence-free survival benefit from HDC/BMT.", "reason": "This repeats a Bezwoda benefit claim while explicitly rejecting the study; an editor should check its sources because the recurrence-free survival description may concern the separate 1999 trial.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "but his study was later discredited due to scientific misconduct, including the falsification of data.", "section": "History", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "although his study was later confirmed to have falsified data.", "section": "Funding mechanisms and litigation", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "However, Bezwoda's research work was seriously flawed, and an audit concluded that the results were essentially fabricated.", "section": "Randomised controlled trials", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Research misconduct", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Treatment details bore little resemblance to the published data.", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "The Journal of Clinical Oncology retracted the 1995 paper on April 26, 2001, concluding: \"the trial was not conducted in a scientifically acceptable manner. The protocol was apparently written 9 years after the study was started and only after another study by the same investigator was to be audited. No patient signed a consent form, and there is little evidence of true randomisation.\" ASCO President Lawrence H. Einhorn called the fraud \"a stunning betrayal of public trust\".", "section": "Research misconduct", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "the finding that the Bezwoda study was false", "section": "Status in breast cancer", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a2162536c205f503", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 38028125 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 6.033333333333333, "severity": 0.006033333333333333, "rank": 660 }, { "id": "sha256:cad1f2f61e085c20", "key": "RW-62381 / 69586004 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376769230 } ], "first_seen": 1376769230, "last_checked": 1376769230, "page_id": 69586004, "revid": 1376769230, "written_on": "2022 in paleomammalogy", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-15684-8", "pmid": "35794235", "record_id": 62381, "paper_title": "Lateral palatal foramina do not indicate baleen in fossil whales", "cited": true, "section": "Artiodactyl research", "where": "list", "text": "A study on palates of living and fossil cetaceans and living terrestrial artiodactyls is published by Peredo, Pyenson & Uhem (2022), who interpret their findings as indicating that the presence of lateral palatal foramina alone cannot be used to infer the presence of baleen in mysticetes; their conclusions were subsequently contested by Ekdale et al. (2024) and the 2022 article was retracted in 2025.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "who interpret their findings as indicating that the presence of lateral palatal foramina alone cannot be used to infer the presence of baleen in mysticetes", "reason": "The item reports the paper's conclusion but explicitly identifies its subsequent contestation and retraction, rather than presenting it as an unqualified finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "their conclusions were subsequently contested by Ekdale et al. (2024) and the 2022 article was retracted in 2025.", "section": "Artiodactyl research", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3dcc9f0e99d602fa", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[197]", "others": [ "Ekdale, E. G.; El Adli, J. J.; McGowen, M. R.; Deméré, T. A.; Lanzetti, A.; Berta, A.; Springer, M. S.; Boessenecker, R. W.; Gatesy, J. (2024). \"Lateral palatal foramina are not widespread in Artiodactyla and imply baleen in extinct mysticetes\". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). 10174. Bibcode:2024NatSR..1410174E. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60673-8. PMC 11068900. PMID 38702346.", "Peredo, C. M.; Pyenson, N.; Uhen, M. D. (2025). \"Retraction Note: Lateral palatal foramina do not indicate baleen in fossil whales\". Scientific Reports. 15 (1). 5029. Bibcode:2025NatSR..15.5029P. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-88714-w. PMC 11814062. 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In December 2025, the Nature article was retracted due to errors in Uzbekistan economic data, and these two figures, among others, were corrected downward to 17% and $32 trillion, respectively.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "a study published in Nature forecast that by 2050, climate change will cause average incomes to fall by almost 20% and will cause $38 trillion of destruction each year.", "reason": "The item reports the paper's projections but explicitly identifies its retraction and revised estimates, rather than presenting the original findings as valid.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In December 2025, the Nature article was retracted due to errors in Uzbekistan economic data, and these two figures, among others, were corrected downward to 17% and $32 trillion, respectively.", "section": "Projections", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Methods", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:600bc51a812676b1", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "Nature_20240417", "marker": "[121]", "others": [ "\"Major study on catastrophic cost of climate change retracted - but revised figures remain alarming\". Euronews. 4 December 2025. 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have a superconducting transition temperature of 15 °C (59 °F) at a pressure of 267 GPa (38.7 million psi), which would have made it the highest-temperature superconductor discovered.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the central finding but explicitly identifies the paper as retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "in a Nature paper that was later retracted.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper faced criticism due to its non-standard data analysis calling into question its conclusions, and in September 2022 it was retracted by Nature.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Two years later, the paper was retracted.", "section": "Claims of superconductivity", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Criticism and retraction", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On February 15, 2022, Nature added a cautionary Editor's Note to the article, and on 26 September 26, 2022, retracted the article entirely.", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:92494bbc99b6a6dd", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Snider", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 65584884 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.6, "severity": 0.0056, "rank": 663 }, { "id": "sha256:5abe618b17498235", "key": "RW-39363 / 65584884 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358563266 } ], "first_seen": 1358563266, "last_checked": 1358563266, "page_id": 65584884, "revid": 1358563266, "written_on": "Carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z", "pmid": "33057222", "record_id": 39363, "paper_title": "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "cited": true, "section": "Claims of superconductivity", "where": "paragraph", "text": "On 14 October 2020, a paper by Elliot Snider, et al. from the Dias lab was published, claiming that carbonaceous sulfur hydride was a room-temperature superconductor.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "On 14 October 2020, a paper by Elliot Snider, et al. from the Dias lab was published, claiming that carbonaceous sulfur hydride was a room-temperature superconductor.", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the claim as publication history and explicitly states that the paper was retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "in a Nature paper that was later retracted.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper faced criticism due to its non-standard data analysis calling into question its conclusions, and in September 2022 it was retracted by Nature.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Two years later, the paper was retracted.", "section": "Claims of superconductivity", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Criticism and retraction", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On February 15, 2022, Nature added a cautionary Editor's Note to the article, and on 26 September 26, 2022, retracted the article entirely.", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:92494bbc99b6a6dd", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Snider", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 65584884 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.6, "severity": 0.0056, "rank": 664 }, { "id": "sha256:43dd17055e6864bd", "key": "RW-39363 / 65584884 / #7", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358563266 } ], "first_seen": 1358563266, "last_checked": 1358563266, "page_id": 65584884, "revid": 1358563266, "written_on": "Carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z", "pmid": "33057222", "record_id": 39363, "paper_title": "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "cited": true, "section": "Criticism and retraction", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Unavailability of the data prompted an editor's note on the original paper. additional criticism focused on the measurements of AC susceptibility used to test the superconductivity as the more definitive Meissner effect was too hard to observe at the scale of the experiments.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Unavailability of the data prompted an editor's note on the original paper. additional criticism focused on the measurements of AC susceptibility used to test the superconductivity as the more definitive Meissner effect was too hard to observe at the scale of the experiments.", "reason": "This describes criticism of the study rather than endorsing its superconductivity finding; the accompanying sources plausibly support that criticism.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "in a Nature paper that was later retracted.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper faced criticism due to its non-standard data analysis calling into question its conclusions, and in September 2022 it was retracted by Nature.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Two years later, the paper was retracted.", "section": "Claims of superconductivity", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Criticism and retraction", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On February 15, 2022, Nature added a cautionary Editor's Note to the article, and on 26 September 26, 2022, retracted the article entirely.", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:92494bbc99b6a6dd", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Snider", "marker": "[1]", "others": [ "Hirsch, J. E. (2021-09-26). \"On the ac magnetic susceptibility of a room temperature superconductor: anatomy of a probable scientific fraud\". Physica C: Superconductivity and Its Applications 1353964. arXiv:2110.12854. doi:10.1016/j.physc.2021.1353964. ISSN 0921-4534. S2CID 239194714.", "van der Marel, D.; Hirsch, J. E. (2022). \"Room-temperature superconductivity – or not ? Comment on Nature 586, 373 (2020) by E. Snider et al\". International Journal of Modern Physics B. 37 (4): 2375001. arXiv:2201.07686. doi:10.1142/S0217979223750012. S2CID 252324362." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 65584884 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.6, "severity": 0.0056, "rank": 665 }, { "id": "sha256:faa5a53921dc2108", "key": "RW-39363 / 65584884 / #8", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358563266 } ], "first_seen": 1358563266, "last_checked": 1358563266, "page_id": 65584884, "revid": 1358563266, "written_on": "Carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z", "pmid": "33057222", "record_id": 39363, "paper_title": "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "cited": true, "section": "Criticism and retraction", "where": "paragraph", "text": "On February 15, 2022, Nature added a cautionary Editor's Note to the article, and on 26 September 26, 2022, retracted the article entirely.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "On February 15, 2022, Nature added a cautionary Editor's Note to the article, and on 26 September 26, 2022, retracted the article entirely.", "reason": "This documents the editorial warning and retraction, supported by a separate report about the retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "in a Nature paper that was later retracted.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The paper faced criticism due to its non-standard data analysis calling into question its conclusions, and in September 2022 it was retracted by Nature.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Two years later, the paper was retracted.", "section": "Claims of superconductivity", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Criticism and retraction", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On February 15, 2022, Nature added a cautionary Editor's Note to the article, and on 26 September 26, 2022, retracted the article entirely.", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:92494bbc99b6a6dd", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Snider", "marker": "[1]", "others": [ "Castelvecchi, Davide (2022-09-27). \"Stunning room-temperature-superconductor claim is retracted\". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-03066-z. PMID 36171305. S2CID 252597663." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 65584884 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.6, "severity": 0.0056, "rank": 666 }, { "id": "sha256:749ec78a769ee837", "key": "RW-48932 / 65584884 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358563266 } ], "first_seen": 1358563266, "last_checked": 1358563266, "page_id": 65584884, "revid": 1358563266, "written_on": "Carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-023-05742-0", "pmid": "36890373", "record_id": 48932, "paper_title": "Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In July 2023 a second paper by the authors was retracted from Physical Review Letters due to suspected data fabrication, and in September 2023 a third paper by the authors about N-doped lutetium hydride was retracted from Nature.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "in September 2023 a third paper by the authors about N-doped lutetium hydride was retracted from Nature.", "reason": "This reports the lutetium-hydride paper's retraction, not its superconductivity finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "in September 2023 a third paper by the authors about N-doped lutetium hydride was retracted from Nature.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "By the end of 2023 two other papers from the lab had been retracted from Physical Review Letters and Nature, due to suspicions of data fabrication.", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4ce13558ac501ef5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":6", "marker": "[9]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 65584884 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.6, "severity": 0.0056, "rank": 667 }, { "id": "sha256:2eed019d90bcaef6", "key": "RW-48932 / 65584884 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1358563266 } ], "first_seen": 1358563266, "last_checked": 1358563266, "page_id": 65584884, "revid": 1358563266, "written_on": "Carbonaceous sulfur hydride", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-023-05742-0", "pmid": "36890373", "record_id": 48932, "paper_title": "Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride", "cited": true, "section": "Criticism and retraction", "where": "paragraph", "text": "By the end of 2023 two other papers from the lab had been retracted from Physical Review Letters and Nature, due to suspicions of data fabrication.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "By the end of 2023 two other papers from the lab had been retracted from Physical Review Letters and Nature, due to suspicions of data fabrication.", "reason": "This describes retractions, including the lutetium-hydride paper, rather than relying on their findings; the July news report cannot support the later Nature retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "in September 2023 a third paper by the authors about N-doped lutetium hydride was retracted from Nature.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "By the end of 2023 two other papers from the lab had been retracted from Physical Review Letters and Nature, due to suspicions of data fabrication.", "section": "Criticism and retraction", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4ce13558ac501ef5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":6", "marker": "[9]", "others": [ "Caren, Rachel (2023-07-23). \"Professor faces second paper retraction due to alleged data manipulation\". Campus Times. Retrieved 2024-04-02." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 65584884 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.6, "severity": 0.0056, "rank": 668 }, { "id": "sha256:f42715b027f2f53b", "key": "RW-32709 / 11264635 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1333743869 } ], "first_seen": 1333743869, "last_checked": 1333743869, "page_id": 11264635, "revid": 1333743869, "written_on": "Palonosetron", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006272.pub2", "pmid": "20091591", "record_id": 32709, "paper_title": "Serotonin receptor antagonists for highly emetogenic chemotherapy in adults (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Mechanism of action", "where": "paragraph", "text": "These drugs act by blocking serotonin from binding to the 5-HT3 receptor.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "These drugs act by blocking serotonin from binding to the 5-HT3 receptor.", "reason": "This is established background about the drug class, not a finding of the review comparing antiemetic efficacy; the withdrawn review should be replaced with a current source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:10ae6c387c6c3288", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Billio", "marker": "[15]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 11264635 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 22.066666666666666, "severity": 0.005516666666666667, "rank": 669 }, { "id": "sha256:e3b1d9050a85f5d8", "key": "RW-2270 / 3019986 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1364331168 } ], "first_seen": 1364331168, "last_checked": 1364331168, "page_id": 3019986, "revid": 1364331168, "written_on": "Luk Van Parijs", "doi": "10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80103-x", "pmid": "10514006", "record_id": 2270, "paper_title": "Uncoupling IL-2 signals that regulate T cell proliferation, survival, and Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death", "cited": true, "section": "Caltech papers", "where": "list", "text": "van Parijs L, Refaell Y, Lord JD, Nelson BH, Abbas AK, and Baltimore D (1999) Uncoupling IL-2 Signals that Regulate T Cell Proliferation, Survival, and Fas-Mediated Activation-Induced Cell Death. Immunity 11(3): 281-288 (1 September). PMID 10514006 (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.04.002, PMID 19382300) van Parijs L, Refaell Y, Lord JD, Nelson BH, Abbas AK, and Baltimore D (2009) Retraction: Uncoupling IL-2 Signals that Regulate T Cell Proliferation, Survival, and Fas-Mediated Activation-Induced Cell Death. Immunity 30(4): 611 (17 April).", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "van Parijs L, Refaell Y, Lord JD, Nelson BH, Abbas AK, and Baltimore D (1999) Uncoupling IL-2 Signals that Regulate T Cell Proliferation, Survival, and Fas-Mediated Activation-Induced Cell Death.", "reason": "This is a bibliographic entry in a literature-corrections list, not an assertion of the study's findings; the item also explicitly lists its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "van Parijs L, Refaell Y, Lord JD, Nelson BH, Abbas AK, and Baltimore D (2009) Retraction: Uncoupling IL-2 Signals that Regulate T Cell Proliferation, Survival, and Fas-Mediated Activation-Induced Cell Death. Immunity 30(4): 611 (17 April).", "section": "Caltech papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:62de9847b1a027a7", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 3019986 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.366666666666666, "severity": 0.005366666666666666, "rank": 670 }, { "id": "sha256:03f3cd6a6f83a557", "key": "RW-2271 / 3019986 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1364331168 } ], "first_seen": 1364331168, "last_checked": 1364331168, "page_id": 3019986, "revid": 1364331168, "written_on": "Luk Van Parijs", "doi": "10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80150-8", "pmid": "10626898", "record_id": 2271, "paper_title": "Autoimmunity as a consequence of retrovirus-mediated expression of C-FLIP in lymphocytes", "cited": true, "section": "Caltech papers", "where": "list", "text": "van Parijs L, Refaell Y, Abbas AK, and Baltimore D (1999) Autoimmunity as a Consequence of Retrovirus-Mediated Expression of C-FLIP in Lymphocytes. Immunity 11(6): 763-770 (1 December). PMID 10626898 (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.04.003, PMID 19378495) van Parijs L, Refaell Y, Abbas AK, and Baltimore D (2009) Retraction: Autoimmunity as a Consequence of Retrovirus-Mediated Expression of C-FLIP in Lymphocytes. Immunity 30(4): 612 (17 April).", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "van Parijs L, Refaell Y, Abbas AK, and Baltimore D (1999) Autoimmunity as a Consequence of Retrovirus-Mediated Expression of C-FLIP in Lymphocytes.", "reason": "This is a bibliographic listing under literature corrections, paired with its retraction, not an assertion of the paper's findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "van Parijs L, Refaell Y, Abbas AK, and Baltimore D (2009) Retraction: Autoimmunity as a Consequence of Retrovirus-Mediated Expression of C-FLIP in Lymphocytes. Immunity 30(4): 612 (17 April).", "section": "Caltech papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e173a959b5d5a5b4", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 3019986 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.366666666666666, "severity": 0.005366666666666666, "rank": 671 }, { "id": "sha256:c1076b0a0890383e", "key": "RW-2269 / 3019986 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1364331168 } ], "first_seen": 1364331168, "last_checked": 1364331168, "page_id": 3019986, "revid": 1364331168, "written_on": "Luk Van Parijs", "doi": "10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80478-1", "pmid": "9492007", "record_id": 2269, "paper_title": "The Fas/Fas ligand pathway and Bcl-2 regulate T cell responses to model self and foreign antigens", "cited": true, "section": "Harvard papers", "where": "list", "text": "van Parijs L, Peterson DA, and Abbas AK (1998) The Fas/Fas Ligand Pathway and Bcl-2 Regulate T Cell Responses to Model Self and Foreign Antigens. Immunity 8(2): 265-274 (1 February). PMID 9492007 (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.04.001, PMID 19378493) van Parijs L, Peterson DA, and Abbas AK (2009) Retraction: The Fas/Fas Ligand Pathway and Bcl-2 Regulate T Cell Responses to Model Self and Foreign Antigens. Immunity 30(4): 611 (17 April).", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "van Parijs L, Peterson DA, and Abbas AK (1998) The Fas/Fas Ligand Pathway and Bcl-2 Regulate T Cell Responses to Model Self and Foreign Antigens. Immunity 8(2): 265-274 (1 February).", "reason": "This is a bibliographic entry in a literature-corrections list, not an assertion of the paper's findings; the item also lists its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "van Parijs L, Peterson DA, and Abbas AK (2009) Retraction: The Fas/Fas Ligand Pathway and Bcl-2 Regulate T Cell Responses to Model Self and Foreign Antigens. Immunity 30(4): 611 (17 April).", "section": "Harvard papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:c29cb30d821054ad", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 3019986 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.366666666666666, "severity": 0.005366666666666666, "rank": 672 }, { "id": "sha256:d145b45ec2d3c946", "key": "RW-2288 / 3019986 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1364331168 } ], "first_seen": 1364331168, "last_checked": 1364331168, "page_id": 3019986, "revid": 1364331168, "written_on": "Luk Van Parijs", "doi": "10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00209-7", "pmid": "12932358", "record_id": 2288, "paper_title": "Autoimmunity as the consequence of a spontaneous mutation in Rasgrp1", "cited": true, "section": "MIT papers", "where": "list", "text": "Layer K, Lin G, Nencioni A, Hu W, Schmucker A, Antov AN, Li X, Takamatsu S, Chevassut T, Dower NA, Stang SL, Beier D, Buhlmann J, Bronson RT, Elkon KB, Stone JC, Van Parijs L, and Lim B (2003) Autoimmunity as the consequence of a spontaneous mutation in Rasgrp1. Immunity 19(2): 243-55 (August). PMID 12932358 (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.05.007, PMID 22808526, Retraction Watch); Open access. Fig. 6A falsified according to ORI findings of misconduct published 23 Jan 2009.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Autoimmunity as the consequence of a spontaneous mutation in Rasgrp1.", "reason": "This is a paper title in a literature-corrections list, not an assertion of its findings; the item also explicitly identifies falsified data.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "(Each correction retracts data.)", "section": "MIT papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Fig. 6A falsified according to ORI findings of misconduct published 23 Jan 2009.", "section": "MIT papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a099fe6a226db17f", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 3019986 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.366666666666666, "severity": 0.005366666666666666, "rank": 673 }, { "id": "sha256:6f2d876bc40496ab", "key": "RW-2890 / 3019986 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1364331168 } ], "first_seen": 1364331168, "last_checked": 1364331168, "page_id": 3019986, "revid": 1364331168, "written_on": "Luk Van Parijs", "doi": "10.1084/jem.186.7.1119", "pmid": "9314560", "record_id": 2890, "paper_title": "Role of interleukin 12 and costimulators in T cell anergy in vivo", "cited": true, "section": "Harvard papers", "where": "list", "text": "van Parijs L, Perez VL, Biuckians A, Maki RG, London CA, and Abbas AK (1997) Role of interleukin 12 and costimulators in T cell anergy in vivo. Journal of Experimental Medicine 186(7): 1119-28 (6 October). PMID 9314560 (Retracted, see doi:10.1084/jem.186.7.11194309r, PMID 19364884); Open access. Retraction: \"Role of interleukin 12...\" by van Parijs, L et al. Journal of Experimental Medicine published online 13 April 2009. Retraction by journal editors. Open access.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Role of interleukin 12 and costimulators in T cell anergy in vivo.", "reason": "The title appears in a bibliographic list of literature corrections, not as an assertion of the study's findings, and the item explicitly describes its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Retraction: \"Role of interleukin 12...\" by van Parijs, L et al. Journal of Experimental Medicine published online 13 April 2009. Retraction by journal editors.", "section": "Harvard papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:577f82848fd4fd65", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 3019986 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.366666666666666, "severity": 0.005366666666666666, "rank": 674 }, { "id": "sha256:abf244de87280183", "key": "RW-33075 / 15731985 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1354071677 } ], "first_seen": 1354071677, "last_checked": 1354071677, "page_id": 15731985, "revid": 1354071677, "written_on": "Post-traumatic epilepsy", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd000173", "pmid": "11687070", "record_id": 33075, "paper_title": "Antiepileptic drugs for preventing seizures following acute traumatic brain injury", "cited": true, "section": "History", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It was still thought that antiepileptic drugs could prevent epileptogeneis in the 1970s; in 1973, 60% of physicians surveyed used them to prevent PTE.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It was still thought that antiepileptic drugs could prevent epileptogeneis in the 1970s; in 1973, 60% of physicians surveyed used them to prevent PTE.", "reason": "This describes historical beliefs and prescribing practices, not the retracted review's findings about treatment efficacy; the accompanying source plausibly supports this history.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f9bea1c9e2ed2e0a", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Schierhout01", "marker": "[33]", "others": [ "Willmore LJ (1990). \"Post-traumatic epilepsy: Cellular mechanisms and implications for treatment\". Epilepsia. 31 (Supplement 3): S67–73. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05861.x. PMID 2226373. S2CID 34342615." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 15731985 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 10.7, "severity": 0.00535, "rank": 675 }, { "id": "sha256:c8b529a1ef27e10b", "key": "RW-1172 / 11318854 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362213142 } ], "first_seen": 1362213142, "last_checked": 1362213142, "page_id": 11318854, "revid": 1362213142, "written_on": "Catherine Verfaillie", "doi": "10.1152/ajpcell.00324.2008", "pmid": "19261910", "record_id": 1172, "paper_title": "Directed Differentiation of Mouse Cochlear Neural Progenitors in Vitro", "cited": true, "section": "Controversy and aftermath over stem cell falsification", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In early 2010, a third paper by the group in the American Journal of Cell Physiology was withdrawn due to \"data presented have now been shown to be unreliable.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In early 2010, a third paper by the group in the American Journal of Cell Physiology was withdrawn due to \"data presented have now been shown to be unreliable.", "reason": "This sentence reports the paper's withdrawal for unreliable data, rather than relying on its cochlear progenitor differentiation findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In early 2010, a third paper by the group in the American Journal of Cell Physiology was withdrawn due to \"data presented have now been shown to be unreliable.", "section": "Controversy and aftermath over stem cell falsification", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f7f1f256ccaf2d36", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[18]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 11318854 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.333333333333333, "severity": 0.005333333333333333, "rank": 676 }, { "id": "sha256:14c79288174d719f", "key": "RW-326 / 11318854 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362213142 } ], "first_seen": 1362213142, "last_checked": 1362213142, "page_id": 11318854, "revid": 1362213142, "written_on": "Catherine Verfaillie", "doi": "10.1182/blood.v98.9.2615", "pmid": "11675329", "record_id": 326, "paper_title": "Purification and ex vivo expansion of postnatal human marrow mesodermal progenitor cells", "cited": true, "section": "Controversy and aftermath over stem cell falsification", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The article also revealed duplication of images in a 2001 paper on blood, authored by Verfaillie's trainee, Morayma Reyes, and that a patent application for the MAPCs was licensed to a company called Athersys, based in Cleveland, Ohio.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The article also revealed duplication of images in a 2001 paper on blood, authored by Verfaillie's trainee, Morayma Reyes,", "reason": "This identifies the paper in an account of image duplication, rather than relying on its scientific findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article also revealed duplication of images in a 2001 paper on blood, authored by Verfaillie's trainee, Morayma Reyes,", "section": "Controversy and aftermath over stem cell falsification", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "A series of investigations into at least three instances of data duplication/fabrication by the University of Minnesota followed, which eventually concluded in October 2008 that Morayma Reyes had fabricated data in the 2001 paper.", "section": "Controversy and aftermath over stem cell falsification", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The panel criticized Verfaillie's laboratory for “poor scientific method and inadequate training and oversight for this research”. It contacted Blood and asked the journal to retract the paper.", "section": "Controversy and aftermath over stem cell falsification", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Manipulation of Images" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b108eb3ca9297942", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[14]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 11318854 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.333333333333333, "severity": 0.005333333333333333, "rank": 677 }, { "id": "sha256:f3a2e09d508e4a35", "key": "RW-30715 / 195522 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377992970 } ], "first_seen": 1377992970, "last_checked": 1377992970, "page_id": 195522, "revid": 1377992970, "written_on": "Gluten-free, casein-free diet", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003498.pub3", "pmid": "18425890", "record_id": 30715, "paper_title": "Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder (Pub 3)", "cited": true, "section": "Mechanism", "where": "paragraph", "text": "On this basis, Reichelt and others have proposed a gluten-free casein-free (GFCF) diet for those with autism to minimize the buildup of opiate peptides.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "On this basis, Reichelt and others have proposed a gluten-free casein-free (GFCF) diet for those with autism to minimize the buildup of opiate peptides.", "reason": "This reports the rationale for Reichelt's proposal, not an efficacy finding of the withdrawn review; a current historical source would be preferable.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.92, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0bd31742724d1763", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Cochrane2", "marker": "[2]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 195522 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 21.166666666666668, "severity": 0.005291666666666667, "rank": 678 }, { "id": "sha256:642bc11334ee0b29", "key": "RW-30715 / 195522 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377992970 } ], "first_seen": 1377992970, "last_checked": 1377992970, "page_id": 195522, "revid": 1377992970, "written_on": "Gluten-free, casein-free diet", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003498.pub3", "pmid": "18425890", "record_id": 30715, "paper_title": "Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder (Pub 3)", "cited": true, "section": "Efficacy studies", "where": "list", "text": "Autism Research Institute – The Autism Research Institute, an organization with a history of advocating unsupported hypotheses regarding autism, including that it can be caused by vaccines or treated with chelation therapy, recommends the GFCF/GFDF diet as a treatment for autism and related conditions. The organization believes that, \"Dietary intervention is a cornerstone of an evidence-based medical approach, and there is convincing empirical evidence that special diets help many with autism.\"", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The organization believes that, \"Dietary intervention is a cornerstone of an evidence-based medical approach, and there is convincing empirical evidence that special diets help many with autism.\"", "reason": "This reports the Autism Research Institute's position, not the withdrawn review's finding; the other sources plausibly document that position.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0bd31742724d1763", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "Cochrane2", "marker": "[2]", "others": [ "Tsouderos, Trine; Callahan, Patricia (Nov 22, 2009). \"Risky alternative therapies for autism have little basis in science\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 11 August 2023.", "Christison GW, Ivany K; Ivany (2006). \"Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff?\". J Dev Behav Pediatr. 27 (2 Suppl 2): S162–71. doi:10.1097/00004703-200604002-00015. PMID 16685183.", "Whiteley, Paul; Shattock, Paul; Knivsberg, Ann-Mari; Seim, Anders; Reichelt, Karl L.; Todd, Lynda; Carr, Kevin; Hooper, Malcolm (2013). \"Gluten- and casein-free dietary intervention for autism spectrum conditions\". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 6: 344. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00344. PMC 3540005. PMID 23316152." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 195522 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 21.166666666666668, "severity": 0.005291666666666667, "rank": 679 }, { "id": "sha256:eeeec3141f80ddd2", "key": "RW-23818 / 63045034 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371322144 } ], "first_seen": 1371322144, "last_checked": 1371322144, "page_id": 63045034, "revid": 1371322144, "written_on": "Paleobiota of Burmese amber", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2068-4", "pmid": "32161388", "record_id": 23818, "paper_title": "Hummingbird-sized dinosaur from the Cretaceous period of Myanmar", "cited": true, "section": "Squamata", "where": "table", "text": "Oculudentavis khaungraae Xing et al. 2020 A probable stem-squamate", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Oculudentavis khaungraae Xing et al. 2020 A probable stem-squamate", "reason": "The row records the species and its original authorship but uses a corrected squamate classification, not the retracted paper's dinosaur interpretation; the accompanying reanalysis plausibly supports that correction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f168e00a064e1b86", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "Oculudentavis2020", "marker": "[268]", "others": [ "Li, Z.-H.; Wang, W.; Hu, H.; Wang, M.; Yi, H.; Lu, J. (2020). \"Reanalysis of Oculudentavis shows it is a lizard\". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 59 (2): 95–105. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.201020." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 63045034 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.266666666666667, "severity": 0.005266666666666667, "rank": 680 }, { "id": "sha256:23c04dd9d02bd593", "key": "RW-20294 / 43124732 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378612371 } ], "first_seen": 1378612371, "last_checked": 1378612371, "page_id": 43124732, "revid": 1378612371, "written_on": "Stephen Jackson (biologist)", "doi": "10.1038/nature12201", "pmid": "23708966", "record_id": 20294, "paper_title": "KAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation couples chromatin sensing to ATM signalling", "cited": true, "section": "Paper retractions", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Cambridge made its final decision in April 2019 that the paper in Science and another in Nature (in 2013) contain fabricated data that were done by Kaidi.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Cambridge made its final decision in April 2019 that the paper in Science and another in Nature (in 2013) contain fabricated data that were done by Kaidi.", "reason": "This reports the misconduct finding about the paper, not its scientific findings, and the paragraph explicitly reports its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Kaidi additionally confessed that he had made false data in two of his research papers published with Jackson.", "section": "Paper retractions", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Cambridge made its final decision in April 2019 that the paper in Science and another in Nature (in 2013) contain fabricated data that were done by Kaidi.", "section": "Paper retractions", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The two journals simultaneously retracted the papers on 11 April 2019.", "section": "Paper retractions", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:54d075a269f7bd14", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[21]", "others": [ "Else, Holly (15 April 2019). \"Top journals retract DNA-repair studies after misconduct probe\". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00406-4. PMID 32284556." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 43124732 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.2, "severity": 0.005200000000000001, "rank": 681 }, { "id": "sha256:23eb63ad00f56f8a", "key": "RW-20293 / 43124732 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378612371 } ], "first_seen": 1378612371, "last_checked": 1378612371, "page_id": 43124732, "revid": 1378612371, "written_on": "Stephen Jackson (biologist)", "doi": "10.1126/science.1192049", "pmid": "20829486", "record_id": 20293, "paper_title": "Human SIRT6 promotes DNA end resection through CtIP deacetylation", "cited": true, "section": "Paper retractions", "where": "paragraph", "text": "On 19 August 2018, Cambridge and Jackson informed Science that the paper published in 2010 was investigated for research misconduct.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "On 19 August 2018, Cambridge and Jackson informed Science that the paper published in 2010 was investigated for research misconduct.", "reason": "This describes the misconduct investigation, not the paper's scientific findings; the paragraph explicitly reports its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Kaidi additionally confessed that he had made false data in two of his research papers published with Jackson.", "section": "Paper retractions", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 19 August 2018, Cambridge and Jackson informed Science that the paper published in 2010 was investigated for research misconduct. The journal issued an expression of concern over the article the next month. Cambridge made its final decision in April 2019 that the paper in Science and another in Nature (in 2013) contain fabricated data that were done by Kaidi. Jackson was not involved in the misdeed. The two journals simultaneously retracted the papers on 11 April 2019.", "section": "Paper retractions", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ebf7c693f3065dfb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[19]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 43124732 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.2, "severity": 0.005200000000000001, "rank": 682 }, { "id": "sha256:e3211445e7e69378", "key": "RW-19793 / 41406004 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1378270775 } ], "first_seen": 1378270775, "last_checked": 1378270775, "page_id": 41406004, "revid": 1378270775, "written_on": "Filippo Menczer", "doi": "10.1038/s41562-017-0132", "pmid": "", "record_id": 19793, "paper_title": "Limited individual attention and online virality of low-quality information", "cited": true, "section": "Research", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In a 2018 paper in Nature Human Behaviour, Menczer and coauthors used a model to show that when agents in a social networks share information under conditions of high information load and/or low attention, the correlation between quality and popularity of information in the system decreases.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In a 2018 paper in Nature Human Behaviour, Menczer and coauthors used a model to show that when agents in a social networks share information under conditions of high information load and/or low attention, the correlation between quality and popularity of information in the system decreases.", "reason": "This reports the paper's model result, but the same paragraph explicitly identifies an erroneous analysis and says the paper was retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "An erroneous analysis in the paper suggested that this effect alone would be sufficient to explain why fake news are as likely to go viral as legitimate news on Facebook. When the authors discovered the error, they retracted the paper.", "section": "Research", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:919aeaf4b52a07d0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[42]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 41406004 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.166666666666667, "severity": 0.0051666666666666675, "rank": 683 }, { "id": "sha256:557eac0d07d0e377", "key": "RW-30854 / 33392438 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362526018 } ], "first_seen": 1362526018, "last_checked": 1362526018, "page_id": 33392438, "revid": 1362526018, "written_on": "Harald Walach", "doi": "10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2659", "pmid": "34190984", "record_id": 30854, "paper_title": "Experimental Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Content in Inhaled Air With or Without Face Masks in Healthy Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "cited": true, "section": "Retracted papers", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Both papers were retracted the following month.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In June 2021, Walach published two high profile papers containing research pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic, one exaggerating the risks of vaccination, and the other concluding that children should not wear masks. Both papers were retracted the following month.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the mask paper's conclusion but explicitly states that both papers were retracted, rather than presenting that conclusion as valid.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Retracted papers", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Both papers were retracted the following month.", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The journal retracted the paper 12 days later, after the authors did not provide sufficiently convincing evidence to resolve the scientific issues raised about the study.", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Data", "Error in Materials", "Error in Methods", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0b2504e9b25d7020", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[29]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 33392438 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.133333333333334, "severity": 0.0051333333333333335, "rank": 684 }, { "id": "sha256:db073adfcc9c82b0", "key": "RW-67930 / 33392438 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362526018 } ], "first_seen": 1362526018, "last_checked": 1362526018, "page_id": 33392438, "revid": 1362526018, "written_on": "Harald Walach", "doi": "10.1016/j.jclinepi.2024.111658", "pmid": "39733973", "record_id": 67930, "paper_title": "Treatment effects in pharmacological clinical randomized controlled trials are mainly due to placebo", "cited": true, "section": "Retracted papers", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2025, a paper arguing that the placebo effect was the \"main driver of treatment effects in clinical trials\" was retracted from the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2025, a paper arguing that the placebo effect was the \"main driver of treatment effects in clinical trials\" was retracted from the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology", "reason": "The sentence reports the paper's conclusion as part of its retraction history, explicitly identifying it as retracted rather than presenting the conclusion as established fact.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2025, a paper arguing that the placebo effect was the \"main driver of treatment effects in clinical trials\" was retracted from the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Cites Retracted Work", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:50bde0f0061a34fa", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[38]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 33392438 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.133333333333334, "severity": 0.0051333333333333335, "rank": 685 }, { "id": "sha256:df5be950953d05ad", "key": "RW-48320 / 33392438 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362526018 } ], "first_seen": 1362526018, "last_checked": 1362526018, "page_id": 33392438, "revid": 1362526018, "written_on": "Harald Walach", "doi": "10.1038/s41390-022-02127-3", "pmid": "35701608", "record_id": 48320, "paper_title": "Is homeopathy effective for attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder? A meta-analysis", "cited": true, "section": "Retracted papers", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2023, another paper about the efficacy of homeopathy was retracted \"due to concerns regarding the analysis of the articles included in the meta-analysis\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2023, another paper about the efficacy of homeopathy was retracted \"due to concerns regarding the analysis of the articles included in the meta-analysis\".", "reason": "This reports the paper's retraction and its reason, without presenting any finding about homeopathy's efficacy as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Retracted papers", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2023, another paper about the efficacy of homeopathy was retracted \"due to concerns regarding the analysis of the articles included in the meta-analysis\".", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Error in Analyses", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:14d2785612486b45", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[37]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 33392438 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.133333333333334, "severity": 0.0051333333333333335, "rank": 686 }, { "id": "sha256:0f54c75c27f51da0", "key": "RW-30287 / 33392438 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362526018 } ], "first_seen": 1362526018, "last_checked": 1362526018, "page_id": 33392438, "revid": 1362526018, "written_on": "Harald Walach", "doi": "10.3390/vaccines9070693", "pmid": "34202529", "record_id": 30287, "paper_title": "The Safety of COVID-19 Vaccinations—We Should Rethink the Policy", "cited": true, "section": "Retracted papers", "where": "list", "text": "The first paper, published in Vaccines, was retracted within a week because of “misrepresentation of the COVID-19 vaccination efforts and misrepresentation of the data,” \"several errors that fundamentally affect the interpretation of the findings,\" and \"incorrect and distorted conclusions\". Five members of the editorial board of Vaccines resigned when the article was published, protesting it as \"grossly irresponsible\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The first paper, published in Vaccines, was retracted within a week because of “misrepresentation of the COVID-19 vaccination efforts and misrepresentation of the data,” \"several errors that fundamentally affect the interpretation of the findings,\" and \"incorrect and distorted conclusions\".", "reason": "The item describes the paper's retraction and controversy, rather than relying on its findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In July 2021 the university cut its ties with Walach, in response to a paper that he published in Vaccines, stating that Walach's work \"misleadingly used data to yield conclusions that are wrong and may lead to public harm.\"", "section": "Background", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Retracted papers", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In June 2021, Walach published two high profile papers containing research pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic, one exaggerating the risks of vaccination, and the other concluding that children should not wear masks. Both papers were retracted the following month.", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The first paper, published in Vaccines, was retracted within a week because of “misrepresentation of the COVID-19 vaccination efforts and misrepresentation of the data,” \"several errors that fundamentally affect the interpretation of the findings,\" and \"incorrect and distorted conclusions\".", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In a press statement, the Poznań University of Medical Sciences dissociated itself from Walach and asserted that his vaccine study \"misleadingly used data to yield conclusions that are wrong and may lead to public harm.\"", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b4425eef6804d36b", "kind": "item", "ref_name": ":0", "marker": "[30]", "others": [ "Oransky, Ivan (2 July 2021). \"Journal retracts paper claiming two deaths from COVID-19 vaccination for every three prevented cases\". Retraction Watch. Center for Scientific Integrity. Retrieved 2021-07-02.", "Wadman, Meredith (2021). \"Scientists quit journal board, protesting 'grossly irresponsible' study claiming COVID-19 vaccines kill\". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abk2629." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 33392438 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.133333333333334, "severity": 0.0051333333333333335, "rank": 687 }, { "id": "sha256:9131fdca0241cfc2", "key": "RW-30287 / 33392438 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362526018 } ], "first_seen": 1362526018, "last_checked": 1362526018, "page_id": 33392438, "revid": 1362526018, "written_on": "Harald Walach", "doi": "10.3390/vaccines9070693", "pmid": "34202529", "record_id": 30287, "paper_title": "The Safety of COVID-19 Vaccinations—We Should Rethink the Policy", "cited": false, "section": "Retracted papers", "where": "", "text": "In June 2021, Walach published two high profile papers containing research pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic, one exaggerating the risks of vaccination, and the other concluding that children should not wear masks. Both papers were retracted the following month.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In June 2021, Walach published two high profile papers containing research pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic, one exaggerating the risks of vaccination, and the other concluding that children should not wear masks. Both papers were retracted the following month.", "reason": "This summarizes the vaccine paper's claim and explicitly identifies it as exaggerated and retracted; the connection is established by the following list, though an editor should check any local footnotes.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In July 2021 the university cut its ties with Walach, in response to a paper that he published in Vaccines, stating that Walach's work \"misleadingly used data to yield conclusions that are wrong and may lead to public harm.\"", "section": "Background", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Retracted papers", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In June 2021, Walach published two high profile papers containing research pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic, one exaggerating the risks of vaccination, and the other concluding that children should not wear masks. Both papers were retracted the following month.", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The first paper, published in Vaccines, was retracted within a week because of “misrepresentation of the COVID-19 vaccination efforts and misrepresentation of the data,” \"several errors that fundamentally affect the interpretation of the findings,\" and \"incorrect and distorted conclusions\".", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In a press statement, the Poznań University of Medical Sciences dissociated itself from Walach and asserted that his vaccine study \"misleadingly used data to yield conclusions that are wrong and may lead to public harm.\"", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b4425eef6804d36b", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 33392438 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.133333333333334, "severity": 0.0051333333333333335, "rank": 688 }, { "id": "sha256:52f4dfb1031badf8", "key": "RW-23835 / 41008786 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1357721035 } ], "first_seen": 1357721035, "last_checked": 1357721035, "page_id": 41008786, "revid": 1357721035, "written_on": "Quantum Moves", "doi": "10.1038/nature17620", "pmid": "27075097", "record_id": 23835, "paper_title": "Exploring the quantum speed limit with computer games", "cited": true, "section": "History", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In April 2016, the journal Nature published an article \"Exploring the quantum speed limit with computer games\", detailing the analysis of one of the levels in Quantum Moves called BringHomeWater.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A small fraction of players found \"better solutions than the numerical optimization, albeit with imperfect fidelities\" well below the applied success criterion of 99.9%. In addition, bulk analysis of player strategies revealed a purely algorithmic \"few-parameter heuristic optimization method\", HILO, that efficiently outperformed all player results and the standard algorithm, KASS.", "reason": "These results come from the paper, but the same paragraph explicitly tells readers it was later retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article was later retracted (see below).", "section": "History", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "He subsequently discovered that the authors of the original Nature paper had made a sign error in their implementation of the benchmarked optimization algorithm, which led to the retraction of the Nature paper in July 2020.", "section": "History", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Controversy and retraction", "section": "Controversy and retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In 2020 the Nature article where the findings were presented was retracted due to major errors in calculations, deeming the results of the article false and the game untrustworthy.", "section": "Controversy and retraction", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The coordinator of the project continued presenting the data as true until 2020 where an internal investigation from the University of Aarhus discovered there were problems in the way the equations were implemented, resulting in a mistake which deemed the findings false as other scientists have claimed since the release of the article in 2016.", "section": "Controversy and retraction", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3607ccbf0d6ebe58", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":0", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 41008786 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.133333333333334, "severity": 0.0051333333333333335, "rank": 689 }, { "id": "sha256:76ff5b3c0154dde3", "key": "RW-23835 / 41008786 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1357721035 } ], "first_seen": 1357721035, "last_checked": 1357721035, "page_id": 41008786, "revid": 1357721035, "written_on": "Quantum Moves", "doi": "10.1038/nature17620", "pmid": "27075097", "record_id": 23835, "paper_title": "Exploring the quantum speed limit with computer games", "cited": true, "section": "Controversy and retraction", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2020 the Nature article where the findings were presented was retracted due to major errors in calculations, deeming the results of the article false and the game untrustworthy.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2020 the Nature article where the findings were presented was retracted due to major errors in calculations, deeming the results of the article false and the game untrustworthy.", "reason": "The sentence reports the retraction and rejection of the results rather than relying on the paper's findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article was later retracted (see below).", "section": "History", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "He subsequently discovered that the authors of the original Nature paper had made a sign error in their implementation of the benchmarked optimization algorithm, which led to the retraction of the Nature paper in July 2020.", "section": "History", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Controversy and retraction", "section": "Controversy and retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In 2020 the Nature article where the findings were presented was retracted due to major errors in calculations, deeming the results of the article false and the game untrustworthy.", "section": "Controversy and retraction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The coordinator of the project continued presenting the data as true until 2020 where an internal investigation from the University of Aarhus discovered there were problems in the way the equations were implemented, resulting in a mistake which deemed the findings false as other scientists have claimed since the release of the article in 2016.", "section": "Controversy and retraction", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3607ccbf0d6ebe58", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":0", "marker": "[5]", "others": [ "Lund, Michael; Holm, Line Tolstrup (2020-12-27). \"Forskeren bag fejlen: »Jeg er overrasket over, hvor stærke følelser vores projekt har vakt«\". Berlingske.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2022-07-17.", "Lund, Michael; Holm, Line Tolstrup (2021-01-22). \"Forsker bag fejlbehæftet artikel tog æren for at have fundet fejlen\". Berlingske.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2022-07-17." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 41008786 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 5.133333333333334, "severity": 0.0051333333333333335, "rank": 690 }, { "id": "sha256:979ea9f1ca94839e", "key": "RW-2332 / 41474822 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1353753947 } ], "first_seen": 1353753947, "last_checked": 1353753947, "page_id": 41474822, "revid": 1353753947, "written_on": "Dong-Pyou Han", "doi": "10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p362", "pmid": "24502228", "record_id": 2332, "paper_title": "Eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 that target gp41 MPER", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In December 2013, it was revealed that he had added human blood components to rabbit blood to make it appear as though a vaccine he was working on had exhibited anti-HIV activity.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In December 2013, it was revealed that he had added human blood components to rabbit blood to make it appear as though a vaccine he was working on had exhibited anti-HIV activity.", "reason": "The sentence describes fabricated vaccine activity, not a valid finding; the paper itself may not substantiate the subsequent disclosure of misconduct.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In December 2013, it was revealed that he had added human blood components to rabbit blood to make it appear as though a vaccine he was working on had exhibited anti-HIV activity.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After Han's fraud came to light, James Bradac, who oversees AIDS grants for the National Institutes of Health, called it \"the worst case of research fraud he’d seen in his more than two decades at the agency,\" according to the New York Daily News.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In June 2014, as a result of his receiving grant money due to falsified results, Han was indicted on four federal felony counts of making false statements.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "On 1 July 2015 Han was sentenced to 57 months imprisonment for fabricating and falsifying data in HIV vaccine trials.", "section": "", "position": "opening" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by ORI", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:36af4f7c2e65fa64", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[2]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 41474822 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.933333333333334, "severity": 0.004933333333333334, "rank": 691 }, { "id": "sha256:71c6464eb7aebe0a", "key": "RW-5686 / 20938232 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1268142751 } ], "first_seen": 1268142751, "last_checked": 1268142751, "page_id": 20938232, "revid": 1268142751, "written_on": "Acinonyx kurteni", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.0810435106", "pmid": "19114651", "record_id": 5686, "paper_title": "A primitive Late Pliocene cheetah, and evolution of the cheetah lineage", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "\"Acinonyx kurteni\", or the Linxia cheetah, is a discredited fossil specimen of an extinct cheetah discovered in China. The scientific name was assigned for the skull that was originally described to be that of an extinct species of cheetah, endemic to Asia during the Late Pliocene sub-epoch. It was estimated to have lived around 2.2 to 2.5 Ma BP, existing for approximately 0.3 million years.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It was estimated to have lived around 2.2 to 2.5 Ma BP, existing for approximately 0.3 million years.", "reason": "The age matches the retracted paper's estimate rather than an independently established species range; an editor should check any local sources, but this paragraph already identifies the specimen as discredited.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [ { "quote": "\"Acinonyx kurteni\", or the Linxia cheetah, is a discredited fossil specimen of an extinct cheetah discovered in China.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "After a long suspicion of the authenticity of the fossil, it was finally accepted as a forgery in 2012.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Tao Deng, Professor of Paleontology at the Institute for Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in China, upon proofreading the manuscript, noted the possible forgery of the fossil, and immediately reported this to PNAS.", "section": "Discrediting", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Qiu Zhanxiang, a global expert in mammalian craniums, also supported the claim that the skull was forged.", "section": "Discrediting", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In 2012, Deng was finally allowed access to the original fossil upon invoking the PNAS data access policy, and on examination, his primary observations were proven correct.", "section": "Discrediting", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Deng asked Mazák to retract the paper. Mazák finally conceded by stating (on 20 August 2012 in PNAS) that: “after further examination, it was determined that the fossil used in the study was a composite specimen from the late Miocene laterite and not from the early Pleistocene loess. The article is hereby retracted.”", "section": "Discrediting", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Materials" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4b419066c868ae37", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 20938232 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.633333333333334, "severity": 0.004633333333333334, "rank": 692 }, { "id": "sha256:ddd4b06d1034c25b", "key": "RW-23869 / 22791353 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360109387 } ], "first_seen": 1360109387, "last_checked": 1360109387, "page_id": 22791353, "revid": 1360109387, "written_on": "Lawrence Mead", "doi": "10.1007/s12115-020-00496-1", "pmid": "", "record_id": 23869, "paper_title": "Poverty and Culture", "cited": true, "section": "Theories on welfare and poverty", "where": "paragraph", "text": "He repeated his hypothesis that while impoverished minorities do value work, their values do not sufficiently guide their actions.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "He repeated his hypothesis that while impoverished minorities do value work, their values do not sufficiently guide their actions.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the paper's hypothesis but explicitly describes its rejection and retraction, rather than presenting it as an accepted finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "NYU issued a statement expressing its rejection of \"false, prejudicial, and stigmatizing assertions about the culture of communities of color in the United States\" in his paper.", "section": "Theories on welfare and poverty", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The journal publisher launched an investigation, and on July 31 the editor-in-chief retracted the paper and apologized for publishing it.", "section": "Theories on welfare and poverty", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:48b79b0182f28c8b", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":0", "marker": "[7]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 22791353 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.533333333333333, "severity": 0.004533333333333334, "rank": 693 }, { "id": "sha256:05d72c66bdc26a98", "key": "RW-23869 / 22791353 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360109387 } ], "first_seen": 1360109387, "last_checked": 1360109387, "page_id": 22791353, "revid": 1360109387, "written_on": "Lawrence Mead", "doi": "10.1007/s12115-020-00496-1", "pmid": "", "record_id": 23869, "paper_title": "Poverty and Culture", "cited": true, "section": "Theories on welfare and poverty", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The journal publisher launched an investigation, and on July 31 the editor-in-chief retracted the paper and apologized for publishing it.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The journal publisher launched an investigation, and on July 31 the editor-in-chief retracted the paper and apologized for publishing it.", "reason": "This sentence concerns the paper's retraction, not the validity of its findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "NYU issued a statement expressing its rejection of \"false, prejudicial, and stigmatizing assertions about the culture of communities of color in the United States\" in his paper.", "section": "Theories on welfare and poverty", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The journal publisher launched an investigation, and on July 31 the editor-in-chief retracted the paper and apologized for publishing it.", "section": "Theories on welfare and poverty", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:48b79b0182f28c8b", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":0", "marker": "[7]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 22791353 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.533333333333333, "severity": 0.004533333333333334, "rank": 694 }, { "id": "sha256:42ecc08900067064", "key": "RW-5657 / 25732046 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1365452137 } ], "first_seen": 1365452137, "last_checked": 1365452137, "page_id": 25732046, "revid": 1365452137, "written_on": "Whittemore Peterson Institute", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1006901107", "pmid": "20798047", "record_id": 5657, "paper_title": "Detection of MLV-related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors", "cited": true, "section": "Negative results", "where": "paragraph", "text": "One study, later retracted, found no XMRV but did report evidence of murine retroviral sequences in the blood of some CFS patients.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "One study, later retracted, found no XMRV but did report evidence of murine retroviral sequences in the blood of some CFS patients.", "reason": "This reports the Lo et al. finding as historical context and explicitly identifies the study as retracted, rather than endorsing its result.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "One study, later retracted, found no XMRV but did report evidence of murine retroviral sequences in the blood of some CFS patients.", "section": "Negative results", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Results Not Reproducible" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:7b49281a83e7fbe5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Lo", "marker": "[66]", "others": [ "Martin Enserink (27 August 2010). \"CFS: New XMRV paper looks good, skeptics admit—yet doubts linger\". Science. 329 (5995): 1000. Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1000E. doi:10.1126/science.329.5995.1000. PMID 20798285." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 25732046 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.466666666666667, "severity": 0.0044666666666666665, "rank": 695 }, { "id": "sha256:b4775b76f701a772", "key": "RW-492 / 25732046 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1365452137 } ], "first_seen": 1365452137, "last_checked": 1365452137, "page_id": 25732046, "revid": 1365452137, "written_on": "Whittemore Peterson Institute", "doi": "10.1126/science.1179052", "pmid": "19815723", "record_id": 492, "paper_title": "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A report by WPI scientists of an association between CFS and XMRV was forcibly retracted by the journal Science when the results could not be replicated, and it was discovered that XMRV was a laboratory-created recombinant of two mouse viruses.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A report by WPI scientists of an association between CFS and XMRV was forcibly retracted by the journal Science when the results could not be replicated, and it was discovered that XMRV was a laboratory-created recombinant of two mouse viruses.", "reason": "The sentence explicitly describes the report as retracted rather than endorsing its association claim.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A report by WPI scientists of an association between CFS and XMRV was forcibly retracted by the journal Science when the results could not be replicated, and it was discovered that XMRV was a laboratory-created recombinant of two mouse viruses.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Immediately after the Science paper publication, Patrick Moore and Masahiro Shuda wrote a highly critical F1000 dissent pointing out basic errors in the paper's methods, results and conclusions, \"...this manuscript has flaws that leave the reader unsure of knowing precisely what was measured\".", "section": "Science publication and response", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In September 2011, the original authors published a \"Partial Retraction\" of their 2009 findings, in which they acknowledged that \"some of the CFS peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) DNA preparations are contaminated with XMRV plasmid DNA.\" In December 2011, Science retracted the 2009 paper.", "section": "Science publication and response", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Virologist John Coffin, who had previously expressed optimism about the initial WPI data, declared, \"It's all contamination.\"", "section": "Contamination", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The editors at Science in May 2011 requested that the authors of the 2009 Lombardi et al. study retract the article due to many independent studies that did not find an association of XMRV with CFS, and studies that have presented data showing contaminated laboratory reagents may have led to false positive results.", "section": "Controversial statements and criticism", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The editor-in-chief of the journal Science subsequently published an expression of concern, \"Because the validity of the study by Lombardi et al. is now seriously in question\". In December 2011, Science retracted the 2009 paper.", "section": "Controversial statements and criticism", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Contamination of Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:35df66cf089ec893", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid19815723", "marker": "[10]", "others": [ "Sam Kean (15 Jan 2010). \"An Indefatigable Debate Over Chronic Fatigue Syndrome\". Science. 327 (5963): 254–255. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..254K. doi:10.1126/science.327.5963.254. PMID 20075217.", "Powers, Lenita (13 January 2010). \"Reno researchers dispute British challenge to virus discovery\". Reno Gazette-Journal. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2010.", "Alberts, B (2011). \"Retraction\". Science. 334 (6063): 1636. Bibcode:2011Sci...334.1636A. doi:10.1126/science.334.6063.1636-a. PMID 22194552.", "Menéndez-Arias L (January 2011). \"Evidence and controversies on the role of XMRV in prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome\". Rev. Med. Virol. 21 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1002/rmv.673. PMID 21294212. S2CID 45289501.", "Weiss, Robin A (2010). \"A cautionary tale of virus and disease\". BMC Biology. 8 124. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-124. PMC 2946284. PMID 20920148.", "\"A fight over the cause of a mysterious disease\". The Economist. UK. 7 January 2010.", "Boseley, Sarah (6 January 2010). \"Research casts doubt over US chronic fatigue virus claim. UK study fails to find proof of headline-grabbing American study into test for ME/CFS\". The Guardian. UK.", "Tsouderos, Trine (6 May 2011). \"New study on potential link between XMRV and chronic fatigue syndrome finds, again, nothing\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2011-05-10.", "Delviks-Frankenberry, K; Cingöz, O; Coffin, JM; Pathak, VK (2012). \"Recombinant origin, contamination, and de-discovery of XMRV\". Current Opinion in Virology. 2 (4): 499–507. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2012.06.009. PMC 3426297. PMID 22818188.", "Smith RA (December 2010). \"Contamination of clinical specimens with MLV-encoding nucleic acids: implications for XMRV and other candidate human retroviruses\" (PDF). Retrovirology. 7 (1) 112. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-7-112. PMC 3022688. PMID 21171980.", "Cohen, J. (2011). \"More Negative Data for Link Between Mouse Virus and Human Disease\". Science. 331 (6022): 1253–1254. Bibcode:2011Sci...331.1253C. doi:10.1126/science.331.6022.1253. PMID 21393520." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 25732046 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.466666666666667, "severity": 0.0044666666666666665, "rank": 696 }, { "id": "sha256:e71aab998910ba76", "key": "RW-492 / 25732046 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1365452137 } ], "first_seen": 1365452137, "last_checked": 1365452137, "page_id": 25732046, "revid": 1365452137, "written_on": "Whittemore Peterson Institute", "doi": "10.1126/science.1179052", "pmid": "19815723", "record_id": 492, "paper_title": "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "cited": true, "section": "Organization and mission", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Lombardi, a biochemist, along with Harvey Whittemore, co-founded RedLabs USA, Inc., now Viral Immune Pathology Diagnostics (VIP Dx).", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Vincent Lombardi, first author of the 2009 Science paper, was appointed as Research Director in March 2011.", "reason": "The paper plausibly supports Lombardi's authorship, not the nearby organizational claims; this is biographical information independent of its findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A report by WPI scientists of an association between CFS and XMRV was forcibly retracted by the journal Science when the results could not be replicated, and it was discovered that XMRV was a laboratory-created recombinant of two mouse viruses.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Immediately after the Science paper publication, Patrick Moore and Masahiro Shuda wrote a highly critical F1000 dissent pointing out basic errors in the paper's methods, results and conclusions, \"...this manuscript has flaws that leave the reader unsure of knowing precisely what was measured\".", "section": "Science publication and response", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "In September 2011, the original authors published a \"Partial Retraction\" of their 2009 findings, in which they acknowledged that \"some of the CFS peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) DNA preparations are contaminated with XMRV plasmid DNA.\" In December 2011, Science retracted the 2009 paper.", "section": "Science publication and response", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Virologist John Coffin, who had previously expressed optimism about the initial WPI data, declared, \"It's all contamination.\"", "section": "Contamination", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The editors at Science in May 2011 requested that the authors of the 2009 Lombardi et al. study retract the article due to many independent studies that did not find an association of XMRV with CFS, and studies that have presented data showing contaminated laboratory reagents may have led to false positive results.", "section": "Controversial statements and criticism", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The editor-in-chief of the journal Science subsequently published an expression of concern, \"Because the validity of the study by Lombardi et al. is now seriously in question\". In December 2011, Science retracted the 2009 paper.", "section": "Controversial statements and criticism", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Contamination of Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:35df66cf089ec893", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid19815723", "marker": "[10]", "others": [ "WPI: \"Research Profiles\"" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 25732046 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.466666666666667, "severity": 0.0044666666666666665, "rank": 697 }, { "id": "sha256:0b52784181b5f6ca", "key": "RW-492 / 25732046 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1365452137 } ], "first_seen": 1365452137, "last_checked": 1365452137, "page_id": 25732046, "revid": 1365452137, "written_on": "Whittemore Peterson Institute", "doi": "10.1126/science.1179052", "pmid": "19815723", "record_id": 492, "paper_title": "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "cited": false, "section": "Blood supply safety", "where": "", "text": "Mikovits has stated that XMRV has \"almost certainly entered the U.S. blood supply system, but did not know whether it would be susceptible to the same heat treatments that successfully kill off the AIDS virus in blood products.\" The Wall Street Journal has reported that WPI and other laboratories are participating in a United States federal working group to determine the prevalence of XMRV in the blood supply and the suitability of different detection methods. The WPI is also collecting blood from CFS patients who received their diagnosis after a blood transfusion and are planning to conduct their own study on XMRV blood transmission. The association between XMRV and CFS reported in Science prompted Health Canada, the New Zealand Blood Service, and The Australian Red Cross Blood Service to restrict individuals with CFS from donating blood in 2010. In June 2010, the American Association of Blood Banks recommended actively discouraging persons diagnosed with CFS from donating blood or blood components. Similar action was taken in Norway in December 2010, when the Norwegian health agency Helsedirektoratet issued a letter of caution to all the blood banks.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The association between XMRV and CFS reported in Science prompted Health Canada, the New Zealand Blood Service, and The Australian Red Cross Blood Service to restrict individuals with CFS from donating blood in 2010.", "reason": "This repeats the paper's association as the historical trigger for policy changes, rather than evidence that the association is true; an editor should verify the paragraph's sources for that historical connection.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A report by WPI scientists of an association between CFS and XMRV was forcibly retracted by the journal Science when the results could not be replicated, and it was discovered that XMRV was a laboratory-created recombinant of two mouse viruses.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Immediately after the Science paper publication, Patrick Moore and Masahiro Shuda wrote a highly critical F1000 dissent pointing out basic errors in the paper's methods, results and conclusions, \"...this manuscript has flaws that leave the reader unsure of knowing precisely what was measured\".", "section": "Science publication and response", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In September 2011, the original authors published a \"Partial Retraction\" of their 2009 findings, in which they acknowledged that \"some of the CFS peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) DNA preparations are contaminated with XMRV plasmid DNA.\" In December 2011, Science retracted the 2009 paper.", "section": "Science publication and response", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Virologist John Coffin, who had previously expressed optimism about the initial WPI data, declared, \"It's all contamination.\"", "section": "Contamination", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The editors at Science in May 2011 requested that the authors of the 2009 Lombardi et al. study retract the article due to many independent studies that did not find an association of XMRV with CFS, and studies that have presented data showing contaminated laboratory reagents may have led to false positive results.", "section": "Controversial statements and criticism", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The editor-in-chief of the journal Science subsequently published an expression of concern, \"Because the validity of the study by Lombardi et al. is now seriously in question\". In December 2011, Science retracted the 2009 paper.", "section": "Controversial statements and criticism", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Civil Proceedings", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Contamination of Materials", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:35df66cf089ec893", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 25732046 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.466666666666667, "severity": 0.0044666666666666665, "rank": 698 }, { "id": "sha256:04aaa967a0ac3043", "key": "RW-6090 / 11588159 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1341261152 } ], "first_seen": 1341261152, "last_checked": 1341261152, "page_id": 11588159, "revid": 1341261152, "written_on": "Brad Bushman", "doi": "10.1177/0093650212446622", "pmid": "", "record_id": 6090, "paper_title": "Boom, Headshot!: Effect of Video Game Play and Controller Type on Firing Aim and Accuracy", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2016, a paper co-authored by Bushman and his graduate student, Jodi Whitaker, was retracted by Communication Research.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2016, a paper co-authored by Bushman and his graduate student, Jodi Whitaker, was retracted by Communication Research.", "reason": "The sentence reports the paper's retraction, not its findings about firing aim and accuracy.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2016, a paper co-authored by Bushman and his graduate student, Jodi Whitaker, was retracted by Communication Research. The retraction came after Patrick Markey, a Villanova University psychologist, pointed out irregularities in some of the paper's data.", "section": "", "position": "opening" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Objections by Third Party", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8b1032acc222a42b", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[10]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 11588159 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.433333333333334, "severity": 0.004433333333333333, "rank": 699 }, { "id": "sha256:da93c44ab622deda", "key": "RW-3030 / 10841641 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375851211 } ], "first_seen": 1375851211, "last_checked": 1375851211, "page_id": 10841641, "revid": 1375851211, "written_on": "Antonio Arnaiz-Villena", "doi": "10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00288-9", "pmid": "11543891", "record_id": 3030, "paper_title": "The origin of Palestinians and their genetic relatedness with other Mediterranean populations", "cited": true, "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Arnaiz-Villena's research gained much attention following the publication of a paper on the genetic history of Jews and Palestinians, which he co-authored in the journal Human Immunology in 2001.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The research results, which concluded that there are strong genetic ties between Israeli Jews and Palestinians, were controversial because of their political implications, as well as what some readers perceived to be political undertones in the article.", "reason": "This reports the paper's central finding, but the same paragraph explicitly says the article was withdrawn.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Following a large number of complaints, the article was withdrawn from the journal and deleted from the scientific archive.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Academics who had already received a copy of the journal were urged to \"physically remove\" the article pages in a move that had no precedent in research publishing.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Andrew Goffey, a senior lecturer at Middlesex University, England, observing that \"it was conceded that the article had not been removed on the basis of its scientific evidence,\" failed to find anything offensive in the paper.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Objections by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:30959c8683487fb1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "vil-palestinians", "marker": "[10]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 10841641 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.4, "severity": 0.0044, "rank": 700 }, { "id": "sha256:9a3d685ba0443bed", "key": "RW-3030 / 10841641 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375851211 } ], "first_seen": 1375851211, "last_checked": 1375851211, "page_id": 10841641, "revid": 1375851211, "written_on": "Antonio Arnaiz-Villena", "doi": "10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00288-9", "pmid": "11543891", "record_id": 3030, "paper_title": "The origin of Palestinians and their genetic relatedness with other Mediterranean populations", "cited": true, "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Following a large number of complaints, the article was withdrawn from the journal and deleted from the scientific archive.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Following a large number of complaints, the article was withdrawn from the journal and deleted from the scientific archive.", "reason": "The citation documents the paper's withdrawal rather than relying on its scientific findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Following a large number of complaints, the article was withdrawn from the journal and deleted from the scientific archive.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Academics who had already received a copy of the journal were urged to \"physically remove\" the article pages in a move that had no precedent in research publishing.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Andrew Goffey, a senior lecturer at Middlesex University, England, observing that \"it was conceded that the article had not been removed on the basis of its scientific evidence,\" failed to find anything offensive in the paper.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Objections by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:30959c8683487fb1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "vil-palestinians", "marker": "[10]", "others": [ "\"The Origin of Palestinians and Their Genetic Relatedness With Other Mediterranean Populations\". Retrieved 21 February 2011.", "Suciu-Foca N, Lewis R (October 2001). \"Editorial. Anthropology and genetic markers\". Hum. Immunol. 62 (10): 1063. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00350-0. PMID 11600210." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 10841641 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.4, "severity": 0.0044, "rank": 701 }, { "id": "sha256:829a27eb33c8c047", "key": "RW-3030 / 10841641 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375851211 } ], "first_seen": 1375851211, "last_checked": 1375851211, "page_id": 10841641, "revid": 1375851211, "written_on": "Antonio Arnaiz-Villena", "doi": "10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00288-9", "pmid": "11543891", "record_id": 3030, "paper_title": "The origin of Palestinians and their genetic relatedness with other Mediterranean populations", "cited": true, "section": "Greeks and Sub-Saharans", "where": "paragraph", "text": "However they used the same methodology (same gene markers) and same data samples like Arnaiz-Villena et al.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "However they used the same methodology (same gene markers) and same data samples like Arnaiz-Villena et al.", "reason": "This compares methods and samples rather than using the retracted paper's findings as evidence; the cited studies plausibly document the comparison.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Following a large number of complaints, the article was withdrawn from the journal and deleted from the scientific archive.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Academics who had already received a copy of the journal were urged to \"physically remove\" the article pages in a move that had no precedent in research publishing.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Andrew Goffey, a senior lecturer at Middlesex University, England, observing that \"it was conceded that the article had not been removed on the basis of its scientific evidence,\" failed to find anything offensive in the paper.", "section": "Jews and Palestinians", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Objections by Third Party" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:30959c8683487fb1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "vil-palestinians", "marker": "[10]", "others": [ "Arnaiz-Villena A, Dimitroski K, Pacho A, et al. (February 2001). \"HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks\". Tissue Antigens. 57 (2): 118–27. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057002118.x. PMID 11260506. S2CID 652188.", "Hajjej A, Hmida S, Kaabi H, et al. (2006). \"HLA genes in Southern Tunisians (Ghannouch area) and their relationship with other Mediterraneans\". European Journal of Medical Genetics. 49 (1): 43–56. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2005.01.001. PMID 16473309.", "Hajjej A, Sellami MH, Kaabi H, et al. (March 2011). \"HLA class I and class II polymorphisms in Tunisian Berbers\". Ann. Hum. Biol. 38 (2): 156–64. doi:10.3109/03014460.2010.504195. PMID 20666704. S2CID 11669724." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 10841641 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.4, "severity": 0.0044, "rank": 702 }, { "id": "sha256:cfe8007f8deb4613", "key": "RW-1994 / 37514688 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1334179158 } ], "first_seen": 1334179158, "last_checked": 1334179158, "page_id": 37514688, "revid": 1334179158, "written_on": "Psychology of dance", "doi": "10.1038/nature04344", "pmid": "16372008", "record_id": 1994, "paper_title": "Dance Reveals Symmetry Especially in Young Men", "cited": true, "section": "Symmetry", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This study was retracted in 2013 at the request of one of its authors after noticing an inconsistency between the data sheets.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Symmetrical dancers were rated as significantly better than others, but female symmetry accounted for less than it did in males. Female evaluators more strongly preferred symmetrical male dancers than male evaluators, while there was no gender difference in ratings of female dancers. Lower FA male evaluators were less likely to prefer dances performed by symmetrical females.", "reason": "These sentences report the paper's symmetry and dance-rating findings, but the same paragraph explicitly identifies the study as retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "This study was retracted in 2013 at the request of one of its authors after noticing an inconsistency between the data sheets.", "section": "Symmetry", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Author Unresponsive", "Error in Data", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b7eef43a93939970", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Brown", "marker": "[23]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 37514688 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.333333333333333, "severity": 0.004333333333333333, "rank": 703 }, { "id": "sha256:ded6e3b9a7db504c", "key": "RW-4036 / 40766872 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1366809278 } ], "first_seen": 1366809278, "last_checked": 1366809278, "page_id": 40766872, "revid": 1366809278, "written_on": "Opioid excess theory", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "Wakefield study", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In this paper, which has since been retracted, Wakefield et al. speculated that food-derived peptides \"may exert central-opioid effects, directly or through the formation of ligands with peptidase enzymes required for breakdown of endogenous central-nervous-system opioids, leading to disruption of normal neuroregulation and brain development by endogenous encephalins and endorphins\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In this paper, which has since been retracted, Wakefield et al. speculated that food-derived peptides \"may exert central-opioid effects, directly or through the formation of ligands with peptidase enzymes required for breakdown of endogenous central-nervous-system opioids, leading to disruption of normal neuroregulation and brain development by endogenous encephalins and endorphins\".", "reason": "The speculation is reported as part of the history of a paper explicitly identified here as retracted, not as an accepted finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 1998, a fraudulent paper by Andrew Wakefield was published in The Lancet presenting apparent evidence of a link between the MMR vaccine, gastrointestinal disease and autism.", "section": "Wakefield study", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In this paper, which has since been retracted,", "section": "Wakefield study", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ca977111f2bef9cb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[6]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 40766872 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.266666666666667, "severity": 0.004266666666666667, "rank": 704 }, { "id": "sha256:c4c855a1bdac8e5c", "key": "RW-3604 / 38992861 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1320316183 } ], "first_seen": 1320316183, "last_checked": 1320316183, "page_id": 38992861, "revid": 1320316183, "written_on": "Food and Chemical Toxicology", "doi": "10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.005", "pmid": "22999595", "record_id": 3604, "paper_title": "Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize", "cited": true, "section": "Controversies", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In September 2012 F&CT was the original journal which published the paper in question in the Séralini affair.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In September 2012 F&CT was the original journal which published the paper in question in the Séralini affair.", "reason": "This states the paper's publication history, not its findings, and the paragraph explicitly notes its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In November 2013 the publisher (Elsevier) then retracted it, however, only for it to be republished by Environmental Sciences Europe in June 2014.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Complaints about Author", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:f7d6f8455f74de9c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Seralini2012", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 38992861 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.166666666666667, "severity": 0.0041666666666666675, "rank": 705 }, { "id": "sha256:2370550cda0ee173", "key": "RW-24346 / 21316108 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1335824531 } ], "first_seen": 1335824531, "last_checked": 1335824531, "page_id": 21316108, "revid": 1335824531, "written_on": "Canada's Stonehenge", "doi": "10.1139/p90-116", "pmid": "", "record_id": 24346, "paper_title": "Kinetics of nonhomogeneous processes in human society: Unethical behaviour and societal chaos", "cited": true, "section": "Academic reaction", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 1990, Freeman published a paper in the Canadian Journal of Physics entitled \"Kinetics of non homogenous processes in human society: unethical behaviour and societal chaos\" in which he argued - without evidence - that “women who work outside the home contribute to the moral degeneration of their children.”", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 1990, Freeman published a paper in the Canadian Journal of Physics entitled \"Kinetics of non homogenous processes in human society: unethical behaviour and societal chaos\" in which he argued - without evidence - that “women who work outside the home contribute to the moral degeneration of their children.”", "reason": "The paragraph reports the paper's claim as unsupported and explicitly identifies its retraction, rather than presenting its conclusion as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "without evidence", "section": "Academic reaction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "This article was not retracted until 2020.", "section": "Academic reaction", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In its retraction statement, the journal notes that \"Information was gathered in an unethical and unscientific manner, data are incomplete, and the conclusions are unsupported.\"", "section": "Academic reaction", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Ethical Violations by Author", "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d34e8a1592395915", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[8]", "others": [ "\"How diversity makes science work better\". 18 September 2017." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 21316108 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.066666666666666, "severity": 0.004066666666666666, "rank": 706 }, { "id": "sha256:f16a1bf310ac08b3", "key": "RW-72834 / 83702260 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377999486 } ], "first_seen": 1377999486, "last_checked": 1377999486, "page_id": 83702260, "revid": 1377999486, "written_on": "Geng Hongwei", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-024-08248-5", "pmid": "39567688", "record_id": 72834, "paper_title": "Human HDAC6 senses valine abundancy to regulate DNA damage", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "His investigations drew widespread public attention to issues of research integrity and academic oversight in Chinese higher education.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "His investigations drew widespread public attention to issues of research integrity and academic oversight in Chinese higher education.", "reason": "This concerns public attention to an academic-integrity controversy, not the paper’s findings about HDAC6, valine or DNA damage; the Science report plausibly supports it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Beginning in April 2026, he publicly challenged a series of papers published by scholars from multiple Chinese universities in Nature and its affiliated journals under Springer Nature, such as Nature Cell Biology, alleging that they contained fabricated data.", "section": "", "position": "opening" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Upgrade/Update 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Retrieved 13 June 2026.", "Zheng, Hao; Liu, Jinming; Cheng, Qi; Zhang, Qianping; Zhang, Yaoyao; Jiang, Lingyu; Huang, Yan; Li, Wenlei; Zhao, Yanping; Chen, Guo; Yu, Fan (April 2024). \"Targeted activation of ferroptosis in colorectal cancer via LGR4 targeting overcomes acquired drug resistance\". Nature Cancer. 5 (4). doi:10.1038/s43018-023-00715-8. ISSN 2662-1347. Archived from the original on 20 May 2026. Retrieved 17 May 2026.", "Liao, Dan; Zhong, Li; Yin, Junqiang; Zeng, Cuiling; Wang, Xin; Huang, Xingchuan; Chen, Jinna; Zhang, Hong; Zhang, Ruhua; Guan, Xin-Yuan; Shuai, Xintao (July 2020). \"Chromosomal translocation-derived aberrant Rab22a drives metastasis of osteosarcoma\". Nature Cell Biology. 22 (7). doi:10.1038/s41556-020-0522-z. ISSN 1476-4679. Archived from the original on 20 May 2026. Retrieved 17 May 2026.", "Wan, Wen-Hua; Li, Pei-Lin; Cao, Wen-Jie; Li, Zheng-Xi; Xin, Yu-Qi; Wang, Jun-Cheng; Chen, Lei; Liu, Lianxin; Cai, Muyan; Zheng, Limin; Lao, Xiang-Ming (March 2026). \"THY1+ cancer stem cells drive metastasis through a pseudohypoxic state shaped by neutrophil-derived mitochondria\". Nature Cell Biology. 28 (3). doi:10.1038/s41556-026-01876-1. ISSN 1476-4679. Retrieved 17 May 2026.", "Chen, Xiao; Zhou, Dongyang; Wang, Jian; Liu, Han; Zhang, Hao; Geng, Zhen; Wang, Guangchao; Shen, Hao; Zhang, Yuanwei; Li, Zuhao; Wang, Dongliang (February 2026). \"Viral glycoprotein-mimicking peptide-functionalized micelles promote drug delivery to diseased chondrocytes for osteoarthritis alleviation\". Nature Nanotechnology. 21 (2). doi:10.1038/s41565-025-02082-0. ISSN 1748-3395. Archived from the original on 29 December 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2026.", "吴斯旻 (7 May 2026). \"三名985名校\"杰青\"涉嫌论文造假，一人已被同济免职\". 第一财经. Archived from the original on 21 May 2026. Retrieved 17 May 2026." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 83702260 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 4.066666666666666, "severity": 0.004066666666666666, "rank": 707 }, { "id": "sha256:0996b39d47ecfe85", "key": "RW-21018 / 23179394 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375665217 } ], "first_seen": 1375665217, "last_checked": 1375665217, "page_id": 23179394, "revid": 1375665217, "written_on": "Ray Hilborn", "doi": "10.1016/j.marpol.2017.06.032", "pmid": "", "record_id": 21018, "paper_title": "Estimates of illegal and unreported seafood imports to Japan", "cited": true, "section": "Controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In October 2017 the NOAA Assistant Administrator for Fisheries wrote an open letter to the journal Marine Policy about a published paper co-authored by Tony J. Pitcher which suggested the U.S. exports to Japan a significant amount of seafood products from illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing (IUU).", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "a published paper co-authored by Tony J. 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Retraction Watch. Retrieved January 25, 2019." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 23179394 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.8, "severity": 0.0038, "rank": 708 }, { "id": "sha256:e0641b8e13cd2ee7", "key": "RW-24433 / 24092820 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1361530560 } ], "first_seen": 1361530560, "last_checked": 1361530560, "page_id": 24092820, "revid": 1361530560, "written_on": "Jaseng Hospital of Oriental Medicine", "doi": "10.1155/2018/4514329", "pmid": "29849490", "record_id": 24433, "paper_title": "The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Shinbaro3 Is Mediated by Downregulation of the TLR4 Signalling Pathway in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages", "cited": true, "section": "Research", "where": "list", "text": "(2018) Published research paper on 'The anti-inflammatory Effects of Shinbaro3 Is Mediated by Downregulation of the TLR4 Signalling Pathway in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages', an international journal equivalent to SCI in the field of inflammation management. The paper was later retracted at the authors request due to concerns over reliability of the experiment.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "(2018) Published research paper on 'The anti-inflammatory Effects of Shinbaro3 Is Mediated by Downregulation of the TLR4 Signalling Pathway in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages', an international journal equivalent to SCI in the field of inflammation management.", "reason": "The item lists the paper by title and explicitly acknowledges its retraction, rather than presenting its findings as established.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The paper was later retracted at the authors request due to concerns over reliability of the experiment.", "section": "Research", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:59dec9122947bf7d", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[13]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 24092820 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.6666666666666665, "severity": 0.0036666666666666666, "rank": 709 }, { "id": "sha256:34df8d2e4e4b3f4e", "key": "RW-24500 / 48037177 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360881712 } ], "first_seen": 1360881712, "last_checked": 1360881712, "page_id": 48037177, "revid": 1360881712, "written_on": "Communications in Algebra", "doi": "10.1080/00927872.2020.1791899", "pmid": "", "record_id": 24500, "paper_title": "Eight-dimensional octonion-like but associative normed division algebra", "cited": true, "section": "Controversies", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In January 2020, the journal published the paper \"Eight-dimensional octonion-like but associative normed division algebra\" by Joy Christian, whose results would contradict the statement of Hurwitz's theorem if true.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In January 2020, the journal published the paper \"Eight-dimensional octonion-like but associative normed division algebra\" by Joy Christian, whose results would contradict the statement of Hurwitz's theorem if true.", "reason": "This describes the paper and the conditional implications of its claim; the same paragraph explicitly says it was retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The paper was later retracted by the journal's editorial board.", "section": "Controversies", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Error in Methods", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Error in Text" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d73e8c983ebd9202", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "k401", "marker": "[4]", "others": [ "\"New Normed Division Algebra Found!\"." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 48037177 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.6666666666666665, "severity": 0.0036666666666666666, "rank": 710 }, { "id": "sha256:26521686a5589e0d", "key": "RW-4036 / 359027 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1355211359 } ], "first_seen": 1355211359, "last_checked": 1355211359, "page_id": 359027, "revid": 1355211359, "written_on": "1998 in science", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "Physiology and medicine", "where": "list", "text": "February 28 – Andrew Wakefield publishes a case series (subsequently partially retracted) in The Lancet of twelve children with gastroenterological and autistic spectrum disorders believed to have first presented soon after receipt of the MMR vaccine.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "February 28 – Andrew Wakefield publishes a case series (subsequently partially retracted) in The Lancet of twelve children with gastroenterological and autistic spectrum disorders believed to have first presented soon after receipt of the MMR vaccine.", "reason": "The item recounts the case series and its reported temporal association with MMR, but explicitly identifies it as subsequently partially retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "subsequently partially retracted", "section": "Physiology and medicine", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:60651f60c0132595", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[9]", "others": [ "Goldacre, Ben (2009). \"The Media's MMR Hoax\". Bad Science. London: Harper Perennial. pp. 290–331. ISBN 978-0-00-728487-0." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 359027 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.466666666666667, "severity": 0.003466666666666667, "rank": 711 }, { "id": "sha256:1b95903bef5d7d1e", "key": "RW-43747 / 66053048 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1314562759 } ], "first_seen": 1314562759, "last_checked": 1314562759, "page_id": 66053048, "revid": 1314562759, "written_on": "Mark Skidmore (economist)", "doi": "10.1186/s12879-023-07998-3", "pmid": "36694131", "record_id": 43747, "paper_title": "The role of social circle COVID-19 illness and vaccination experiences in COVID-19 vaccination decisions: an online survey of the United States population", "cited": true, "section": "Research", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In January 2023, an article authored by Skidmore appeared in the journal BMC Infectious Diseases in which Skidmore claimed that the COVID-19 vaccines had killed 278,000 people.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In January 2023, an article authored by Skidmore appeared in the journal BMC Infectious Diseases in which Skidmore claimed that the COVID-19 vaccines had killed 278,000 people.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the paper's claim but immediately identifies its retraction and the concerns underlying it, rather than presenting the finding as established fact.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Following post-publication peer-review the article was retracted by the journal, citing concerns about methodology, accuracy, and mis-statements about ethical clearance.", "section": "Research", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:09dc1132600f59c7", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 66053048 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.466666666666667, "severity": 0.003466666666666667, "rank": 712 }, { "id": "sha256:26371edead170f28", "key": "RW-36523 / 54629028 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377637721 } ], "first_seen": 1377637721, "last_checked": 1377637721, "page_id": 54629028, "revid": 1377637721, "written_on": "HD 131399", "doi": "10.1126/science.aaf9671", "pmid": "27386921", "record_id": 36523, "paper_title": "Direct imaging discovery of a Jovian exoplanet within a triple-star system", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "table", "text": "Spectral type A1V + G + K", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Spectral type A1V + G + K", "reason": "The stellar classifications are background information, not the retracted finding that the imaged object was a planet.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A Jupiter-mass planet or a low-mass brown dwarf was once thought to be orbiting the central star, but this has been ruled out.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Artist's impression of HD 131399 Ab, before it was found to be a background star.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After subsequent data published in 2022 confirmed that the object is a background star, the paper announcing the putative discovery was retracted.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8d067639b799c79d", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "Wagner", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 54629028 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.4, "severity": 0.0034, "rank": 713 }, { "id": "sha256:885eec819abc4919", "key": "RW-36523 / 54629028 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377637721 } ], "first_seen": 1377637721, "last_checked": 1377637721, "page_id": 54629028, "revid": 1377637721, "written_on": "HD 131399", "doi": "10.1126/science.aaf9671", "pmid": "27386921", "record_id": 36523, "paper_title": "Direct imaging discovery of a Jovian exoplanet within a triple-star system", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "table", "text": "Orbit", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Orbit", "reason": "The supplied citation location is only a table heading and states no orbital finding; the citation's coverage needs checking.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "needs_human", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A Jupiter-mass planet or a low-mass brown dwarf was once thought to be orbiting the central star, but this has been ruled out.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Artist's impression of HD 131399 Ab, before it was found to be a background star.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After subsequent data published in 2022 confirmed that the object is a background star, the paper announcing the putative discovery was retracted.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8d067639b799c79d", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "Wagner", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 54629028 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.4, "severity": 0.0034, "rank": 714 }, { "id": "sha256:ea03abdc44792d9f", "key": "RW-36523 / 54629028 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377637721 } ], "first_seen": 1377637721, "last_checked": 1377637721, "page_id": 54629028, "revid": 1377637721, "written_on": "HD 131399", "doi": "10.1126/science.aaf9671", "pmid": "27386921", "record_id": 36523, "paper_title": "Direct imaging discovery of a Jovian exoplanet within a triple-star system", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The brightest star, is a young A-type main-sequence star, and further out are three lower-mass stars.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The brightest star, is a young A-type main-sequence star, and further out are three lower-mass stars.", "reason": "This describes the stellar system rather than the claimed planetary discovery; the 2016 paper cannot establish the additional companion announced in 2017.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A Jupiter-mass planet or a low-mass brown dwarf was once thought to be orbiting the central star, but this has been ruled out.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Artist's impression of HD 131399 Ab, before it was found to be a background star.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After subsequent data published in 2022 confirmed that the object is a background star, the paper announcing the putative discovery was retracted.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8d067639b799c79d", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wagner", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 54629028 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.4, "severity": 0.0034, "rank": 715 }, { "id": "sha256:528b543df577254c", "key": "RW-36523 / 54629028 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377637721 } ], "first_seen": 1377637721, "last_checked": 1377637721, "page_id": 54629028, "revid": 1377637721, "written_on": "HD 131399", "doi": "10.1126/science.aaf9671", "pmid": "27386921", "record_id": 36523, "paper_title": "Direct imaging discovery of a Jovian exoplanet within a triple-star system", "cited": true, "section": "Stellar system", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The brightest star in the HD 131399 system is designated HD 131399 A. Its spectral type is A1V, and it is 2.08 times as massive as the Sun.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Its spectral type is A1V, and it is 2.08 times as massive as the Sun.", "reason": "These stellar properties are background to the planetary claim, and the later reanalysis plausibly provides independent support.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.82, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A Jupiter-mass planet or a low-mass brown dwarf was once thought to be orbiting the central star, but this has been ruled out.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Artist's impression of HD 131399 Ab, before it was found to be a background star.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After subsequent data published in 2022 confirmed that the object is a background star, the paper announcing the putative discovery was retracted.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8d067639b799c79d", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wagner", "marker": "[4]", "others": [ "Nielsen, Eric L.; et al. (2017). \"Evidence that the Directly-Imaged Planet HD 131399 Ab is a Background Star\". The Astronomical Journal. 154 (6): 218. arXiv:1705.06851. Bibcode:2017AJ....154..218N. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa8a69. S2CID 55138870." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 54629028 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.4, "severity": 0.0034, "rank": 716 }, { "id": "sha256:d0fa8a7211adec0f", "key": "RW-36523 / 54629028 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377637721 } ], "first_seen": 1377637721, "last_checked": 1377637721, "page_id": 54629028, "revid": 1377637721, "written_on": "HD 131399", "doi": "10.1126/science.aaf9671", "pmid": "27386921", "record_id": 36523, "paper_title": "Direct imaging discovery of a Jovian exoplanet within a triple-star system", "cited": true, "section": "Stellar system", "where": "paragraph", "text": "B is a G-type main-sequence star, while HD 131399 C is a K-type main-sequence star.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "B is a G-type main-sequence star, while HD 131399 C is a K-type main-sequence star.", "reason": "The classifications concern the established stars, not the retracted identification of the candidate planet.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A Jupiter-mass planet or a low-mass brown dwarf was once thought to be orbiting the central star, but this has been ruled out.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Artist's impression of HD 131399 Ab, before it was found to be a background star.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "After subsequent data published in 2022 confirmed that the object is a background star, the paper announcing the putative discovery was retracted.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8d067639b799c79d", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wagner", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 54629028 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.4, "severity": 0.0034, "rank": 717 }, { "id": "sha256:e94ec2e5ad2322de", "key": "RW-36523 / 54629028 / #7", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377637721 } ], "first_seen": 1377637721, "last_checked": 1377637721, "page_id": 54629028, "revid": 1377637721, "written_on": "HD 131399", "doi": "10.1126/science.aaf9671", "pmid": "27386921", "record_id": 36523, "paper_title": "Direct imaging discovery of a Jovian exoplanet within a triple-star system", "cited": true, "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The claimed discovery of a massive planet, named HD 131399 Ab, was announced in a paper published in the journal Science.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The claimed discovery of a massive planet, named HD 131399 Ab, was announced in a paper published in the journal Science.", "reason": "This records the publication of a claimed discovery rather than endorsing its result.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.92, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A Jupiter-mass planet or a low-mass brown dwarf was once thought to be orbiting the central star, but this has been ruled out.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Artist's impression of HD 131399 Ab, before it was found to be a background star.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "After subsequent data published in 2022 confirmed that the object is a background star, the paper announcing the putative discovery was retracted.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8d067639b799c79d", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wagner", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 54629028 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.4, "severity": 0.0034, "rank": 718 }, { "id": "sha256:419c9f7fa6e6d62e", "key": "RW-36523 / 54629028 / #8", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377637721 } ], "first_seen": 1377637721, "last_checked": 1377637721, "page_id": 54629028, "revid": 1377637721, "written_on": "HD 131399", "doi": "10.1126/science.aaf9671", "pmid": "27386921", "record_id": 36523, "paper_title": "Direct imaging discovery of a Jovian exoplanet within a triple-star system", "cited": true, "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The object was imaged using the SPHERE imager of the Very Large Telescope at the European Southern Observatory, located in the Atacama Desert of Chile, and announced in a July 2016 paper in the journal Science.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The object was imaged using the SPHERE imager of the Very Large Telescope at the European Southern Observatory, located in the Atacama Desert of Chile, and announced in a July 2016 paper in the journal Science.", "reason": "The imaging and publication history do not depend on the object's disputed planetary identity; the news report plausibly supports that history.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [ { "quote": "A Jupiter-mass planet or a low-mass brown dwarf was once thought to be orbiting the central star, but this has been ruled out.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Artist's impression of HD 131399 Ab, before it was found to be a background star.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "After subsequent data published in 2022 confirmed that the object is a background star, the paper announcing the putative discovery was retracted.", "section": "Claims of a planetary system", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8d067639b799c79d", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Wagner", "marker": "[4]", "others": [ "\"This strange new planet has three suns\". CBS News. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016." ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 54629028 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.4, "severity": 0.0034, "rank": 719 }, { "id": "sha256:346852d46ab7f35c", "key": "RW-4036 / 3988094 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1334340227 } ], "first_seen": 1334340227, "last_checked": 1334340227, "page_id": 3988094, "revid": 1334340227, "written_on": "Arthur Krigsman", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "Controversial autism research", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The term \"autistic enterocolitis\" was coined by Andrew Wakefield in 1998 after the publication of his now-retracted study in The Lancet, in which he purported an association between autistic regression, intestinal inflammation and the MMR vaccine.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The term \"autistic enterocolitis\" was coined by Andrew Wakefield in 1998 after the publication of his now-retracted study in The Lancet, in which he purported an association between autistic regression, intestinal inflammation and the MMR vaccine.", "reason": "This describes the study's claim as history and explicitly identifies the study as retracted, rather than presenting its finding as established fact.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The original study that tied the MMR vaccine to autism and GI complaints conducted by one of Krigsman's associates has been found to be fraudulent", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "his now-retracted study in The Lancet", "section": "Controversial autism research", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Andrew Wakefield, who later joined and worked with Krigsman at Thoughtful House, was found to have falsified the 1998 Lancet study, which was described as \"an elaborate fraud\".", "section": "Controversial autism research", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Third Party", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance", "Manipulation of Results", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:80ffcbc4de5b1e5c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 3988094 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.3333333333333335, "severity": 0.0033333333333333335, "rank": 720 }, { "id": "sha256:4061df492d7bd569", "key": "RW-38315 / 68376313 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1363962169 } ], "first_seen": 1363962169, "last_checked": 1363962169, "page_id": 68376313, "revid": 1363962169, "written_on": "Wellnhopterus", "doi": "10.1007/s11756-021-00841-7", "pmid": "", "record_id": 38315, "paper_title": "A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous Javelina Formation of Texas", "cited": true, "section": "\"Javelinadactylus\"", "where": "paragraph", "text": "However, in July 2022, Campos' paper was retracted due to the following reasons:", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Campos had assigned it to the subfamily Thalassodrominae within Tapejaridae, which would make \"Javelinadactylus\" the first known tapejarid from North America and would extend the range of the group to the Maastrichtian.", "reason": "The paragraph recounts Campos' classification and its implications but explicitly identifies his paper as retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article describing it, however, has now been retracted due to Campos lacking ownership of the reported data and because Andres had submitted his paper describing Wellnhopterus earlier than he did.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "However, in July 2022, Campos' paper was retracted due to the following reasons:", "section": "\"Javelinadactylus\"", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The editors have retracted this article, because the author did not have the ownership of the data reported.", "section": "\"Javelinadactylus\"", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Hebert Bruno Nascimento Campos agrees to this retraction. The online version of this article contains the full text of the retracted article as Supplementary Information.", "section": "\"Javelinadactylus\"", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Copyright Claims", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8be1c6ee4c68fb41", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "campos2021", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 68376313 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 13.333333333333334, "severity": 0.0033333333333333335, "rank": 721 }, { "id": "sha256:840531e565dcf061", "key": "RW-38315 / 68376313 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1363962169 } ], "first_seen": 1363962169, "last_checked": 1363962169, "page_id": 68376313, "revid": 1363962169, "written_on": "Wellnhopterus", "doi": "10.1007/s11756-021-00841-7", "pmid": "", "record_id": 38315, "paper_title": "A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous Javelina Formation of Texas", "cited": true, "section": "\"Javelinadactylus\"", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The online version of this article contains the full text of the retracted article as Supplementary Information.\"", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The editors have retracted this article, because the author did not have the ownership of the data reported.", "reason": "This is a quotation of the retraction notice, not reliance on the paper's scientific findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article describing it, however, has now been retracted due to Campos lacking ownership of the reported data and because Andres had submitted his paper describing Wellnhopterus earlier than he did.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "However, in July 2022, Campos' paper was retracted due to the following reasons:", "section": "\"Javelinadactylus\"", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The editors have retracted this article, because the author did not have the ownership of the data reported.", "section": "\"Javelinadactylus\"", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Hebert Bruno Nascimento Campos agrees to this retraction. The online version of this article contains the full text of the retracted article as Supplementary Information.", "section": "\"Javelinadactylus\"", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Copyright Claims", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8be1c6ee4c68fb41", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "campos2021", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 68376313 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 13.333333333333334, "severity": 0.0033333333333333335, "rank": 722 }, { "id": "sha256:81ca37e845a89311", "key": "RW-38315 / 68376313 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1363962169 } ], "first_seen": 1363962169, "last_checked": 1363962169, "page_id": 68376313, "revid": 1363962169, "written_on": "Wellnhopterus", "doi": "10.1007/s11756-021-00841-7", "pmid": "", "record_id": 38315, "paper_title": "A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous Javelina Formation of Texas", "cited": false, "section": "", "where": "", "text": "Back in July 2021, the jaw remains of Wellnhopterus had actually been given a separate genus and type species, \"Javelinadactylus sagebieli\", named and described by paleontologist Hebert Campos. He assigned it to the group Thalassodrominae. The article describing it, however, has now been retracted due to Campos lacking ownership of the reported data and because Andres had submitted his paper describing Wellnhopterus earlier than he did. As of the present day, Wellnhopterus brevirostris is the formal name of this pterosaur.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "He assigned it to the group Thalassodrominae.", "reason": "This lead paragraph repeats Campos' classification from the retracted paper, rather than an independent classification; an editor should check its footnotes, but the paragraph already explains the retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article describing it, however, has now been retracted due to Campos lacking ownership of the reported data and because Andres had submitted his paper describing Wellnhopterus earlier than he did.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "However, in July 2022, Campos' paper was retracted due to the following reasons:", "section": "\"Javelinadactylus\"", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "The editors have retracted this article, because the author did not have the ownership of the data reported.", "section": "\"Javelinadactylus\"", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Hebert Bruno Nascimento Campos agrees to this retraction. The online version of this article contains the full text of the retracted article as Supplementary Information.", "section": "\"Javelinadactylus\"", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Copyright Claims", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8be1c6ee4c68fb41", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 68376313 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 13.333333333333334, "severity": 0.0033333333333333335, "rank": 723 }, { "id": "sha256:a9c47242209005d2", "key": "RW-2237 / 43555524 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370658854 } ], "first_seen": 1370658854, "last_checked": 1370658854, "page_id": 43555524, "revid": 1370658854, "written_on": "Amy Wagers", "doi": "10.1038/nature08749", "pmid": "20110993", "record_id": 2237, "paper_title": "Systemic Signals Regulate Ageing and Rejuvenation of Blood Stem Cell Niches", "cited": true, "section": "Education and research", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Two publications involving work by a postdoctoral researcher in the Wagers lab in 2008 were retracted by their other authors, one from Nature (2010) and one from Blood (August 2008).", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Two publications involving work by a postdoctoral researcher in the Wagers lab in 2008 were retracted by their other authors, one from Nature (2010) and one from Blood (August 2008).", "reason": "The sentence reports the paper's retraction rather than presenting its findings as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Two publications involving work by a postdoctoral researcher in the Wagers lab in 2008 were retracted by their other authors, one from Nature (2010) and one from Blood (August 2008).", "section": "Education and research", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Data", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:69f493dcf74a94a0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[7]", "others": [ "Mayack, S. R.; Wagers, A. J. (2 May 2008). \"Osteolineage niche cells initiate hematopoietic stem cell mobilization\". Blood. 112 (3): 519–531. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-01-133710. PMC 2481533. PMID 18456874. (Retracted, see doi:10.1182/blood-2011-12-401125, PMID 22197880, Retraction Watch)", "Wade, Nicholas (October 14, 2010). \"3 Harvard Researchers Retract a Claim on the Aging of Stem Cells\". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 August 2018." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 43555524 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.3, "severity": 0.0033, "rank": 724 }, { "id": "sha256:f7904ebafe78f514", "key": "RW-436 / 43555524 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370658854 } ], "first_seen": 1370658854, "last_checked": 1370658854, "page_id": 43555524, "revid": 1370658854, "written_on": "Amy Wagers", "doi": "10.1182/blood-2008-01-133710", "pmid": "18456874", "record_id": 436, "paper_title": "Osteolineage niche cells initiate hematopoietic stem cell mobilization", "cited": true, "section": "Education and research", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Two publications involving work by a postdoctoral researcher in the Wagers lab in 2008 were retracted by their other authors, one from Nature (2010) and one from Blood (August 2008).", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Two publications involving work by a postdoctoral researcher in the Wagers lab in 2008 were retracted by their other authors, one from Nature (2010) and one from Blood (August 2008).", "reason": "This describes the papers' retractions without presenting the Blood paper's findings as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Two publications involving work by a postdoctoral researcher in the Wagers lab in 2008 were retracted by their other authors, one from Nature (2010) and one from Blood (August 2008).", "section": "Education and research", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by ORI", "Manipulation of Images", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:baf26787ec060ccb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "RetractBlood", "marker": "[8]", "others": [ "Mayack, Shane R.; Shadrach, Jennifer L.; Kim, Francis S.; Wagers, Amy J. (2010). \"Systemic signals regulate ageing and rejuvenation of blood stem cell niches\". Nature. 463 (7280): 495–500. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..495M. doi:10.1038/nature08749. PMID 20110993. (Retracted, see doi:10.1038/nature09474, PMID 20944751, Retraction Watch)", "Wade, Nicholas (October 14, 2010). \"3 Harvard Researchers Retract a Claim on the Aging of Stem Cells\". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 August 2018." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 43555524 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.3, "severity": 0.0033, "rank": 725 }, { "id": "sha256:696aa65c4ee798d2", "key": "RW-15632 / 37293294 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360152093 } ], "first_seen": 1360152093, "last_checked": 1360152093, "page_id": 37293294, "revid": 1360152093, "written_on": "Ulrich Lichtenthaler", "doi": "10.1002/smj.1951", "pmid": "", "record_id": 15632, "paper_title": "Integrated knowledge exploitation: The complementarity of product development and technology licensing", "cited": true, "section": "Publications controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This included publications in the Journal of Management Studies, Academy of Management Journal, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Strategic Organization, Research Policy, Strategic Management Journal, Journal of World Business, Organization Science, Journal of Business Venturing, Industrial and Corporate Change, Journal of Product Innovation Management.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Strategic Management Journal", "reason": "The paper documents a publication included in the retraction controversy; the paragraph does not state its finding about product development and technology licensing.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, this publication record collapsed when a large number of Lichtenthalers' paper were retracted after severe irregularities were discovered through investigations by different research groups, several of the affected journals, as well as commissions of WHU and the University of Mannheim.", "section": "Work", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "In 2012, a publications controversy (around a pattern of undeclared, multiple submissions resulting in parallel publication of similar papers, misrepresentation of the significance of statistical findings, and removal of variables in some of Lichtenthaler's papers despite that these variables were being reported as significant in his other papers on the same data) emerged that resulted in several of Lichtenthaler's publications being retracted.", "section": "Publications controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "This included publications in the Journal of Management Studies, Academy of Management Journal, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Strategic Organization, Research Policy, Strategic Management Journal, Journal of World Business, Organization Science, Journal of Business Venturing, Industrial and Corporate Change, Journal of Product Innovation Management.", "section": "Publications controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "By 2014, 16 of Lichtenthaler's articles had been retracted.", "section": "Publications controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d63dd7d045864976", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[13]", "others": [ "Sign In", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich; Ernst, Holger (2009). \"Technology licensing strategies: the interaction of process and content characteristics\". Strategic Organization. 7 (2): 183–221. doi:10.1177/1476127009102672. S2CID 153055427. (Retracted, see doi:10.1177/1476127012456102, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich (April 2009). \"The role of corporate technology strategy and patent portfolios in low-, medium- and high-technology firms\". Research Policy. 38 (3): 559–569. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.10.009. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.07.005, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich (February 2010). \"Determinants of proactive and reactive technology licensing: A contingency perspective\". Research Policy. 39 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2009.11.011. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.07.005, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich (October 2009). \"Product business, foreign direct investment, and licensing: Examining their relationships in international technology exploitation\". Journal of World Business. 44 (4): 407–420. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2009.01.003. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2012.08.001, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, U. (2010). \"Outward knowledge transfer: The impact of project-based organization on performance\". Industrial and Corporate Change. 19 (6): 1705–1739. doi:10.1093/icc/dtq041. (Retracted, see doi:10.1093/icc/dtt016, Retraction Watch)", "\"The Impact of Aligning Product Development and Technology Licensing: A Contingency Perspective\". Journal of Product Innovation Management. 28: 89. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00863.x. (Retracted, see doi:10.1111/jpim.12058)", "\"The Performance Implications of Dynamic Capabilities: The Case of Product Innovation\". Journal of Product Innovation Management. 38 (6): 767. 2021. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2012.00957.x. (Erratum: doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2012.00957.x, Retraction Watch. 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(Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2013.04.002, Retraction Watch)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 37293294 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.1333333333333333, "severity": 0.0031333333333333335, "rank": 727 }, { "id": "sha256:3fa5c1c62a62efd2", "key": "RW-15633 / 37293294 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360152093 } ], "first_seen": 1360152093, "last_checked": 1360152093, "page_id": 37293294, "revid": 1360152093, "written_on": "Ulrich Lichtenthaler", "doi": "10.1016/j.jwb.2009.01.003", "pmid": "", "record_id": 15633, "paper_title": "Product business, foreign direct investment, and licensing: Examining their relationships in international technology exploitation", "cited": true, "section": "Publications controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This included publications in the Journal of Management Studies, Academy of Management Journal, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Strategic Organization, Research Policy, Strategic Management Journal, Journal of World Business, Organization Science, Journal of Business Venturing, Industrial and Corporate Change, Journal of Product Innovation Management.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Journal of World Business", "reason": "The journal name identifies where a retracted publication appeared; the paragraph does not report this paper's findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, this publication record collapsed when a large number of Lichtenthalers' paper were retracted after severe irregularities were discovered through investigations by different research groups, several of the affected journals, as well as commissions of WHU and the University of Mannheim.", "section": "Work", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "In 2012, a publications controversy (around a pattern of undeclared, multiple submissions resulting in parallel publication of similar papers, misrepresentation of the significance of statistical findings, and removal of variables in some of Lichtenthaler's papers despite that these variables were being reported as significant in his other papers on the same data) emerged that resulted in several of Lichtenthaler's publications being retracted.", "section": "Publications controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5acc65cfe3bfd3e3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[14]", "others": [ "Sign In", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich; Ernst, Holger (2009). \"Technology licensing strategies: the interaction of process and content characteristics\". 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(Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2012.08.001, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, U. (2010). \"Outward knowledge transfer: The impact of project-based organization on performance\". Industrial and Corporate Change. 19 (6): 1705–1739. doi:10.1093/icc/dtq041. (Retracted, see doi:10.1093/icc/dtt016, Retraction Watch)", "\"The Impact of Aligning Product Development and Technology Licensing: A Contingency Perspective\". Journal of Product Innovation Management. 28: 89. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00863.x. (Retracted, see doi:10.1111/jpim.12058)", "\"The Performance Implications of Dynamic Capabilities: The Case of Product Innovation\". Journal of Product Innovation Management. 38 (6): 767. 2021. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2012.00957.x. (Erratum: doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2012.00957.x, Retraction Watch. 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Strategic Organization. 7 (2): 183–221. doi:10.1177/1476127009102672. S2CID 153055427. (Retracted, see doi:10.1177/1476127012456102, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich (April 2009). \"The role of corporate technology strategy and patent portfolios in low-, medium- and high-technology firms\". Research Policy. 38 (3): 559–569. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.10.009. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.07.005, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich (February 2010). \"Determinants of proactive and reactive technology licensing: A contingency perspective\". Research Policy. 39 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2009.11.011. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.07.005, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich; Ernst, Holger (2012). \"Integrated knowledge exploitation: The complementarity of product development and technology licensing\". Strategic Management Journal. 33 (5): 513–534. doi:10.1002/smj.1951. (Retracted, see doi:10.1002/smj.2015, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich (October 2009). \"Product business, foreign direct investment, and licensing: Examining their relationships in international technology exploitation\". Journal of World Business. 44 (4): 407–420. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2009.01.003. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2012.08.001, Retraction Watch)", "\"The Impact of Aligning Product Development and Technology Licensing: A Contingency Perspective\". Journal of Product Innovation Management. 28: 89. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00863.x. (Retracted, see doi:10.1111/jpim.12058)", "\"The Performance Implications of Dynamic Capabilities: The Case of Product Innovation\". Journal of Product Innovation Management. 38 (6): 767. 2021. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2012.00957.x. (Erratum: doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2012.00957.x, Retraction Watch. If the erratum has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace {{erratum|...}} with {{erratum|...|checked=yes}}.)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 37293294 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.1333333333333333, "severity": 0.0031333333333333335, "rank": 732 }, { "id": "sha256:f094421a4ca6d8f7", "key": "RW-5374 / 37293294 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360152093 } ], "first_seen": 1360152093, "last_checked": 1360152093, "page_id": 37293294, "revid": 1360152093, "written_on": "Ulrich Lichtenthaler", "doi": "10.1111/j.1540-5885.2012.00957.x", "pmid": "", "record_id": 5374, "paper_title": "The Performance Implications of Dynamic Capabilities: The Case of Product Innovation", "cited": true, "section": "Publications controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This included publications in the Journal of Management Studies, Academy of Management Journal, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Strategic Organization, Research Policy, Strategic Management Journal, Journal of World Business, Organization Science, Journal of Business Venturing, Industrial and Corporate Change, Journal of Product Innovation Management.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This included publications in the Journal of Management Studies, Academy of Management Journal, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Strategic Organization, Research Policy, Strategic Management Journal, Journal of World Business, Organization Science, Journal of Business Venturing, Industrial and Corporate Change, Journal of Product Innovation Management.", "reason": "The paper is cited as an example of a retracted publication, not as evidence for its findings about dynamic capabilities and product innovation.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, this publication record collapsed when a large number of Lichtenthalers' paper were retracted after severe irregularities were discovered through investigations by different research groups, several of the affected journals, as well as commissions of WHU and the University of Mannheim.", "section": "Work", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "In 2012, a publications controversy (around a pattern of undeclared, multiple submissions resulting in parallel publication of similar papers, misrepresentation of the significance of statistical findings, and removal of variables in some of Lichtenthaler's papers despite that these variables were being reported as significant in his other papers on the same data) emerged that resulted in several of Lichtenthaler's publications being retracted.", "section": "Publications controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "By 2014, 16 of Lichtenthaler's articles had been retracted.", "section": "Publications controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Error in Data", "Unreliable Data", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0392305811cc8ec7", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[17]", "others": [ "Sign In", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich; Ernst, Holger (2009). \"Technology licensing strategies: the interaction of process and content characteristics\". Strategic Organization. 7 (2): 183–221. doi:10.1177/1476127009102672. S2CID 153055427. (Retracted, see doi:10.1177/1476127012456102, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich (April 2009). \"The role of corporate technology strategy and patent portfolios in low-, medium- and high-technology firms\". Research Policy. 38 (3): 559–569. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.10.009. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.07.005, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich (February 2010). \"Determinants of proactive and reactive technology licensing: A contingency perspective\". Research Policy. 39 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2009.11.011. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.07.005, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich; Ernst, Holger (2012). \"Integrated knowledge exploitation: The complementarity of product development and technology licensing\". Strategic Management Journal. 33 (5): 513–534. doi:10.1002/smj.1951. (Retracted, see doi:10.1002/smj.2015, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich (October 2009). \"Product business, foreign direct investment, and licensing: Examining their relationships in international technology exploitation\". Journal of World Business. 44 (4): 407–420. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2009.01.003. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2012.08.001, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, U. (2010). \"Outward knowledge transfer: The impact of project-based organization on performance\". Industrial and Corporate Change. 19 (6): 1705–1739. doi:10.1093/icc/dtq041. (Retracted, see doi:10.1093/icc/dtt016, Retraction Watch)", "\"The Impact of Aligning Product Development and Technology Licensing: A Contingency Perspective\". Journal of Product Innovation Management. 28: 89. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00863.x. (Retracted, see doi:10.1111/jpim.12058)" ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 37293294 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.1333333333333333, "severity": 0.0031333333333333335, "rank": 733 }, { "id": "sha256:47caa0a638576c20", "key": "RW-5373 / 37293294 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360152093 } ], "first_seen": 1360152093, "last_checked": 1360152093, "page_id": 37293294, "revid": 1360152093, "written_on": "Ulrich Lichtenthaler", "doi": "10.1111/jpim.12058", "pmid": "", "record_id": 5373, "paper_title": "The Impact of Aligning Product Development and Technology Licensing: A Contingency Perspective", "cited": true, "section": "Publications controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This included publications in the Journal of Management Studies, Academy of Management Journal, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Strategic Organization, Research Policy, Strategic Management Journal, Journal of World Business, Organization Science, Journal of Business Venturing, Industrial and Corporate Change, Journal of Product Innovation Management.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This included publications in the Journal of Management Studies, Academy of Management Journal, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Strategic Organization, Research Policy, Strategic Management Journal, Journal of World Business, Organization Science, Journal of Business Venturing, Industrial and Corporate Change, Journal of Product Innovation Management.", "reason": "The paper is cited as an example of a retracted publication, not as evidence for its findings about product development and technology licensing.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, this publication record collapsed when a large number of Lichtenthalers' paper were retracted after severe irregularities were discovered through investigations by different research groups, several of the affected journals, as well as commissions of WHU and the University of Mannheim.", "section": "Work", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "In 2012, a publications controversy (around a pattern of undeclared, multiple submissions resulting in parallel publication of similar papers, misrepresentation of the significance of statistical findings, and removal of variables in some of Lichtenthaler's papers despite that these variables were being reported as significant in his other papers on the same data) emerged that resulted in several of Lichtenthaler's publications being retracted.", "section": "Publications controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "By 2014, 16 of Lichtenthaler's articles had been retracted.", "section": "Publications controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:01ea6dca1f130601", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[16]", "others": [ "Sign In", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich; Ernst, Holger (2009). \"Technology licensing strategies: the interaction of process and content characteristics\". Strategic Organization. 7 (2): 183–221. doi:10.1177/1476127009102672. S2CID 153055427. (Retracted, see doi:10.1177/1476127012456102, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich (April 2009). \"The role of corporate technology strategy and patent portfolios in low-, medium- and high-technology firms\". Research Policy. 38 (3): 559–569. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.10.009. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.07.005, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich (February 2010). \"Determinants of proactive and reactive technology licensing: A contingency perspective\". Research Policy. 39 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2009.11.011. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.07.005, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich; Ernst, Holger (2012). \"Integrated knowledge exploitation: The complementarity of product development and technology licensing\". Strategic Management Journal. 33 (5): 513–534. doi:10.1002/smj.1951. (Retracted, see doi:10.1002/smj.2015, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich (October 2009). \"Product business, foreign direct investment, and licensing: Examining their relationships in international technology exploitation\". Journal of World Business. 44 (4): 407–420. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2009.01.003. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2012.08.001, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, U. (2010). \"Outward knowledge transfer: The impact of project-based organization on performance\". Industrial and Corporate Change. 19 (6): 1705–1739. doi:10.1093/icc/dtq041. (Retracted, see doi:10.1093/icc/dtt016, Retraction Watch)", "\"The Performance Implications of Dynamic Capabilities: The Case of Product Innovation\". Journal of Product Innovation Management. 38 (6): 767. 2021. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2012.00957.x. (Erratum: doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2012.00957.x, Retraction Watch. If the erratum has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace {{erratum|...}} with {{erratum|...|checked=yes}}.)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 37293294 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.1333333333333333, "severity": 0.0031333333333333335, "rank": 734 }, { "id": "sha256:5d3fab08b659054f", "key": "RW-5141 / 37293294 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360152093 } ], "first_seen": 1360152093, "last_checked": 1360152093, "page_id": 37293294, "revid": 1360152093, "written_on": "Ulrich Lichtenthaler", "doi": "10.1177/1476127009102672", "pmid": "", "record_id": 5141, "paper_title": "Technology licensing strategies: the interaction of process and content characteristics", "cited": true, "section": "Publications controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This included publications in the Journal of Management Studies, Academy of Management Journal, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Strategic Organization, Research Policy, Strategic Management Journal, Journal of World Business, Organization Science, Journal of Business Venturing, Industrial and Corporate Change, Journal of Product Innovation Management.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Strategic Organization", "reason": "The paper is cited as an example of a publication retracted in this journal, not as evidence for its technology-licensing findings; the paragraph explicitly describes the retractions.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, this publication record collapsed when a large number of Lichtenthalers' paper were retracted after severe irregularities were discovered through investigations by different research groups, several of the affected journals, as well as commissions of WHU and the University of Mannheim.", "section": "Work", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "In 2012, a publications controversy (around a pattern of undeclared, multiple submissions resulting in parallel publication of similar papers, misrepresentation of the significance of statistical findings, and removal of variables in some of Lichtenthaler's papers despite that these variables were being reported as significant in his other papers on the same data) emerged that resulted in several of Lichtenthaler's publications being retracted. This included publications in the Journal of Management Studies, Academy of Management Journal, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Strategic Organization, Research Policy, Strategic Management Journal, Journal of World Business, Organization Science, Journal of Business Venturing, Industrial and Corporate Change, Journal of Product Innovation Management.", "section": "Publications controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "By 2014, 16 of Lichtenthaler's articles had been retracted.", "section": "Publications controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Error in Data", "Error in Text", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Notice - Limited or No Information" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:42ca203c924b7e13", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[10]", "others": [ "Sign In", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich (April 2009). \"The role of corporate technology strategy and patent portfolios in low-, medium- and high-technology firms\". Research Policy. 38 (3): 559–569. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.10.009. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.07.005, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich (February 2010). \"Determinants of proactive and reactive technology licensing: A contingency perspective\". Research Policy. 39 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2009.11.011. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.07.005, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich; Ernst, Holger (2012). \"Integrated knowledge exploitation: The complementarity of product development and technology licensing\". Strategic Management Journal. 33 (5): 513–534. doi:10.1002/smj.1951. (Retracted, see doi:10.1002/smj.2015, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, Ulrich (October 2009). \"Product business, foreign direct investment, and licensing: Examining their relationships in international technology exploitation\". Journal of World Business. 44 (4): 407–420. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2009.01.003. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2012.08.001, Retraction Watch)", "Lichtenthaler, U. (2010). \"Outward knowledge transfer: The impact of project-based organization on performance\". Industrial and Corporate Change. 19 (6): 1705–1739. doi:10.1093/icc/dtq041. (Retracted, see doi:10.1093/icc/dtt016, Retraction Watch)", "\"The Impact of Aligning Product Development and Technology Licensing: A Contingency Perspective\". Journal of Product Innovation Management. 28: 89. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00863.x. (Retracted, see doi:10.1111/jpim.12058)", "\"The Performance Implications of Dynamic Capabilities: The Case of Product Innovation\". Journal of Product Innovation Management. 38 (6): 767. 2021. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2012.00957.x. (Erratum: doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2012.00957.x, Retraction Watch. If the erratum has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace {{erratum|...}} with {{erratum|...|checked=yes}}.)" ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 37293294 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.1333333333333333, "severity": 0.0031333333333333335, "rank": 735 }, { "id": "sha256:e6f64836dc3d1b73", "key": "RW-71547 / 14755173 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372360552 } ], "first_seen": 1372360552, "last_checked": 1372360552, "page_id": 14755173, "revid": 1372360552, "written_on": "SAT1 (gene)", "doi": "10.18632/oncotarget.13582", "pmid": "27901475", "record_id": 71547, "paper_title": "Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase regulates cell growth and metastasisviaAKT/β-catenin signaling pathways in hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma cells", "cited": true, "section": "Gene", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 1992 at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Lei Xiao and several others cloned over 4000 base pairs of the region containing the coding sequence of the SAT1 gene also referred to as SSAT-1, SSAT, SAT, KFSD, DC21, KFSDX gene.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 1992 at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Lei Xiao and several others cloned over 4000 base pairs of the region containing the coding sequence of the SAT1 gene also referred to as SSAT-1, SSAT, SAT, KFSD, DC21, KFSDX gene.", "reason": "This historical cloning claim is not a finding of the retracted 2016 carcinoma study; it needs an appropriate independent source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0809643fb5026073", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 14755173 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.1, "severity": 0.0031000000000000003, "rank": 736 }, { "id": "sha256:d616921631cb93c5", "key": "RW-68223 / 39082913 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1335571895 } ], "first_seen": 1335571895, "last_checked": 1335571895, "page_id": 39082913, "revid": 1335571895, "written_on": "Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology", "doi": "10.1006/rtph.1999.1371", "pmid": "10854122", "record_id": 68223, "paper_title": "Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Herbicide Roundup and Its Active Ingredient, Glyphosate, for Humans", "cited": true, "section": "Conflicts of interest", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In December 2025, the journal retracted an influential article published in 2000 that argued that Glyphosate was not a carcinogen.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In December 2025, the journal retracted an influential article published in 2000 that argued that Glyphosate was not a carcinogen.", "reason": "The sentence reports the paper's claim as part of its retraction history, explicitly identifying it as retracted rather than presenting its conclusion as fact.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In December 2025, the journal retracted an influential article published in 2000 that argued that Glyphosate was not a carcinogen.", "section": "Conflicts of interest", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The journal's co-editor, Martin van den Berg said the retraction \"was necessary to maintain the scientific integrity of the journal\".", "section": "Conflicts of interest", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Author Unresponsive", "Bias Issues or Lack of Balance", "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement", "Conflict of Interest", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:87207f722fd5c8c0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 39082913 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.033333333333333, "severity": 0.003033333333333333, "rank": 737 }, { "id": "sha256:d5d42a09e3407f80", "key": "RW-20294 / 74856564 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372416340 } ], "first_seen": 1372416340, "last_checked": 1372416340, "page_id": 74856564, "revid": 1372416340, "written_on": "Abderrahmane Kaidi", "doi": "10.1038/nature12201", "pmid": "23708966", "record_id": 20294, "paper_title": "KAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation couples chromatin sensing to ATM signalling", "cited": true, "section": "Retraction of research papers", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The Nature paper in 2013, written with Jackson, is about the protein, lysine acetyltransferase, KAT5 that is involved in DNA damage process.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The Nature paper in 2013, written with Jackson, is about the protein, lysine acetyltransferase, KAT5 that is involved in DNA damage process.", "reason": "This describes the paper's subject under a heading explicitly identifying retracted research papers, rather than endorsing its specific findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.94, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Two articles, published one each in the journal Science (in 2010) and Nature (in 2013), were retracted simultaneously on 11 April 2019 following evidence of data fabrications.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Retraction of research papers", "section": "Retraction of research papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "During the Bristol investigation, Kaidi confessed that he had made false data in two of his research papers published from Cambridge.", "section": "Retraction of research papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Cambridge made its final decision in April 2019 that Kaidi's Science and Nature papers contain falsified data, stating:", "section": "Retraction of research papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The investigation has upheld the allegations against Dr Kaidi, who has admitted misrepresentation and fabrication of data in two papers.", "section": "Retraction of research papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 11 April 2019, the articles in Science and Nature were simultaneously retracted by the journals.", "section": "Retraction of research papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Nature commented: \"The authors cannot confirm the results in the affected figures and thus wish to retract the Article in its entirety. Both authors, Abderrahmane Kaidi and Stephen P. Jackson, agree with the Retraction.\"", "section": "Retraction of research papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:909eb9c9e2c84cce", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[21]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 74856564 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.033333333333333, "severity": 0.003033333333333333, "rank": 738 }, { "id": "sha256:225a5cd8853bd06c", "key": "RW-20293 / 74856564 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372416340 } ], "first_seen": 1372416340, "last_checked": 1372416340, "page_id": 74856564, "revid": 1372416340, "written_on": "Abderrahmane Kaidi", "doi": "10.1126/science.1192049", "pmid": "20829486", "record_id": 20293, "paper_title": "Human SIRT6 promotes DNA end resection through CtIP deacetylation", "cited": true, "section": "Retraction of research papers", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The Science paper written with Brian T. Weinert, Chunaram Choudhary and Jackson that was published in 2010 describes how sirtuin enzyme, SIRT6, mediates DNA repair.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The Science paper written with Brian T. Weinert, Chunaram Choudhary and Jackson that was published in 2010 describes how sirtuin enzyme, SIRT6, mediates DNA repair.", "reason": "This summarizes the paper's finding, but the section heading explicitly frames it as a retracted research paper rather than an accepted result.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Two articles, published one each in the journal Science (in 2010) and Nature (in 2013), were retracted simultaneously on 11 April 2019 following evidence of data fabrications.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "Retraction of research papers", "section": "Retraction of research papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "During the Bristol investigation, Kaidi confessed that he had made false data in two of his research papers published from Cambridge.", "section": "Retraction of research papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Cambridge made its final decision in April 2019 that Kaidi's Science and Nature papers contain falsified data, stating:", "section": "Retraction of research papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The investigation has upheld the allegations against Dr Kaidi, who has admitted misrepresentation and fabrication of data in two papers.", "section": "Retraction of research papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 11 April 2019, the articles in Science and Nature were simultaneously retracted by the journals.", "section": "Retraction of research papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Science announced that: \"[based on Cambridge investigation] there was falsification of research data... that the first author, Abderrahmane Kaidi, was responsible for the falsification of the data.\"", "section": "Retraction of research papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:66a90930223a4fbf", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[19]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 74856564 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 3.033333333333333, "severity": 0.003033333333333333, "rank": 739 }, { "id": "sha256:c884b6d950fef7fd", "key": "RW-4912 / 10669749 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373709807 } ], "first_seen": 1373709807, "last_checked": 1373709807, "page_id": 10669749, "revid": 1373709807, "written_on": "Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II", "doi": "10.1016/0888-7543(92)90076-5", "pmid": "1339389", "record_id": 4912, "paper_title": "Localization of the human gene for carnitine palmitoyltransferase to 1p13-p11 by nonradioactive in situ hybridization", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPT2 gene.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPT2 gene.", "reason": "This is background about the gene–enzyme relationship, not the paper's finding that the gene maps to 1p13-p11; the Entrez Gene citation plausibly supports it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Error in Image", "Error in Materials" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4742d18c19897a99", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid1339389", "marker": "[5]", "others": [ "\"Entrez Gene: CPT2 carnitine palmitoyltransferase II\"." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 10669749 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.8666666666666667, "severity": 0.0028666666666666667, "rank": 740 }, { "id": "sha256:1a6b3e95b42bf207", "key": "RW-6207 / 38501018 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360746292 } ], "first_seen": 1360746292, "last_checked": 1360746292, "page_id": 38501018, "revid": 1360746292, "written_on": "Wegman Report", "doi": "10.1016/j.csda.2007.07.021", "pmid": "", "record_id": 6207, "paper_title": "Social Networks of Author–coauthor Relationships", "cited": true, "section": "Social network analysis paper", "where": "paragraph", "text": "They concluded they had provided \"insight into the why certain fields of study may have migrated into a more politically driven framework.\"", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "They concluded they had provided \"insight into the why certain fields of study may have migrated into a more politically driven framework.\"", "reason": "This reports the paper's conclusion within a paragraph that explicitly identifies the paper as retracted, rather than presenting it as established evidence.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Wegman and Said published a paper (since retracted) in 2008 in the journal Computational Statistics & Data Analysis", "section": "Social network analysis paper", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 16 March 2011, Wegman sent an email to the journal saying that a student \"had basically copied and pasted\" work by other authors into the Wegman Report, and this text had been used in the journal paper without acknowledgement.", "section": "Social network analysis paper", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In May 2011 the journal's editor, Stanley Azen of the University of Southern California, announced that the journal was retracting the paper, because it used portions of other authors' writings without sufficient attribution.", "section": "Social network analysis paper", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Network analysis expert Kathleen Carley described it as an opinion piece which speculated that collaboration between scientists \"leads to peer review abuse. No data is provided to support this argument\".", "section": "Social network analysis paper", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "A Nature editorial commented on the implication that the plagiarised material in the retracted paper was likely to also be present in the earlier \"infamous\" Wegman Report, including allegations against Mann and his co-authors which had frequently been cited by climate-change deniers.", "section": "Disciplinary procedure", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "He said that the 2008 social network analysis paper was investigated by a separate committee which unanimously found \"that plagiarism occurred in contextual sections of the (CSDA) article, as a result of poor judgment for which Professor Wegman, as team leader, must bear responsibility\", and Wegman was to receive an \"official letter of reprimand\".", "section": "Disciplinary procedure", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Plagiarism of Text" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:78df71f245fdbe21", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[75]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 38501018 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.8666666666666667, "severity": 0.0028666666666666667, "rank": 741 }, { "id": "sha256:9483d0a5ed2f2dd6", "key": "RW-6207 / 38501018 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360746292 } ], "first_seen": 1360746292, "last_checked": 1360746292, "page_id": 38501018, "revid": 1360746292, "written_on": "Wegman Report", "doi": "10.1016/j.csda.2007.07.021", "pmid": "", "record_id": 6207, "paper_title": "Social Networks of Author–coauthor Relationships", "cited": true, "section": "Social network analysis paper", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In May 2011 the journal's editor, Stanley Azen of the University of Southern California, announced that the journal was retracting the paper, because it used portions of other authors' writings without sufficient attribution.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In May 2011 the journal's editor, Stanley Azen of the University of Southern California, announced that the journal was retracting the paper, because it used portions of other authors' writings without sufficient attribution.", "reason": "This describes the retraction and its plagiarism grounds, not a scientific finding; the accompanying ScienceInsider report plausibly supports it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Wegman and Said published a paper (since retracted) in 2008 in the journal Computational Statistics & Data Analysis", "section": "Social network analysis paper", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 16 March 2011, Wegman sent an email to the journal saying that a student \"had basically copied and pasted\" work by other authors into the Wegman Report, and this text had been used in the journal paper without acknowledgement.", "section": "Social network analysis paper", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In May 2011 the journal's editor, Stanley Azen of the University of Southern California, announced that the journal was retracting the paper, because it used portions of other authors' writings without sufficient attribution.", "section": "Social network analysis paper", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Network analysis expert Kathleen Carley described it as an opinion piece which speculated that collaboration between scientists \"leads to peer review abuse. No data is provided to support this argument\".", "section": "Social network analysis paper", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "A Nature editorial commented on the implication that the plagiarised material in the retracted paper was likely to also be present in the earlier \"infamous\" Wegman Report, including allegations against Mann and his co-authors which had frequently been cited by climate-change deniers.", "section": "Disciplinary procedure", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "He said that the 2008 social network analysis paper was investigated by a separate committee which unanimously found \"that plagiarism occurred in contextual sections of the (CSDA) article, as a result of poor judgment for which Professor Wegman, as team leader, must bear responsibility\", and Wegman was to receive an \"official letter of reprimand\".", "section": "Disciplinary procedure", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Plagiarism of Text" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:78df71f245fdbe21", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "FOOTNOTESaidWegmanSharabatiRigsby2008", "marker": "[77]", "others": [ "Kintisch 2011 Kintisch, Eli (2 June 2011), Journal Retracts Disputed Network Analysis Paper on Climate, ScienceInsider, archived from the original on 7 June 2011" ], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 38501018 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.8666666666666667, "severity": 0.0028666666666666667, "rank": 742 }, { "id": "sha256:59b98d8e4ea5e063", "key": "RW-6207 / 38501018 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360746292 } ], "first_seen": 1360746292, "last_checked": 1360746292, "page_id": 38501018, "revid": 1360746292, "written_on": "Wegman Report", "doi": "10.1016/j.csda.2007.07.021", "pmid": "", "record_id": 6207, "paper_title": "Social Networks of Author–coauthor Relationships", "cited": false, "section": "Social network analysis paper", "where": "", "text": "The manuscript of the paper had been submitted on 8 July 2007 and accepted for publication on 14 July 2007. Network analysis expert Kathleen Carley described it as an opinion piece which speculated that collaboration between scientists \"leads to peer review abuse. No data is provided to support this argument\". Wegman's student had attended a one-week course taught by Carley, thus becoming what Wegman described as the \"most knowledgeable\" of his contributors on the topic. Following the GMU inquiry, the student issued a statement that she had been \"Dr. Wegman's graduate student when I provided him with the overview of social network analysis, at his request. My draft overview was later incorporated by Dr. Wegman and his coauthors into the 2006 report. I was not an author of the report.\" She had met with a GMU misconduct committee, and said that \"My academic integrity is not being questioned.\"", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Network analysis expert Kathleen Carley described it as an opinion piece which speculated that collaboration between scientists \"leads to peer review abuse. No data is provided to support this argument\".", "reason": "This repeats the paper's collaboration claim only while explicitly identifying its lack of supporting data; an editor should check the paragraph's own source for Carley's assessment.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.93, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Wegman and Said published a paper (since retracted) in 2008 in the journal Computational Statistics & Data Analysis", "section": "Social network analysis paper", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 16 March 2011, Wegman sent an email to the journal saying that a student \"had basically copied and pasted\" work by other authors into the Wegman Report, and this text had been used in the journal paper without acknowledgement.", "section": "Social network analysis paper", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In May 2011 the journal's editor, Stanley Azen of the University of Southern California, announced that the journal was retracting the paper, because it used portions of other authors' writings without sufficient attribution.", "section": "Social network analysis paper", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Network analysis expert Kathleen Carley described it as an opinion piece which speculated that collaboration between scientists \"leads to peer review abuse. No data is provided to support this argument\".", "section": "Social network analysis paper", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "A Nature editorial commented on the implication that the plagiarised material in the retracted paper was likely to also be present in the earlier \"infamous\" Wegman Report, including allegations against Mann and his co-authors which had frequently been cited by climate-change deniers.", "section": "Disciplinary procedure", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "He said that the 2008 social network analysis paper was investigated by a separate committee which unanimously found \"that plagiarism occurred in contextual sections of the (CSDA) article, as a result of poor judgment for which Professor Wegman, as team leader, must bear responsibility\", and Wegman was to receive an \"official letter of reprimand\".", "section": "Disciplinary procedure", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author", "Plagiarism of Text" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:78df71f245fdbe21", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 38501018 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.8666666666666667, "severity": 0.0028666666666666667, "rank": 743 }, { "id": "sha256:ed4218ec7cc40dc8", "key": "RW-28315 / 53652118 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377214334 } ], "first_seen": 1377214334, "last_checked": 1377214334, "page_id": 53652118, "revid": 1377214334, "written_on": "Karen Chan", "doi": "10.1038/s41929-018-0200-8", "pmid": "", "record_id": 28315, "paper_title": "Theory-guided Sn/Cu alloying for efficient CO2 electroreduction at low overpotentials", "cited": true, "section": "Academic career", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Her work on computer simulations of the electrical double-layer and electrocatalysis has led to new ideas and understanding of, for instance, electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction, and water electrolysis.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Her work on computer simulations of the electrical double-layer and electrocatalysis has led to new ideas and understanding of, for instance, electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction, and water electrolysis.", "reason": "This is a broad description of Chan's research contributions, not a statement of the retracted paper's specific Sn/Cu alloying result; the other cited works plausibly support the description.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e82a2b457699b721", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "paper2", "marker": "[5]", "others": [ "Capdevila-Cortada, Marçal (2019). \"Taming cation effects\". Nature Catalysis. 2 (8): 641. doi:10.1038/s41929-019-0335-2. S2CID 199551497.", "Jiang, Kun; Sandberg, Robert B.; Akey, Austin J.; Liu, Xinyan; Bell, David C.; Nørskov, Jens K.; Chan, Karen; Wang, Haotian (2018). \"Metal ion cycling of Cu foil for selective C–C coupling in electrochemical CO2 reduction\". Nature Catalysis. 1 (2): 111–119. doi:10.1038/s41929-017-0009-x. OSTI 1457051. S2CID 27378249.", "Wang, Hongxia; Tzeng, Yan-Kai; Ji, Yongfei; Li, Yanbin; Li, Jun; Zheng, Xueli; Yang, Ankun; Liu, Yayuan; Gong, Yongji; Cai, Lili; Li, Yuzhang; Zhang, Xiaokun; Chen, Wei; Liu, Bofei; Lu, Haiyu; Melosh, Nicholas A.; Shen, Zhi-Xun; Chan, Karen; Tan, Tianwei; Chu, Steven; Cui, Yi (2020). \"Synergistic enhancement of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to C2 oxygenates at nitrogen-doped nanodiamonds/Cu interface\". Nature Nanotechnology. 15 (2): 131–137. Bibcode:2020NatNa..15..131W. doi:10.1038/s41565-019-0603-y. OSTI 1605382. PMID 31907442. S2CID 209896747.", "Ringe, Stefan; Morales-Guio, Carlos G.; Chen, Leanne D.; Fields, Meredith; Jaramillo, Thomas F.; Hahn, Christopher; Chan, Karen (2020). \"Double layer charging driven carbon dioxide adsorption limits the rate of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction on Gold\". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 33. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11...33R. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13777-z. PMC 6946669. PMID 31911585.", "Kibsgaard, Jakob; Tsai, Charlie; Chan, Karen; Benck, Jesse D.; Nørskov, Jens K.; Abild-Pedersen, Frank; Jaramillo, Thomas F. (2015). \"Designing an improved transition metal phosphide catalyst for hydrogen evolution using experimental and theoretical trends\". Energy & Environmental Science. 8 (10): 3022–3029. Bibcode:2015EnEnS...8.3022K. doi:10.1039/C5EE02179K.", "Xia, Chuan; Back, Seoin; Ringe, Stefan; Jiang, Kun; Chen, Fanhong; Sun, Xiaoming; Siahrostami, Samira; Chan, Karen; Wang, Haotian (2020). \"Confined local oxygen gas promotes electrochemical water oxidation to hydrogen peroxide\". Nature Catalysis. 3 (2): 125–134. doi:10.1038/s41929-019-0402-8. S2CID 209896564." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 53652118 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.8666666666666667, "severity": 0.0028666666666666667, "rank": 744 }, { "id": "sha256:a19296fb501f4c98", "key": "RW-80 / 30455822 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1257493255 } ], "first_seen": 1257493255, "last_checked": 1257493255, "page_id": 30455822, "revid": 1257493255, "written_on": "Naoki Mori (virologist)", "doi": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.105", "pmid": "18273444", "record_id": 80, "paper_title": "Downregulation of citrin, a mitochondrial AGC, is associated with apoptosis of hepatocytes", "cited": true, "section": "Research fraud", "where": "paragraph", "text": "By October 2011, 30 papers coauthored by Mori had been retracted, including five from Infection and Immunity, seven from the International Journal of Cancer, two from Blood, and one from Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications titled \"Downregulation of citrin, a mitochondrial AGC, is associated with apoptosis of hepatocytes\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "By October 2011, 30 papers coauthored by Mori had been retracted, including five from Infection and Immunity, seven from the International Journal of Cancer, two from Blood, and one from Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications titled \"Downregulation of citrin, a mitochondrial AGC, is associated with apoptosis of hepatocytes\".", "reason": "The sentence identifies the paper among Mori's retractions; its title is not presented as an accepted scientific finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Research fraud", "section": "Research fraud", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "By October 2011, 30 papers coauthored by Mori had been retracted, including five from Infection and Immunity, seven from the International Journal of Cancer, two from Blood, and one from Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications titled \"Downregulation of citrin, a mitochondrial AGC, is associated with apoptosis of hepatocytes\".", "section": "Research fraud", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image", "Falsification/Fabrication of Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Manipulation of Images", "Misconduct by Author" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:1b134e17795e0cd3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[9]", "others": [ "Marcus, Adam (12 October 2011). \"That's a Mori! Seven more retractions brings latest count to 30\". Retraction Watch.", "Marcus, Adam (10 October 2011). \"Another retraction for Naoki Mori (make that 23?)\". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 5 September 2022." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 30455822 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.8, "severity": 0.0028, "rank": 745 }, { "id": "sha256:a0635fb76b6b22fb", "key": "RW-3485 / 37185453 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377621642 } ], "first_seen": 1377621642, "last_checked": 1377621642, "page_id": 37185453, "revid": 1377621642, "written_on": "Moon Hyung-in", "doi": "10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.094", "pmid": "16413539", "record_id": 3485, "paper_title": "The effect of 2',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone on ultraviolet-induced matrix metalloproteinases-1 expression in human skin fibroblasts", "cited": true, "section": "List of retracted articles", "where": "list", "text": "FEBS Letters", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "FEBS Letters", "reason": "This journal entry occurs in a list of retracted articles and does not state any finding from the paper.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The articles were subsequently retracted when the nature of his submissions was discovered; he reportedly acknowledged falsifying data in his papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "List of retracted articles", "section": "List of retracted articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Retracted Paper: FEBS Letters 2006; 580(3): 769–774, doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.094", "section": "List of retracted articles", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Materials", "Unreliable Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:9a05c06f83f300a4", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[7]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 37185453 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.8, "severity": 0.0028, "rank": 746 }, { "id": "sha256:1d24289616ca783c", "key": "RW-2472 / 37185453 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377621642 } ], "first_seen": 1377621642, "last_checked": 1377621642, "page_id": 37185453, "revid": 1377621642, "written_on": "Moon Hyung-in", "doi": "10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.006", "pmid": "15740897", "record_id": 2472, "paper_title": "Erythrodiol-3-acetate, pentacyclic triterpenoid from Styrax japonica, expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-1,2 in cultured human skin fibroblasts.", "cited": true, "section": "List of retracted articles", "where": "list", "text": "The Journal of Ethnopharmacology", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The Journal of Ethnopharmacology", "reason": "The item identifies the journal in a list explicitly headed as retracted articles; it does not state the paper’s scientific findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The articles were subsequently retracted when the nature of his submissions was discovered; he reportedly acknowledged falsifying data in his papers.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "List of retracted articles", "section": "List of retracted articles", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Retracted Paper: Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2005; 97(3): 21: Pages 567–571, doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.006", "section": "List of retracted articles", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Error in Data", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Ethical Violations by Author" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4e492a2b4b3b345b", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[6]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 37185453 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.8, "severity": 0.0028, "rank": 747 }, { "id": "sha256:f4d1babaaf4bb2a1", "key": "RW-31688 / 33398582 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1314216559 } ], "first_seen": 1314216559, "last_checked": 1314216559, "page_id": 33398582, "revid": 1314216559, "written_on": "Atypical facial pain", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008456.pub2", "pmid": "22071849", "record_id": 31688, "paper_title": "Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "table", "text": "Other names atypical facial neuralgia, chronic idiopathic facial pain, psychogenic facial pain phantom tooth pain, psychogenic toothache, persistent dentoalveolar pain disorder", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Other names atypical facial neuralgia, chronic idiopathic facial pain, psychogenic facial pain phantom tooth pain, psychogenic toothache, persistent dentoalveolar pain disorder", "reason": "These are background names for the condition, not findings of the review of psychosocial interventions.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article cited as the source of this information was withdrawn from publication, saying the information was out of date and not meeting Cochrane methodological standards.", "section": "Prognosis", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2582f0865b2c708b", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "Aggarwal 2011", "marker": "[1]", "others": [ "Odell EW, ed. (2010). Clinical problem solving in dentistry (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 311–315. ISBN 978-0-443-06784-6.", "Scully C, Kalantzis A (2005). Oxford handbook of dental patient care (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 237, 310. ISBN 978-0-19-856623-6.", "Hargreaves KM, Cohen S, Berman LH, eds. (2010). Cohen's pathways of the pulp (10th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 55, 60. ISBN 978-0-323-06489-7.", "Zakrzewska, JM (Apr 25, 2013). \"Multi-dimensionality of chronic pain of the oral cavity and face\". The Journal of Headache and Pain. 14 (1): 37. doi:10.1186/1129-2377-14-37. PMC 3642003. PMID 23617409." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 33398582 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 11.033333333333333, "severity": 0.0027583333333333336, "rank": 748 }, { "id": "sha256:45486b8449a8e3f4", "key": "RW-31688 / 33398582 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1314216559 } ], "first_seen": 1314216559, "last_checked": 1314216559, "page_id": 33398582, "revid": 1314216559, "written_on": "Atypical facial pain", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008456.pub2", "pmid": "22071849", "record_id": 31688, "paper_title": "Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Atypical facial pain (AFP) is a type of chronic facial pain which does not fulfill any other diagnosis.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Atypical facial pain (AFP) is a type of chronic facial pain which does not fulfill any other diagnosis.", "reason": "This is a background definition rather than a finding about the efficacy of psychosocial interventions.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article cited as the source of this information was withdrawn from publication, saying the information was out of date and not meeting Cochrane methodological standards.", "section": "Prognosis", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2582f0865b2c708b", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Aggarwal 2011", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 33398582 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 11.033333333333333, "severity": 0.0027583333333333336, "rank": 749 }, { "id": "sha256:3c00cebb2f6a2418", "key": "RW-31688 / 33398582 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1314216559 } ], "first_seen": 1314216559, "last_checked": 1314216559, "page_id": 33398582, "revid": 1314216559, "written_on": "Atypical facial pain", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008456.pub2", "pmid": "22071849", "record_id": 31688, "paper_title": "Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Classification", "where": "paragraph", "text": "AFP has also been described as a medically unexplained symptom, which are thought by some to be largely psychogenic in nature.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "AFP has also been described as a medically unexplained symptom, which are thought by some to be largely psychogenic in nature.", "reason": "This describes background classification and interpretation of AFP, not the review's treatment findings; the dental handbook plausibly supports it.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article cited as the source of this information was withdrawn from publication, saying the information was out of date and not meeting Cochrane methodological standards.", "section": "Prognosis", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2582f0865b2c708b", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Aggarwal 2011", "marker": "[1]", "others": [ "Scully C, Kalantzis A (2005). Oxford handbook of dental patient care (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 237, 310. ISBN 978-0-19-856623-6." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 33398582 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 11.033333333333333, "severity": 0.0027583333333333336, "rank": 750 }, { "id": "sha256:23ab3d581d574e2b", "key": "RW-31688 / 33398582 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1314216559 } ], "first_seen": 1314216559, "last_checked": 1314216559, "page_id": 33398582, "revid": 1314216559, "written_on": "Atypical facial pain", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008456.pub2", "pmid": "22071849", "record_id": 31688, "paper_title": "Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Classification", "where": "paragraph", "text": "AFP is described as one of the 4 recognizable symptom complexes of chronic facial pain, along with burning mouth syndrome, temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) and atypical odontalgia.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "AFP is described as one of the 4 recognizable symptom complexes of chronic facial pain, along with burning mouth syndrome, temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) and atypical odontalgia.", "reason": "This is background taxonomy of chronic facial pain rather than a result of the systematic review.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article cited as the source of this information was withdrawn from publication, saying the information was out of date and not meeting Cochrane methodological standards.", "section": "Prognosis", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2582f0865b2c708b", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Aggarwal 2011", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 33398582 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 11.033333333333333, "severity": 0.0027583333333333336, "rank": 751 }, { "id": "sha256:a974a61655d189c1", "key": "RW-31688 / 33398582 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1314216559 } ], "first_seen": 1314216559, "last_checked": 1314216559, "page_id": 33398582, "revid": 1314216559, "written_on": "Atypical facial pain", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008456.pub2", "pmid": "22071849", "record_id": 31688, "paper_title": "Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Psychosocial interventions", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The over activity model involves factors such as anxiety, depression or anger acting to increase pain by triggering autonomic, visceral and skeletal activity.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Psychosocial interventions assume 2 models of chronic facial pain, namely \"inactivity\" and \"over activity\". The former is where people with pain become conditioned to avoid physical activity as a result of exacerbating their pain. These negative thoughts and behaviors in fact prolong and intensify their symptoms. Some psychosocial interventions work on this fear-avoidance behaviour to improve functioning and thereby alleviate symptoms. The over activity model involves factors such as anxiety, depression or anger acting to increase pain by triggering autonomic, visceral and skeletal activity.", "reason": "The paragraph explains theoretical background for psychosocial interventions, not findings established by this efficacy review.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article cited as the source of this information was withdrawn from publication, saying the information was out of date and not meeting Cochrane methodological standards.", "section": "Prognosis", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2582f0865b2c708b", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Aggarwal 2011", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 33398582 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 11.033333333333333, "severity": 0.0027583333333333336, "rank": 752 }, { "id": "sha256:8fb20a43ef725aeb", "key": "RW-31688 / 33398582 / #7", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1314216559 } ], "first_seen": 1314216559, "last_checked": 1314216559, "page_id": 33398582, "revid": 1314216559, "written_on": "Atypical facial pain", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd008456.pub2", "pmid": "22071849", "record_id": 31688, "paper_title": "Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain (Pub 2)", "cited": true, "section": "Prognosis", "where": "paragraph", "text": "None of the persons reported that surgery was beneficial, and in many cases the pain was worsened by surgery.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "None of the persons reported that surgery was beneficial, and in many cases the pain was worsened by surgery.", "reason": "The paragraph explicitly warns that its source was withdrawn, so it does not present the reported findings without qualification; these patient-level results are not identifiable in the supplied abstract.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article cited as the source of this information was withdrawn from publication, saying the information was out of date and not meeting Cochrane methodological standards.", "section": "Prognosis", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Retract and Replace", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2582f0865b2c708b", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Aggarwal 2011", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 33398582 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 11.033333333333333, "severity": 0.0027583333333333336, "rank": 753 }, { "id": "sha256:e32399677114203d", "key": "RW-36317 / 8399975 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362824188 } ], "first_seen": 1362824188, "last_checked": 1362824188, "page_id": 8399975, "revid": 1362824188, "written_on": "Non-mevalonate pathway", "doi": "10.1155/2014/657189", "pmid": "24864210", "record_id": 36317, "paper_title": "Exploring Drug Targets in Isoprenoid Biosynthetic Pathway for Plasmodium falciparum", "cited": true, "section": "Isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis", "where": "caption", "text": "Redrawn verbatim from the scheme of Qidwai and coworkers [Fig. 2b.].", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Redrawn verbatim from the scheme of Qidwai and coworkers [Fig. 2b.].", "reason": "This credits the source of a reproduced pathway diagram rather than asserting a finding specific to the retracted review; an unretracted source should be used for the diagram.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.92, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Plagiarism of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4d7cf442ce664467", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "QidwaiBRI14", "marker": "[9]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 8399975 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 10.966666666666667, "severity": 0.0027416666666666666, "rank": 754 }, { "id": "sha256:28256ceb7f08b573", "key": "RW-36317 / 8399975 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362824188 } ], "first_seen": 1362824188, "last_checked": 1362824188, "page_id": 8399975, "revid": 1362824188, "written_on": "Non-mevalonate pathway", "doi": "10.1155/2014/657189", "pmid": "24864210", "record_id": 36317, "paper_title": "Exploring Drug Targets in Isoprenoid Biosynthetic Pathway for Plasmodium falciparum", "cited": true, "section": "Reactions", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The reactions of the MEP pathway are as follows, taken primarily from Eisenreich and co-workers, except where the bold labels are additional local abbreviations to assist in connecting the table to the scheme above:", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The reactions of the MEP pathway are as follows, taken primarily from Eisenreich and co-workers, except where the bold labels are additional local abbreviations to assist in connecting the table to the scheme above:", "reason": "The citation connects established pathway reactions and local abbreviations to the reproduced scheme, not a finding specific to Qidwai's review; Eisenreich's review plausibly supports the reactions.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Euphemisms for Plagiarism", "Plagiarism of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4d7cf442ce664467", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "QidwaiBRI14", "marker": "[9]", "others": [ "Eisenreich W, Bacher A, Arigoni D, Rohdich F (2004). \"Biosynthesis of Isoprenoids Via the Non-mevalonate Pathway\". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 61 (12): 1401–26. doi:10.1007/s00018-004-3381-z. PMC 11138651. PMID 15197467. S2CID 24558920." ], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 8399975 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 10.966666666666667, "severity": 0.0027416666666666666, "rank": 755 }, { "id": "sha256:a8feada2d2e7106b", "key": "RW-40388 / 14798929 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1315047393 } ], "first_seen": 1315047393, "last_checked": 1315047393, "page_id": 14798929, "revid": 1315047393, "written_on": "HYAL1", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0022836", "pmid": "21829529", "record_id": 40388, "paper_title": "Upregulation of HYAL1 Expression in Breast Cancer Promoted Tumor Cell Proliferation, Migration, Invasion and Angiogenesis", "cited": true, "section": "Structure", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The enzyme is 435 amino acids long with a molecular weight of 55-60 kDa.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The enzyme is 435 amino acids long with a molecular weight of 55-60 kDa.", "reason": "These structural properties are background facts, not the paper's findings about HYAL1-driven breast cancer behavior; the purification study plausibly supports the molecular weight.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Ethical Violations by Author", "Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:8bcb5d80d4f7246a", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[8]", "others": [ "Csóka AB, Frost GI, Wong T, Stern R, Csóka TB (November 1997). \"Purification and microsequencing of hyaluronidase isozymes from human urine\". FEBS Letters. 417 (3): 307–10. Bibcode:1997FEBSL.417..307C. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(97)01309-4. PMID 9409739. S2CID 44929703." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 14798929 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.7333333333333334, "severity": 0.0027333333333333333, "rank": 756 }, { "id": "sha256:96777e1fed3bab91", "key": "RW-45066 / 68562793 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371492518 } ], "first_seen": 1371492518, "last_checked": 1371492518, "page_id": 68562793, "revid": 1371492518, "written_on": "Palaeocambarus", "doi": "10.1111/1755-6724.13780", "pmid": "", "record_id": 45066, "paper_title": "A New Species of Mongolarachnidae from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China", "cited": true, "section": "Taxonomy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2019, a supposed new species of the spider Mongolarachne, \"Mongolarachne\" chaoyangensis was described from the Yixian Formation in China.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2019, a supposed new species of the spider Mongolarachne, \"Mongolarachne\" chaoyangensis was described from the Yixian Formation in China.", "reason": "This reports the historical description; the same paragraph explicitly explains that the supposed spider was a forged crayfish specimen, rather than accepting the paper's finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, in a later publication that same year, when the specimen was subject to fluorescence microscopy, it was shown that the specimen was a forgery using specimen D3088, a specimen of Cricoidoscelosus, as a base, that had been painted to look like a spider, and as such the species was a junior synonym of Cricoidoscelosus.", "section": "Taxonomy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Results Not Reproducible", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:98ec3390386038a3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 68562793 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.6666666666666665, "severity": 0.0026666666666666666, "rank": 757 }, { "id": "sha256:348f16747f39497e", "key": "RW-4036 / 42305366 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1313850572 } ], "first_seen": 1313850572, "last_checked": 1313850572, "page_id": 42305366, "revid": 1313850572, "written_on": "List of health scares", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0", "pmid": "9500320", "record_id": 4036, "paper_title": "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children", "cited": true, "section": "MMR vaccine controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 1998, a paper, of which Andrew Wakefield was the lead author, was published in The Lancet suggesting that the MMR vaccine might cause autism.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 1998, a paper, of which Andrew Wakefield was the lead author, was published in The Lancet suggesting that the MMR vaccine might cause autism.", "reason": "The paragraph reports the paper's claim as historical context and explicitly says the hypothesis was refuted and Wakefield found guilty of scientific fraud.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Since then, many epidemiological studies have refuted this hypothesis, and Wakefield has been found guilty of scientific fraud.", "section": "MMR vaccine controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The vaccine-autism link, since it has led to declining vaccination rates and, in turn, epidemics of and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases, has been called the \"most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years.\"", "section": "MMR vaccine controversy", "position": "same section" } ], 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"27386921", "record_id": 36523, "paper_title": "Direct imaging discovery of a Jovian exoplanet within a triple-star system", "cited": true, "section": "Discovery", "where": "paragraph", "text": "HD 131399 Ab was discovered using the SPHERE imager of the Very Large Telescope at the European Southern Observatory, located in the Atacama Desert of Chile, and announced in a July 2016 paper in the journal Science.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "HD 131399 Ab was discovered using the SPHERE imager of the Very Large Telescope at the European Southern Observatory, located in the Atacama Desert of Chile, and announced in a July 2016 paper in the journal Science.", "reason": "This sentence records the object's detection and publication history, which remain historical facts despite the mistaken planetary classification.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.88, "warnings": [ { "quote": "HD 131399 Ab (nicknamed Scorpion-1b) is a K-type or M-type main-sequence star located in the constellation of Centaurus which was mistaken for an exoplanet orbiting the quadruple-star system HD 131399.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "In May 2017, observations collected with the Gemini Planet Imager, and including a reanalysis of the SPHERE data, suggested that this target is in fact a background star. Further observations in 2022 confirmed this.", "section": "Discovery", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Analyses", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:33d54b3e30aa7aeb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "scimag", "marker": "[5]", "others": [ "\"This strange new planet has three suns\". CBS News. AP. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 51021135 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.5, "severity": 0.0025, "rank": 759 }, { "id": "sha256:4b991bc99f7731fa", "key": "RW-66335 / 68290336 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369716846 } ], "first_seen": 1369716846, "last_checked": 1369716846, "page_id": 68290336, "revid": 1369716846, "written_on": "Ariel Anbar", "doi": "10.1126/science.1197258", "pmid": "21127214", "record_id": 66335, "paper_title": "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "cited": true, "section": "Education and career", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Anbar was a co-author with Felisa Wolfe-Simon on the 2011 Science article \"A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Anbar was a co-author with Felisa Wolfe-Simon on the 2011 Science article \"A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus\".", "reason": "This documents Anbar's co-authorship, not the validity of the paper's findings; the same paragraph explicitly reports refutation and retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Reports refuting the most significant aspects of the original results were published in the same journal in 2012.", "section": "Education and career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Following the publication of the articles challenging the conclusions of the original Science article first describing GFAJ-1, David Sanders on the website Retraction Watch argued that the original article should be retracted because of misrepresentation of critical data.", "section": "Education and career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The article has been retracted, although Anbar argued that it should not have been.", "section": "Education and career", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Results Not Reproducible", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:35db2db631261bdc", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Science2", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 68290336 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.5, "severity": 0.0025, "rank": 760 }, { "id": "sha256:d4226e0c96959a89", "key": "RW-51535 / 70516335 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371750807 } ], "first_seen": 1371750807, "last_checked": 1371750807, "page_id": 70516335, "revid": 1371750807, "written_on": "Amirhossein Sahebkar", "doi": "10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.029", "pmid": "29331419", "record_id": 51535, "paper_title": "The therapeutic potential of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells producing CXCL10 in a mouse melanoma lung metastasis model", "cited": true, "section": "Life", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Six further retractions are due to data and / or image irregularities.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Six further retractions are due to data and / or image irregularities.", "reason": "The sentence concerns the paper's retraction and its causes, not its findings about melanoma treatment.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "As of April 2026, Sahebkar has co-authored more than 2000 PubMed-indexed articles, of which 11 have been retracted.", "section": "Life", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Six further retractions are due to data and / or image irregularities.", "section": "Life", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5f5246d8b3b73b76", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[11]", "others": [ "Momtazi-Borojeni, Amir Abbas; Jaafari, Mahmoud Reza; Badiee, Ali; Banach, Maciej; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2019-12-10). \"RETRACTED ARTICLE: Therapeutic effect of nanoliposomal PCSK9 vaccine in a mouse model of atherosclerosis\". BMC Medicine. 17 (1): 223. doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1457-8. ISSN 1741-7015. PMC 6902459. PMID 31818299. (Retracted, see doi:10.1186/s12916-023-02884-w, PMID 37143044)", "Marjaneh, Reyhaneh Moradi; Rahmani, Farzad; Hassanian, Seyed Mahdi; Rezaei, Nastaran; Hashemzehi, Milad; Bahrami, Afsane; Ariakia, Fatemeh; Fiuji, Hamid; Sahebkar, Amirhosein; Avan, Amir; Khazaei, Majid. \"RETRACTED: Phytosomal curcumin inhibits tumor growth in colitis‐associated colorectal cancer\". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 233 (10): 6785–6798. doi:10.1002/jcp.26538. ISSN 0021-9541.", "Hashemzehi, Milad; Behnam‐Rassouli, Reihane; Hassanian, Seyed Mahdi; Moradi‐Binabaj, Maryam; Moradi‐Marjaneh, Reyhaneh; Rahmani, Farzad; Fiuji, Hamid; Jamili, Mahdi; Mirahmadi, Mahdi; Boromand, Nadia; Piran, Mehran; Jafari, Mohieddin; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Avan, Amir; Khazaei, Majid. \"RETRACTED: Phytosomal‐curcumin antagonizes cell growth and migration, induced by thrombin through AMP‐Kinase in breast cancer\". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 119 (7): 5996–6007. doi:10.1002/jcb.26796. ISSN 0730-2312.", "Moradzadeh, Maliheh; Tabarraei, Alijan; Sadeghnia, Hamid Reza; Ghorbani, Ahmad; Mohamadkhani, Ashraf; Erfanian, Saiedeh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein. \"RETRACTED: Kaempferol increases apoptosis in human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells and inhibits multidrug resistance genes\". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 119 (2): 2288–2297. doi:10.1002/jcb.26391. ISSN 0730-2312.", "Moradzadeh, Maliheh; Roustazadeh, Abazar; Tabarraei, Alijan; Erfanian, Saiedeh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein. \"RETRACTED: Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate enhances differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells via inhibition of PML‐RARα and HDAC1\". Phytotherapy Research. 32 (3): 471–479. doi:10.1002/ptr.5990. ISSN 0951-418X." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 70516335 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.5, "severity": 0.0025, "rank": 761 }, { "id": "sha256:ef5dfcb46e5f0e28", "key": "RW-57814 / 70516335 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371750807 } ], "first_seen": 1371750807, "last_checked": 1371750807, "page_id": 70516335, "revid": 1371750807, "written_on": "Amirhossein Sahebkar", "doi": "10.1155/2021/5557309", "pmid": "33997007", "record_id": 57814, "paper_title": "Urinary Angiogenin as a Marker for Bladder Cancer: A Meta-Analysis", "cited": true, "section": "Life", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Five of those retractions are due to irregularities at the publisher Hindawi, where an investigation discovered more than 7000 articles with \"systematic manipulation of the publication and peer-review process\" and / or potentially connected to paper mills.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Five of those retractions are due to irregularities at the publisher Hindawi, where an investigation discovered more than 7000 articles with \"systematic manipulation of the publication and peer-review process\" and / or potentially connected to paper mills.", "reason": "This describes the paper's retraction and the publisher investigation, not its findings about urinary angiogenin as a bladder cancer biomarker.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "As of April 2026, Sahebkar has co-authored more than 2000 PubMed-indexed articles, of which 11 have been retracted.", "section": "Life", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Five of those retractions are due to irregularities at the publisher Hindawi, where an investigation discovered more than 7000 articles with \"systematic manipulation of the publication and peer-review process\" and / or potentially connected to paper mills.", "section": "Life", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Compromised Peer Review", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Paper Mill", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:796eddf84bdef1dd", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[5]", "others": [ "Korani, Shahla; Rashidi, Khodabakhsh; Hamelian, Mona; Jalalvand, Ali R.; Tajehmiri, Ahmad; Korani, Mitra; Sathyapalan, Thozhukat; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2021-10-22). Tan, Songwen (ed.). \"Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Effects of Gold Nanoparticles Containing Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Aqueous Extract\". Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications. 2021: 1–13. doi:10.1155/2021/7019130. ISSN 1687-479X. PMC 8556124. PMID 34721559. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2023/9787048, PMID 38093938, Retraction Watch)", "Ganjali, Shiva; Mansouri, Atena; Abbasifard, Mitra; Moallem, Seyed Adel; Tayarani-Najaran, Zahra; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2022-06-28). Cao, Jianlei (ed.). \"Association between Oxidative Burden and Restenosis: A Case-Control Study\". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2022/3577761. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 9256427. PMID 35799893. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2024/9830842, PMID 38234566, Retraction Watch)", "Jamialahmadi, Tannaz; Baratzadeh, Fatemeh; Reiner, Željko; Mannarino, Massimo R.; Cardenia, Vladimiro; Simental-Mendía, Luis E.; Pirro, Matteo; Watts, Gerald F.; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2022-08-01). Cao, Jianlei (ed.). \"The Effects of Statin Therapy on Oxidized LDL and Its Antibodies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis\". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022: 1–15. doi:10.1155/2022/7850659. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 9359854. PMID 35958018. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2024/9849024, PMID 38234524, Retraction Watch)", "Stamerra, Cosimo Andrea; Di Giosia, Paolo; Giorgini, Paolo; Ferri, Claudio; Sukhorukov, Vasily N.; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2022-08-02). Cao, Jianlei (ed.). \"Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology and Emerging Therapies\". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2022/9530007. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 9363184. PMID 35958017. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2024/9785792, PMID 38234576, Retraction Watch)", "Kincaid, Ellie (2023-12-06). \"Wiley to stop using \"Hindawi\" name amid $18 million revenue decline\". Retraction Watch. 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Xu, Zhenbo (ed.). \"Urinary Angiogenin as a Marker for Bladder Cancer: A Meta-Analysis\". BioMed Research International. 2021: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2021/5557309. ISSN 2314-6141. PMC 8099530. PMID 33997007. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2024/9869348, PMID 38230192, Retraction Watch)", "Ganjali, Shiva; Mansouri, Atena; Abbasifard, Mitra; Moallem, Seyed Adel; Tayarani-Najaran, Zahra; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2022-06-28). Cao, Jianlei (ed.). \"Association between Oxidative Burden and Restenosis: A Case-Control Study\". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2022/3577761. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 9256427. PMID 35799893. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2024/9830842, PMID 38234566, Retraction Watch)", "Jamialahmadi, Tannaz; Baratzadeh, Fatemeh; Reiner, Željko; Mannarino, Massimo R.; Cardenia, Vladimiro; Simental-Mendía, Luis E.; Pirro, Matteo; Watts, Gerald F.; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2022-08-01). Cao, Jianlei (ed.). \"The Effects of Statin Therapy on Oxidized LDL and Its Antibodies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis\". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022: 1–15. doi:10.1155/2022/7850659. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 9359854. PMID 35958018. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2024/9849024, PMID 38234524, Retraction Watch)", "Stamerra, Cosimo Andrea; Di Giosia, Paolo; Giorgini, Paolo; Ferri, Claudio; Sukhorukov, Vasily N.; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2022-08-02). Cao, Jianlei (ed.). \"Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology and Emerging Therapies\". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2022/9530007. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 9363184. PMID 35958017. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2024/9785792, PMID 38234576, Retraction Watch)", "Kincaid, Ellie (2023-12-06). \"Wiley to stop using \"Hindawi\" name amid $18 million revenue decline\". Retraction Watch. 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PMID 33997007. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2024/9869348, PMID 38230192, Retraction Watch)", "Korani, Shahla; Rashidi, Khodabakhsh; Hamelian, Mona; Jalalvand, Ali R.; Tajehmiri, Ahmad; Korani, Mitra; Sathyapalan, Thozhukat; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2021-10-22). Tan, Songwen (ed.). \"Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Effects of Gold Nanoparticles Containing Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Aqueous Extract\". Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications. 2021: 1–13. doi:10.1155/2021/7019130. ISSN 1687-479X. PMC 8556124. PMID 34721559. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2023/9787048, PMID 38093938, Retraction Watch)", "Jamialahmadi, Tannaz; Baratzadeh, Fatemeh; Reiner, Željko; Mannarino, Massimo R.; Cardenia, Vladimiro; Simental-Mendía, Luis E.; Pirro, Matteo; Watts, Gerald F.; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2022-08-01). Cao, Jianlei (ed.). \"The Effects of Statin Therapy on Oxidized LDL and Its Antibodies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis\". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022: 1–15. doi:10.1155/2022/7850659. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 9359854. PMID 35958018. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2024/9849024, PMID 38234524, Retraction Watch)", "Stamerra, Cosimo Andrea; Di Giosia, Paolo; Giorgini, Paolo; Ferri, Claudio; Sukhorukov, Vasily N.; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2022-08-02). Cao, Jianlei (ed.). \"Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology and Emerging Therapies\". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2022/9530007. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 9363184. PMID 35958017. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2024/9785792, PMID 38234576, Retraction Watch)", "Kincaid, Ellie (2023-12-06). \"Wiley to stop using \"Hindawi\" name amid $18 million revenue decline\". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 2024-08-24." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 70516335 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.5, "severity": 0.0025, "rank": 764 }, { "id": "sha256:4dd986c3c214c995", "key": "RW-57774 / 70516335 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371750807 } ], "first_seen": 1371750807, "last_checked": 1371750807, "page_id": 70516335, "revid": 1371750807, "written_on": "Amirhossein Sahebkar", "doi": "10.1155/2022/7850659", "pmid": "35958018", "record_id": 57774, "paper_title": "The Effects of Statin Therapy on Oxidized LDL and Its Antibodies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "cited": true, "section": "Life", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Five of those retractions are due to irregularities at the publisher Hindawi, where an investigation discovered more than 7000 articles with \"systematic manipulation of the publication and peer-review process\" and / or potentially connected to paper mills.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Five of those retractions are due to irregularities at the publisher Hindawi, where an investigation discovered more than 7000 articles with \"systematic manipulation of the publication and peer-review process\" and / or potentially connected to paper mills.", "reason": "The paper is cited as an example of a retracted publication, not as evidence for its findings about statins and oxidized LDL.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "As of April 2026, Sahebkar has co-authored more than 2000 PubMed-indexed articles, of which 11 have been retracted. Five of those retractions are due to irregularities at the publisher Hindawi, where an investigation discovered more than 7000 articles with \"systematic manipulation of the publication and peer-review process\" and / or potentially connected to paper mills.", "section": "Life", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Compromised Peer Review", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Paper Mill", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3bd33fd39812edef", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[8]", "others": [ "Aalami, Amir Hossein; Abdeahad, Hossein; Mesgari, Mohammad; Sathyapalan, Thozhukat; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2021-04-27). Xu, Zhenbo (ed.). \"Urinary Angiogenin as a Marker for Bladder Cancer: A Meta-Analysis\". BioMed Research International. 2021: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2021/5557309. ISSN 2314-6141. PMC 8099530. PMID 33997007. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2024/9869348, PMID 38230192, Retraction Watch)", "Korani, Shahla; Rashidi, Khodabakhsh; Hamelian, Mona; Jalalvand, Ali R.; Tajehmiri, Ahmad; Korani, Mitra; Sathyapalan, Thozhukat; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2021-10-22). Tan, Songwen (ed.). \"Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Effects of Gold Nanoparticles Containing Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Aqueous Extract\". Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications. 2021: 1–13. doi:10.1155/2021/7019130. ISSN 1687-479X. PMC 8556124. PMID 34721559. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2023/9787048, PMID 38093938, Retraction Watch)", "Ganjali, Shiva; Mansouri, Atena; Abbasifard, Mitra; Moallem, Seyed Adel; Tayarani-Najaran, Zahra; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2022-06-28). Cao, Jianlei (ed.). \"Association between Oxidative Burden and Restenosis: A Case-Control Study\". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2022/3577761. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 9256427. PMID 35799893. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2024/9830842, PMID 38234566, Retraction Watch)", "Stamerra, Cosimo Andrea; Di Giosia, Paolo; Giorgini, Paolo; Ferri, Claudio; Sukhorukov, Vasily N.; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2022-08-02). Cao, Jianlei (ed.). \"Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology and Emerging Therapies\". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2022/9530007. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 9363184. PMID 35958017. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2024/9785792, PMID 38234576, Retraction Watch)", "Kincaid, Ellie (2023-12-06). \"Wiley to stop using \"Hindawi\" name amid $18 million revenue decline\". Retraction Watch. 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Cao, Jianlei (ed.). \"Association between Oxidative Burden and Restenosis: A Case-Control Study\". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2022/3577761. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 9256427. PMID 35799893. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2024/9830842, PMID 38234566, Retraction Watch)", "Jamialahmadi, Tannaz; Baratzadeh, Fatemeh; Reiner, Željko; Mannarino, Massimo R.; Cardenia, Vladimiro; Simental-Mendía, Luis E.; Pirro, Matteo; Watts, Gerald F.; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2022-08-01). Cao, Jianlei (ed.). \"The Effects of Statin Therapy on Oxidized LDL and Its Antibodies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis\". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022: 1–15. doi:10.1155/2022/7850659. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 9359854. PMID 35958018. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2024/9849024, PMID 38234524, Retraction Watch)", "Kincaid, Ellie (2023-12-06). \"Wiley to stop using \"Hindawi\" name amid $18 million revenue decline\". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 2024-08-24." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 70516335 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.5, "severity": 0.0025, "rank": 766 }, { "id": "sha256:5afaf3dee7d264af", "key": "RW-44538 / 70516335 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371750807 } ], "first_seen": 1371750807, "last_checked": 1371750807, "page_id": 70516335, "revid": 1371750807, "written_on": "Amirhossein Sahebkar", "doi": "10.1186/s12916-019-1457-8", "pmid": "31818299", "record_id": 44538, "paper_title": "Therapeutic effect of nanoliposomal PCSK9 vaccine in a mouse model of atherosclerosis", "cited": true, "section": "Life", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Six further retractions are due to data and / or image irregularities.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Six further retractions are due to data and / or image irregularities.", "reason": "This reports retractions and their reasons, not the paper's vaccine findings; citing the paper in this context is intentional.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "As of April 2026, Sahebkar has co-authored more than 2000 PubMed-indexed articles, of which 11 have been retracted.", "section": "Life", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Six further retractions are due to data and / or image irregularities.", "section": "Life", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Manipulation of Images", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available", "Unreliable Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:2f23feba081f15c0", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[12]", "others": [ "Mirzaei, Hamed; Salehi, Hossein; Oskuee, Reza Kazemi; Mohammadpour, Ali; Mirzaei, Hamid Reza; Sharifi, Mohammad Reza; Salarinia, Reza; Darani, Hossein Yousofi; Mokhtari, Mojgan; Masoudifar, Aria; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Salehi, Rasoul; Jaafari, Mahmoud Reza (2018-04-10). \"RETRACTED: The therapeutic potential of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells producing CXCL10 in a mouse melanoma lung metastasis model\". Cancer Letters. 419: 30–39. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.029. ISSN 0304-3835. PMID 29331419. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216670, PMID 38307748)", "Marjaneh, Reyhaneh Moradi; Rahmani, Farzad; Hassanian, Seyed Mahdi; Rezaei, Nastaran; Hashemzehi, Milad; Bahrami, Afsane; Ariakia, Fatemeh; Fiuji, Hamid; Sahebkar, Amirhosein; Avan, Amir; Khazaei, Majid. \"RETRACTED: Phytosomal curcumin inhibits tumor growth in colitis‐associated colorectal cancer\". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 233 (10): 6785–6798. doi:10.1002/jcp.26538. ISSN 0021-9541.", "Hashemzehi, Milad; Behnam‐Rassouli, Reihane; Hassanian, Seyed Mahdi; Moradi‐Binabaj, Maryam; Moradi‐Marjaneh, Reyhaneh; Rahmani, Farzad; Fiuji, Hamid; Jamili, Mahdi; Mirahmadi, Mahdi; Boromand, Nadia; Piran, Mehran; Jafari, Mohieddin; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Avan, Amir; Khazaei, Majid. \"RETRACTED: Phytosomal‐curcumin antagonizes cell growth and migration, induced by thrombin through AMP‐Kinase in breast cancer\". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 119 (7): 5996–6007. doi:10.1002/jcb.26796. ISSN 0730-2312.", "Moradzadeh, Maliheh; Tabarraei, Alijan; Sadeghnia, Hamid Reza; Ghorbani, Ahmad; Mohamadkhani, Ashraf; Erfanian, Saiedeh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein. \"RETRACTED: Kaempferol increases apoptosis in human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells and inhibits multidrug resistance genes\". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 119 (2): 2288–2297. doi:10.1002/jcb.26391. ISSN 0730-2312.", "Moradzadeh, Maliheh; Roustazadeh, Abazar; Tabarraei, Alijan; Erfanian, Saiedeh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein. \"RETRACTED: Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate enhances differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells via inhibition of PML‐RARα and HDAC1\". Phytotherapy Research. 32 (3): 471–479. doi:10.1002/ptr.5990. ISSN 0951-418X." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 70516335 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.5, "severity": 0.0025, "rank": 767 }, { "id": "sha256:d966f9eaea3f0046", "key": "RW-194 / 79865059 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362599339 } ], "first_seen": 1362599339, "last_checked": 1362599339, "page_id": 79865059, "revid": 1362599339, "written_on": "Walter W. 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to provide proof that the sources of the organs for the 563 liver transplants referred to in the paper complied with morality, the journal decided to retract the paper, which was published online in October 2016, and would \"never\" publish their research in the journal.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Liver International proof, the journal decided to retract Zheng's paper, which was published online in October 2016, and will \"never\" publish their research in the journal.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "Although the article and full text are still available on the Liver International website, it has been labeled as retracted with reasons for retraction based on research ethics.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Author Unresponsive", "Complaints about Author", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement", "Ethical Violations by Author", 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Liver International website, it has been labeled as retracted with reasons for retraction based on research ethics.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Although the article and full text are still available on the Liver International website, it has been labeled as retracted with reasons for retraction based on research ethics.", "reason": "The paragraph explicitly describes the paper's retraction and ethical concerns rather than relying on its scientific conclusion.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "He was accused of using organs from executed prisons for research, causing a retraction of his research article published in Liver International.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "According to a February 6, 2017 report in the journal Science, the authoritative international academic journal Liver International issued an earlier statement on January 30, 2017, stating that because the authors Zheng Shusen and Yan Sheng were unable to provide proof that the sources of the organs for the 563 liver transplants referred to in the paper complied with morality, the journal decided to retract the paper, which was published online in October 2016, and would \"never\" publish their research in the journal.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Liver International proof, the journal decided to retract Zheng's paper, which was published online in October 2016, and will \"never\" publish their research in the journal.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Although the article and full text are still available on the Liver International website, it has been labeled as retracted with reasons for retraction based on research ethics.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Author Unresponsive", "Complaints about Author", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement", "Ethical Violations by Author", "Informed/Patient Consent - None/Withdrawn" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:26606f9aba61e929", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Liver", "marker": "[2]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 63053959 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.3, "severity": 0.0023, "rank": 772 }, { "id": "sha256:263eb43f3abf4c86", "key": "RW-68194 / 43140783 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371974761 } ], "first_seen": 1371974761, "last_checked": 1371974761, "page_id": 43140783, "revid": 1371974761, "written_on": "Michael Frass", "doi": "10.1002/onco.13548", "pmid": "33010094", "record_id": 68194, "paper_title": "Homeopathic Treatment as an Add-On Therapy May Improve Quality of Life and Prolong Survival in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Three-Arm, Multicenter Study", "cited": true, "section": "Article in the Oncologist", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2020 Frass was the corresponding author of an article in the medical journal The Oncologist which concluded that additional homoeopathic treatment improves quality of life and survival rates in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2020 Frass was the corresponding author of an article in the medical journal The Oncologist which concluded that additional homoeopathic treatment improves quality of life and survival rates in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).", "reason": "The paragraph reports the study's conclusion as part of its history and explicitly identifies data manipulation, forgery, and subsequent retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "After criticism (for example from the Informationsnetzwerk Homöopathie), the Austrian Agency for Scientific Integrity (Österreichische Agentur für wissenschaftliche Integrität) concluded that the article contains data manipulation and forgery.", "section": "Article in the Oncologist", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The Oncologist released an expression of concern in 2022 and retracted the article in November 2025.", "section": "Article in the Oncologist", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Article", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Objections by Author(s)", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6b9758634165c90c", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 43140783 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.2666666666666666, "severity": 0.002266666666666667, "rank": 773 }, { "id": "sha256:f3833a1b0e977a2f", "key": "RW-48932 / 63919070 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1351313933 } ], "first_seen": 1351313933, "last_checked": 1351313933, "page_id": 63919070, "revid": 1351313933, "written_on": "Hydridonitride", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-023-05742-0", "pmid": "36890373", "record_id": 48932, "paper_title": "Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride", "cited": true, "section": "Room temperature superconductor", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The claim has been met with some skepticism as it was made by the same team that made similar claims retracted by Nature in 2022, claimed observation of solid metallic hydrogen in 2016 as well as other allegations.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The claim has been met with some skepticism as it was made by the same team that made similar claims retracted by Nature in 2022, claimed observation of solid metallic hydrogen in 2016 as well as other allegations.", "reason": "Describes controversy and the team's history rather than relying on this paper's findings; the accompanying reporting plausibly supports that context.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d970419c8be46dc5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[12]", "others": [ "Woodward, Aylin (8 March 2023). \"The Scientific Breakthrough That Could Make Batteries Last Longer\". Wall Street Journal.", "\"'Revolutionary' blue crystal resurrects hope of room temperature superconductivity\". www.science.org.", "Margo Anderson (March 8, 2023). \"Room-Temperature Superconductivity Claimed\". IEEE Spectrum. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.", "Wood, Charlie; Savitsky, Zack (8 March 2023). \"Room-Temperature Superconductor Discovery Meets With Resistance\". Quanta Magazine. Simons Foundation. Retrieved 2023-03-14.", "Garisto, Dan (2023-03-09). \"Allegations of Scientific Misconduct Mount as Physicist Makes His Biggest Claim Yet\". Physics. 16 40. Bibcode:2023PhyOJ..16...40G. doi:10.1103/Physics.16.40. S2CID 257615348." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 63919070 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.2, "severity": 0.0022, "rank": 774 }, { "id": "sha256:4d1eee24bc49c83a", "key": "RW-68852 / 64733676 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377461695 } ], "first_seen": 1377461695, "last_checked": 1377461695, "page_id": 64733676, "revid": 1377461695, "written_on": "Gilles J. Guillemin", "doi": "10.1007/s10522-013-9489-5", "pmid": "24337988", "record_id": 68852, "paper_title": "Mapping NAD+ metabolism in the brain of ageing Wistar rats: potential targets for influencing brain senescence", "cited": true, "section": "Career", "where": "paragraph", "text": "He has 10 papers retracted after the work of several of his foreign and domestic came under scrutiny.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "He has 10 papers retracted after the work of several of his foreign and domestic came under scrutiny.", "reason": "The paper is cited as an example of a retracted publication, not as evidence for its scientific findings; the other references support examples of retractions but do not establish the exact total or circumstances.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "He has 10 papers retracted after the work of several of his foreign and domestic came under scrutiny.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Gilles Guillemin claimed that certain images in his papers appear to have been doctored, but not by him Prof Guillemin acknowledged that certain images in these manuscripts appear to have been doctored, however not by him or his team..", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Most of the retractions were done at the request of Prof Guillemin.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of Data", "Duplication of/in Image", "Euphemisms for Duplication", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a8070533578b80ef", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[24]", "others": [ "Dhivya Bharathi, Mathiyazahan; Justin-Thenmozhi, Arokiasamy; Manivasagam, Thamilarasan; Ahmad Rather, Mashoque; Saravana Babu, Chidambaram; Mohamed Essa, Musthafa; Guillemin, Gilles J. (1 February 2019). \"Amelioration of Aluminum Maltolate-Induced Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis by Tannoid Principles of Emblica officinalis in Neuronal Cellular Model\". Neurotoxicity Research. 35 (2): 318–330. doi:10.1007/s12640-018-9956-5. PMID 30242626. (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s12640-025-00754-2, PMID 40721957. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.) (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s12640-018-9956-5. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Braidy, Nady; Brew, Bruce J.; Inestrosa, Nibaldo C.; Chung, Roger; Sachdev, Perminder; Guillemin, Gilles J. (1 September 2014). \"RETRACTED ARTICLE: Changes in Cathepsin D and Beclin-1 mRNA and protein expression by the excitotoxin quinolinic acid in human astrocytes and neurons\". Metabolic Brain Disease. 29 (3): 873–883. doi:10.1007/s11011-014-9557-9. hdl:10533/146644. PMID 24833554. (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s11011-023-01241-3, PMID 37273082, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Braidy, Nady; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Mansour, Hussein; Chan-Ling, Tailoi; Poljak, Anne; Grant, Ross (26 April 2011). \"Age Related Changes in NAD+ Metabolism Oxidative Stress and Sirt1 Activity in Wistar Rats\". PLOS ONE. 6 (4) e19194. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...619194B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019194. PMC 3082551. PMID 21541336. (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313921, PMID 39536040, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.) (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313921, PMID 39536040, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Janakiraman, Udaiyappan; Manivasagam, Thamilarasan; Thenmozhi, Arokiasamy Justin; Essa, Musthafa Mohamed; Barathidasan, Rajamani; SaravanaBabu, Chidambaram; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Khan, Mohammed A. S. (14 January 2016). \"Influences of Chronic Mild Stress Exposure on Motor, Non-Motor Impairments and Neurochemical Variables in Specific Brain Areas of MPTP/Probenecid Induced Neurotoxicity in Mice\". PLOS ONE. 11 (1) e0146671. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1146671J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146671. PMC 4713092. PMID 26765842. (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236885, PMID 32702061. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Dhivya Bharathi, Mathiyazahan; Justin-Thenmozhi, Arokiasamy; Manivasagam, Thamilarasan; Ahmad Rather, Mashoque; Saravana Babu, Chidambaram; Mohamed Essa, Musthafa; Guillemin, Gilles J. (1 February 2019). \"Amelioration of Aluminum Maltolate-Induced Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis by Tannoid Principles of Emblica officinalis in Neuronal Cellular Model\". Neurotoxicity Research. 35 (2): 318–330. doi:10.1007/s12640-018-9956-5. PMID 30242626. (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s12640-025-00754-2, PMID 40721957. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Braidy, Nady; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Mansour, Hussein; Chan-Ling, Tailoi; Poljak, Anne; Grant, Ross (26 April 2011). \"Age Related Changes in NAD+ Metabolism Oxidative Stress and Sirt1 Activity in Wistar Rats\". PLOS ONE. 6 (4) e19194. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...619194B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019194. PMC 3082551. PMID 21541336. (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313921, PMID 39536040, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)" ], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 64733676 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.2, "severity": 0.0022, "rank": 775 }, { "id": "sha256:5ded857de920dbd3", "key": "RW-45091 / 64733676 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377461695 } ], "first_seen": 1377461695, "last_checked": 1377461695, "page_id": 64733676, "revid": 1377461695, "written_on": "Gilles J. Guillemin", "doi": "10.1007/s11011-014-9557-9", "pmid": "24833554", "record_id": 45091, "paper_title": "Changes in Cathepsin D and Beclin-1 mRNA and protein expression by the excitotoxin quinolinic acid in human astrocytes and neurons", "cited": true, "section": "Career", "where": "paragraph", "text": "He has 10 papers retracted after the work of several of his foreign and domestic came under scrutiny.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "He has 10 papers retracted after the work of several of his foreign and domestic came under scrutiny.", "reason": "The paper is cited as an example of retracted work, not as evidence for its scientific findings; the other references plausibly support the existence of multiple retractions, though not necessarily the exact total.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "He has 10 papers retracted after the work of several of his foreign and domestic came under scrutiny.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Gilles Guillemin claimed that certain images in his papers appear to have been doctored, but not by him Prof Guillemin acknowledged that certain images in these manuscripts appear to have been doctored, however not by him or his team..", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Most of the retractions were done at the request of Prof Guillemin.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "It is important to highlight that ALL the scientific work reported in these retracted manuscripts was not performed in Prof Guillemin’s laboratory or by any member of his research team but by external collaborators.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:79e25de043f51920", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[26]", "others": [ "Braidy, Nady; Poljak, Anne; Grant, Ross; Jayasena, Tharusha; Mansour, Hussein; Chan-Ling, Tailoi; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Smythe, George; Sachdev, Perminder (1 April 2014). \"Mapping NAD+ metabolism in the brain of ageing Wistar rats: potential targets for influencing brain senescence\". Biogerontology. 15 (2): 177–198. doi:10.1007/s10522-013-9489-5. hdl:1959.4/unsworks_39099. PMID 24337988. (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s10522-025-10379-9, PMID 41489641. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Dhivya Bharathi, Mathiyazahan; Justin-Thenmozhi, Arokiasamy; Manivasagam, Thamilarasan; Ahmad Rather, Mashoque; Saravana Babu, Chidambaram; Mohamed Essa, Musthafa; Guillemin, Gilles J. (1 February 2019). \"Amelioration of Aluminum Maltolate-Induced Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis by Tannoid Principles of Emblica officinalis in Neuronal Cellular Model\". Neurotoxicity Research. 35 (2): 318–330. doi:10.1007/s12640-018-9956-5. PMID 30242626. (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s12640-025-00754-2, PMID 40721957. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.) (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s12640-018-9956-5. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Braidy, Nady; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Mansour, Hussein; Chan-Ling, Tailoi; Poljak, Anne; Grant, Ross (26 April 2011). \"Age Related Changes in NAD+ Metabolism Oxidative Stress and Sirt1 Activity in Wistar Rats\". PLOS ONE. 6 (4) e19194. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...619194B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019194. PMC 3082551. PMID 21541336. (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313921, PMID 39536040, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.) (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313921, PMID 39536040, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Janakiraman, Udaiyappan; Manivasagam, Thamilarasan; Thenmozhi, Arokiasamy Justin; Essa, Musthafa Mohamed; Barathidasan, Rajamani; SaravanaBabu, Chidambaram; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Khan, Mohammed A. S. (14 January 2016). \"Influences of Chronic Mild Stress Exposure on Motor, Non-Motor Impairments and Neurochemical Variables in Specific Brain Areas of MPTP/Probenecid Induced Neurotoxicity in Mice\". PLOS ONE. 11 (1) e0146671. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1146671J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146671. PMC 4713092. PMID 26765842. (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236885, PMID 32702061. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Dhivya Bharathi, Mathiyazahan; Justin-Thenmozhi, Arokiasamy; Manivasagam, Thamilarasan; Ahmad Rather, Mashoque; Saravana Babu, Chidambaram; Mohamed Essa, Musthafa; Guillemin, Gilles J. (1 February 2019). \"Amelioration of Aluminum Maltolate-Induced Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis by Tannoid Principles of Emblica officinalis in Neuronal Cellular Model\". Neurotoxicity Research. 35 (2): 318–330. doi:10.1007/s12640-018-9956-5. PMID 30242626. (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s12640-025-00754-2, PMID 40721957. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Braidy, Nady; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Mansour, Hussein; Chan-Ling, Tailoi; Poljak, Anne; Grant, Ross (26 April 2011). \"Age Related Changes in NAD+ Metabolism Oxidative Stress and Sirt1 Activity in Wistar Rats\". PLOS ONE. 6 (4) e19194. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...619194B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019194. PMC 3082551. PMID 21541336. (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313921, PMID 39536040, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)" ], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 64733676 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.2, "severity": 0.0022, "rank": 776 }, { "id": "sha256:eaf011371810dbed", "key": "RW-67523 / 64733676 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377461695 } ], "first_seen": 1377461695, "last_checked": 1377461695, "page_id": 64733676, "revid": 1377461695, "written_on": "Gilles J. Guillemin", "doi": "10.1007/s12640-018-9956-5", "pmid": "30242626", "record_id": 67523, "paper_title": "Amelioration of Aluminum Maltolate-Induced Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis by Tannoid Principles of Emblica officinalis in Neuronal Cellular Model", "cited": true, "section": "Career", "where": "paragraph", "text": "He has 10 papers retracted after the work of several of his foreign and domestic came under scrutiny.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "He has 10 papers retracted after the work of several of his foreign and domestic came under scrutiny.", "reason": "The paper is cited as an example of retracted work, not as evidence for its experimental findings; the listed sources support other retractions but do not establish the exact total.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "He has 10 papers retracted after the work of several of his foreign and domestic came under scrutiny.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Gilles Guillemin claimed that certain images in his papers appear to have been doctored, but not by him Prof Guillemin acknowledged that certain images in these manuscripts appear to have been doctored, however not by him or his team..", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Most of the retractions were done at the request of Prof Guillemin.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "It is important to highlight that ALL the scientific work reported in these retracted manuscripts was not performed in Prof Guillemin’s laboratory or by any member of his research team but by external collaborators.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement", "Duplication of/in Image", "Euphemisms for Duplication", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:3f7da1e643a82bb3", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[29]", "others": [ "Braidy, Nady; Poljak, Anne; Grant, Ross; Jayasena, Tharusha; Mansour, Hussein; Chan-Ling, Tailoi; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Smythe, George; Sachdev, Perminder (1 April 2014). \"Mapping NAD+ metabolism in the brain of ageing Wistar rats: potential targets for influencing brain senescence\". Biogerontology. 15 (2): 177–198. doi:10.1007/s10522-013-9489-5. hdl:1959.4/unsworks_39099. PMID 24337988. (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s10522-025-10379-9, PMID 41489641. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Braidy, Nady; Brew, Bruce J.; Inestrosa, Nibaldo C.; Chung, Roger; Sachdev, Perminder; Guillemin, Gilles J. (1 September 2014). \"RETRACTED ARTICLE: Changes in Cathepsin D and Beclin-1 mRNA and protein expression by the excitotoxin quinolinic acid in human astrocytes and neurons\". Metabolic Brain Disease. 29 (3): 873–883. doi:10.1007/s11011-014-9557-9. hdl:10533/146644. PMID 24833554. (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s11011-023-01241-3, PMID 37273082, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Braidy, Nady; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Mansour, Hussein; Chan-Ling, Tailoi; Poljak, Anne; Grant, Ross (26 April 2011). \"Age Related Changes in NAD+ Metabolism Oxidative Stress and Sirt1 Activity in Wistar Rats\". PLOS ONE. 6 (4) e19194. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...619194B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019194. PMC 3082551. PMID 21541336. (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313921, PMID 39536040, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.) (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313921, PMID 39536040, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Janakiraman, Udaiyappan; Manivasagam, Thamilarasan; Thenmozhi, Arokiasamy Justin; Essa, Musthafa Mohamed; Barathidasan, Rajamani; SaravanaBabu, Chidambaram; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Khan, Mohammed A. S. (14 January 2016). \"Influences of Chronic Mild Stress Exposure on Motor, Non-Motor Impairments and Neurochemical Variables in Specific Brain Areas of MPTP/Probenecid Induced Neurotoxicity in Mice\". PLOS ONE. 11 (1) e0146671. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1146671J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146671. PMC 4713092. PMID 26765842. (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236885, PMID 32702061. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Braidy, Nady; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Mansour, Hussein; Chan-Ling, Tailoi; Poljak, Anne; Grant, Ross (26 April 2011). \"Age Related Changes in NAD+ Metabolism Oxidative Stress and Sirt1 Activity in Wistar Rats\". PLOS ONE. 6 (4) e19194. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...619194B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019194. PMC 3082551. PMID 21541336. (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313921, PMID 39536040, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)" ], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 64733676 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.2, "severity": 0.0022, "rank": 777 }, { "id": "sha256:d2ef766bef17c17b", "key": "RW-67525 / 64733676 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377461695 } ], "first_seen": 1377461695, "last_checked": 1377461695, "page_id": 64733676, "revid": 1377461695, "written_on": "Gilles J. Guillemin", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0019194", "pmid": "21541336", "record_id": 67525, "paper_title": "Age Related Changes in NAD+ Metabolism Oxidative Stress and Sirt1 Activity in Wistar Rats", "cited": true, "section": "Career", "where": "paragraph", "text": "He has 10 papers retracted after the work of several of his foreign and domestic came under scrutiny.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "He has 10 papers retracted after the work of several of his foreign and domestic came under scrutiny.", "reason": "This is a claim about Guillemin's retraction history, not the paper's findings about aging and NAD+ metabolism; the other listed retractions support the general history but do not establish the total of ten.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "He has 10 papers retracted after the work of several of his foreign and domestic came under scrutiny.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Gilles Guillemin claimed that certain images in his papers appear to have been doctored, but not by him Prof Guillemin acknowledged that certain images in these manuscripts appear to have been doctored, however not by him or his team..", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Most of the retractions were done at the request of Prof Guillemin.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "It is important to highlight that ALL the scientific work reported in these retracted manuscripts was not performed in Prof Guillemin’s laboratory or by any member of his research team but by external collaborators.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Duplication of/in Image", "Euphemisms for Duplication", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:33cf08dd98ebed1f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[30]", "others": [ "Braidy, Nady; Poljak, Anne; Grant, Ross; Jayasena, Tharusha; Mansour, Hussein; Chan-Ling, Tailoi; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Smythe, George; Sachdev, Perminder (1 April 2014). \"Mapping NAD+ metabolism in the brain of ageing Wistar rats: potential targets for influencing brain senescence\". Biogerontology. 15 (2): 177–198. doi:10.1007/s10522-013-9489-5. hdl:1959.4/unsworks_39099. PMID 24337988. (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s10522-025-10379-9, PMID 41489641. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Dhivya Bharathi, Mathiyazahan; Justin-Thenmozhi, Arokiasamy; Manivasagam, Thamilarasan; Ahmad Rather, Mashoque; Saravana Babu, Chidambaram; Mohamed Essa, Musthafa; Guillemin, Gilles J. (1 February 2019). \"Amelioration of Aluminum Maltolate-Induced Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis by Tannoid Principles of Emblica officinalis in Neuronal Cellular Model\". Neurotoxicity Research. 35 (2): 318–330. doi:10.1007/s12640-018-9956-5. PMID 30242626. (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s12640-025-00754-2, PMID 40721957. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.) (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s12640-018-9956-5. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Braidy, Nady; Brew, Bruce J.; Inestrosa, Nibaldo C.; Chung, Roger; Sachdev, Perminder; Guillemin, Gilles J. (1 September 2014). \"RETRACTED ARTICLE: Changes in Cathepsin D and Beclin-1 mRNA and protein expression by the excitotoxin quinolinic acid in human astrocytes and neurons\". Metabolic Brain Disease. 29 (3): 873–883. doi:10.1007/s11011-014-9557-9. hdl:10533/146644. PMID 24833554. (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s11011-023-01241-3, PMID 37273082, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Janakiraman, Udaiyappan; Manivasagam, Thamilarasan; Thenmozhi, Arokiasamy Justin; Essa, Musthafa Mohamed; Barathidasan, Rajamani; SaravanaBabu, Chidambaram; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Khan, Mohammed A. S. (14 January 2016). \"Influences of Chronic Mild Stress Exposure on Motor, Non-Motor Impairments and Neurochemical Variables in Specific Brain Areas of MPTP/Probenecid Induced Neurotoxicity in Mice\". PLOS ONE. 11 (1) e0146671. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1146671J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146671. PMC 4713092. PMID 26765842. (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236885, PMID 32702061. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Dhivya Bharathi, Mathiyazahan; Justin-Thenmozhi, Arokiasamy; Manivasagam, Thamilarasan; Ahmad Rather, Mashoque; Saravana Babu, Chidambaram; Mohamed Essa, Musthafa; Guillemin, Gilles J. (1 February 2019). \"Amelioration of Aluminum Maltolate-Induced Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis by Tannoid Principles of Emblica officinalis in Neuronal Cellular Model\". Neurotoxicity Research. 35 (2): 318–330. doi:10.1007/s12640-018-9956-5. PMID 30242626. (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s12640-025-00754-2, PMID 40721957. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)" ], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 64733676 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.2, "severity": 0.0022, "rank": 778 }, { "id": "sha256:19af2ae697656ae1", "key": "RW-23834 / 64733676 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377461695 } ], "first_seen": 1377461695, "last_checked": 1377461695, "page_id": 64733676, "revid": 1377461695, "written_on": "Gilles J. Guillemin", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0146671", "pmid": "26765842", "record_id": 23834, "paper_title": "Influences of Chronic Mild Stress Exposure on Motor, Non-Motor Impairments and Neurochemical Variables in Specific Brain Areas of MPTP/Probenecid Induced Neurotoxicity in Mice", "cited": true, "section": "Career", "where": "paragraph", "text": "He has 10 papers retracted after the work of several of his foreign and domestic came under scrutiny.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "He has 10 papers retracted after the work of several of his foreign and domestic came under scrutiny.", "reason": "This describes retractions and scrutiny of Guillemin's publications, not the paper's findings about stress and Parkinson's disease in mice.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2020, the editors of PLOS ONE retracted an article co-authored by Guillemin, citing concerns about the integrity of some of its data.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "He has 10 papers retracted after the work of several of his foreign and domestic came under scrutiny.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Gilles Guillemin claimed that certain images in his papers appear to have been doctored, but not by him Prof Guillemin acknowledged that certain images in these manuscripts appear to have been doctored, however not by him or his team..", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Most of the retractions were done at the request of Prof Guillemin.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "It is important to highlight that ALL the scientific work reported in these retracted manuscripts was not performed in Prof Guillemin’s laboratory or by any member of his research team but by external collaborators.", "section": "Career", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement", "Duplication of/in Image" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:bd47b8c10923bae9", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[28]", "others": [ "Braidy, Nady; Poljak, Anne; Grant, Ross; Jayasena, Tharusha; Mansour, Hussein; Chan-Ling, Tailoi; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Smythe, George; Sachdev, Perminder (1 April 2014). \"Mapping NAD+ metabolism in the brain of ageing Wistar rats: potential targets for influencing brain senescence\". Biogerontology. 15 (2): 177–198. doi:10.1007/s10522-013-9489-5. hdl:1959.4/unsworks_39099. PMID 24337988. (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s10522-025-10379-9, PMID 41489641. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Dhivya Bharathi, Mathiyazahan; Justin-Thenmozhi, Arokiasamy; Manivasagam, Thamilarasan; Ahmad Rather, Mashoque; Saravana Babu, Chidambaram; Mohamed Essa, Musthafa; Guillemin, Gilles J. (1 February 2019). \"Amelioration of Aluminum Maltolate-Induced Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis by Tannoid Principles of Emblica officinalis in Neuronal Cellular Model\". Neurotoxicity Research. 35 (2): 318–330. doi:10.1007/s12640-018-9956-5. PMID 30242626. (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s12640-025-00754-2, PMID 40721957. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.) (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s12640-018-9956-5. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Braidy, Nady; Brew, Bruce J.; Inestrosa, Nibaldo C.; Chung, Roger; Sachdev, Perminder; Guillemin, Gilles J. (1 September 2014). \"RETRACTED ARTICLE: Changes in Cathepsin D and Beclin-1 mRNA and protein expression by the excitotoxin quinolinic acid in human astrocytes and neurons\". Metabolic Brain Disease. 29 (3): 873–883. doi:10.1007/s11011-014-9557-9. hdl:10533/146644. PMID 24833554. (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s11011-023-01241-3, PMID 37273082, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Braidy, Nady; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Mansour, Hussein; Chan-Ling, Tailoi; Poljak, Anne; Grant, Ross (26 April 2011). \"Age Related Changes in NAD+ Metabolism Oxidative Stress and Sirt1 Activity in Wistar Rats\". PLOS ONE. 6 (4) e19194. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...619194B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019194. PMC 3082551. PMID 21541336. (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313921, PMID 39536040, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.) (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313921, PMID 39536040, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Dhivya Bharathi, Mathiyazahan; Justin-Thenmozhi, Arokiasamy; Manivasagam, Thamilarasan; Ahmad Rather, Mashoque; Saravana Babu, Chidambaram; Mohamed Essa, Musthafa; Guillemin, Gilles J. (1 February 2019). \"Amelioration of Aluminum Maltolate-Induced Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis by Tannoid Principles of Emblica officinalis in Neuronal Cellular Model\". Neurotoxicity Research. 35 (2): 318–330. doi:10.1007/s12640-018-9956-5. PMID 30242626. (Retracted, see doi:10.1007/s12640-025-00754-2, PMID 40721957. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)", "Braidy, Nady; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Mansour, Hussein; Chan-Ling, Tailoi; Poljak, Anne; Grant, Ross (26 April 2011). \"Age Related Changes in NAD+ Metabolism Oxidative Stress and Sirt1 Activity in Wistar Rats\". PLOS ONE. 6 (4) e19194. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...619194B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019194. PMC 3082551. PMID 21541336. (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313921, PMID 39536040, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)" ], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 64733676 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.2, "severity": 0.0022, "rank": 779 }, { "id": "sha256:8af2c344450e8374", "key": "RW-2230 / 4207289 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1374881032 } ], "first_seen": 1374881032, "last_checked": 1374881032, "page_id": 4207289, "revid": 1374881032, "written_on": "HHV latency associated transcript", "doi": "10.1038/nature04836", "pmid": "16738545", "record_id": 2230, "paper_title": "Anti-apoptotic Function of a microRNA Encoded by the HSV-1 Latency-associated Transcript", "cited": true, "section": "Interference of cellular pathways", "where": "paragraph", "text": "These effects block apoptosis, or normal programmed cell death.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It was alleged that a portion of HSV-1 LAT consists of an interfering micro RNA (miRNA), termed mir-LAT. This miRNA is shown to downregulate Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and SMAD3. These effects block apoptosis, or normal programmed cell death.", "reason": "These sentences recount the paper's proposed miR-LAT mechanism, but the same paragraph explicitly identifies the miRNA as an experimental artifact and states that the paper was retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, although HSV does downregulate apotopsis, the particular miRNA has come to be seen as an experimental artifact, and the paper was consequently retracted.", "section": "Interference of cellular pathways", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Results Not Reproducible", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0f0cd7647e794e77", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "PMID1678545", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 4207289 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.1666666666666665, "severity": 0.0021666666666666666, "rank": 780 }, { "id": "sha256:146fbe314fcf4fb0", "key": "RW-23818 / 64647164 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1370608130 } ], "first_seen": 1370608130, "last_checked": 1370608130, "page_id": 64647164, "revid": 1370608130, "written_on": "January–March 2020 in science", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2068-4", "pmid": "32161388", "record_id": 23818, "paper_title": "Hummingbird-sized dinosaur from the Cretaceous period of Myanmar", "cited": true, "section": "March", "where": "list", "text": "Scientists incorrectly report the discovery of dinosaur Oculudentavis khaungraae whose 1.4 centimeter head is well-preserved in amber. The bird-like lizard lived 99 million years ago, was about the size of a bee hummingbird, may provide new implications relevant to bird evolution and, according to paleontologists, is considered to have strange features. At first it was thought that the specimen could represent the smallest dinosaur of the fossil record. The paper was retracted after reviewers agreed with assessments – of which one was uploaded to a preprint server on 18 March – claiming a misclassification of the fossil, believed to be a lizard instead of a dinosaur.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "At first it was thought that the specimen could represent the smallest dinosaur of the fossil record.", "reason": "The item recounts the paper's original classification and explicitly explains that the paper was retracted for misclassifying the fossil.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Scientists incorrectly report the discovery of dinosaur Oculudentavis khaungraae whose 1.4 centimeter head is well-preserved in amber.", "section": "March", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted after reviewers agreed with assessments – of which one was uploaded to a preprint server on 18 March – claiming a misclassification of the fossil, believed to be a lizard instead of a dinosaur.", "section": "March", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:0ef916622ad5ea17", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[240]", "others": [ "\"Smallest-ever fossil dinosaur found trapped in amber\". Science. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.", "\"Discovery of smallest known mesozoic dinosaur reveals new species in bird evolution\". phys.org. Retrieved 7 April 2020.", "\"Paper describing hummingbird-sized dinosaur retracted\". phys.org. Retrieved 18 August 2020.", "Xing, Lida; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Schmitz, Lars; Chiappe, Luis M.; McKellar, Ryan C.; Yi, Qiru; Li, Gang (22 July 2020). \"Retraction Note: Hummingbird-sized dinosaur from the Cretaceous period of Myanmar\". Nature. 584 (7822): 652. Bibcode:2020Natur.584..652X. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2553-9. ISSN 1476-4687. 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the section and paragraph explicitly identify its retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "2022 retraction of a research note", "section": "2022 retraction of a research note", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On August 22, 2022, the journal retracted the note, explaining that while it \"has systems in place to flag ethical concerns raised by article submissions prior to review, those same systems do not fully extend to note submissions\", that the \"two peer reviewers who considered the note did not raise ethical concerns\", and that Andersson explained that \"the work described in this note was carried out as a piece of independent research in Germany, without institutional ethical oversight\".", "section": "2022 retraction of a research note", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:73eb02a3cb1d1c86", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[3]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 6414154 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 2.033333333333333, "severity": 0.002033333333333333, "rank": 783 }, { "id": "sha256:34595fc45b7d51e8", "key": "RW-28669 / 48698067 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1363577550 } ], "first_seen": 1363577550, "last_checked": 1363577550, "page_id": 48698067, "revid": 1363577550, "written_on": "State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe", "doi": "10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104686", "pmid": "", "record_id": 28669, "paper_title": "A maned theropod dinosaur from Gondwana with elaborate integumentary structures", "cited": true, "section": "Controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "As a consequence, the paper describing the fossil was temporarily removed.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The fossil that has been informally named \"Ubirajara jubatus\", an unusual dinosaur from the Cretaceous period with structures that might be early feathers, was found in 1990 in Brazil by a team of paleontologists.", "reason": "The fossil description plausibly draws on the paper's integumentary findings, but this same paragraph explicitly tells readers that the describing paper was removed.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "As a consequence, the paper describing the fossil was temporarily removed.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Notice - Limited or No Information", "Removed" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:acf2f04033b77e12", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[2]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 48698067 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 4.0, "severity": 0.002, "rank": 784 }, { "id": "sha256:908bd76b9ecb5790", "key": "RW-9914 / 76532932 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1327868065 } ], "first_seen": 1327868065, "last_checked": 1327868065, "page_id": 76532932, "revid": 1327868065, "written_on": "Lisa Gennetian", "doi": "10.1001/jama.2014.607", "pmid": "24595778", "record_id": 9914, "paper_title": "Associations of Housing Mobility Interventions for Children in High-Poverty Neighborhoods With Subsequent Mental Disorders During Adolescence", "cited": true, "section": "Notable Studies", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Gennetian has published on housing and neighborhood effects on health including obesity and diabetes, teen pregnancy and teen mental health.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Gennetian has published on housing and neighborhood effects on health including obesity and diabetes, teen pregnancy and teen mental health.", "reason": "This describes Gennetian's publication topics without asserting the paper's findings; the other citations support the obesity, diabetes, and parenting topics, but not teen mental health.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Data", "Error in Methods", "Error in Results and/or Conclusions", "Retract and Replace" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:68f213e3f54b73eb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[14]", "others": [ "Ludwig, Jens; Sanbonmatsu, Lisa; Gennetian, Lisa; Adam, Emma; Duncan, Greg; Katz, Lawrence; Kessler, Ronald; Kling, Jeffrey; Tessler Lindau, Stacy; Whitaker, Robert; McDade, Thomas (October 20, 2011). \"Neighborhoods, obesity, and diabetes—a randomized social experiment\". New England Journal of Medicine. 365 (16): 1509–1519. doi:10.1056/Nejmsa1103216. PMC 3410541. PMID 22010917.", "Fuller, Taleria; Sciandra, Matt; Koumans, Emilia; Boulet, Sheree; Warner, Lee; Cox, Shanna; Gennetian, Lisa (December 2019). \"A housing mobility program's impacts on teen and young adult parenting\". SSM Population Health. 9 100451. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100451. PMC 6706675. PMID 31463353." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 76532932 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.9666666666666666, "severity": 0.0019666666666666665, "rank": 785 }, { "id": "sha256:6852334754771220", "key": "RW-23589 / 51279466 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1375136962 } ], "first_seen": 1375136962, "last_checked": 1375136962, "page_id": 51279466, "revid": 1375136962, "written_on": "Donald Templer", "doi": "10.1016/j.paid.2012.02.015", "pmid": "", "record_id": 23589, "paper_title": "Do pigmentation and the melanocortin system modulate aggression and sexuality in humans as they do in other animals?", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Donald I. Templer was a retired American psychologist best known for ideas on race and intelligence, and his association with the white nationalist group American Renaissance.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Donald I. Templer was a retired American psychologist best known for ideas on race and intelligence, and his association with the white nationalist group American Renaissance.", "reason": "This biographical characterization does not state the paper's finding, but the paper alone is not an adequate source for his prominence or affiliations.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.98, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Retraction of 2012 article", "section": "Retraction of 2012 article", "position": "later" }, { "quote": "On 17 June 2020, publisher Elsevier announced it was retracting an article that Templer and J. 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The research also suggests that it can be synthesized in the placenta (gives nutrients and water to the fetus) which increases a gene that allows for less trophoblast invasiveness which is the main cause for Preeclampsia.", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the study's claims, but explicitly identifies the paper as retracted for fabricated blots; the citation-count sentence does not rely on its findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2012 the Office of Research Integrity recommended that six of Elton's published papers be retracted", "section": "Scientific misconduct", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "As of 2025, seven of Elton's research papers have been retracted.", "section": "Scientific misconduct", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Retracted papers", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The paper was retracted due to the fabricated blots in Figure 6.", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Investigation by ORI", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:d282debe47cd5914", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[10]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 38253190 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.8666666666666667, "severity": 0.0018666666666666666, "rank": 788 }, { "id": "sha256:3202beeebbc13fe3", "key": "RW-5576 / 38253190 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1359903536 } ], "first_seen": 1359903536, "last_checked": 1359903536, "page_id": 38253190, "revid": 1359903536, "written_on": "Terry Elton", "doi": "10.1016/j.mce.2006.01.009", "pmid": "16504375", "record_id": 5576, "paper_title": "TGF-beta(1) regulation of human AT(1) receptor mRNA splice variants harboring exon 2", "cited": true, "section": "Retracted papers", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This paper was cited 11 times.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "This article discusses how the inclusion of exon 2 in hAT1R mRNA transcripts dramatically decreases hAT1R protein levels and the responsiveness of Ang II. AT1R activation is closely associated with cardiovascular disease, the inclusion of exon 2 by alternative splicing represents a novel mechanism to reduce the overall production of the hAT1R protein and possibly limit the potential pathological effects of AT1R activation.", "reason": "These sentences summarize the paper's findings, but the same paragraph explicitly identifies its retraction for fabricated blots and appears under 'Retracted papers'.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Retracted papers", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "This paper was retracted due to fabricated blots in Figures 5, 6B,7B,9B.", "section": "Retracted papers", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Image", "Investigation by ORI", "Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s)", "Misconduct by Author" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:51a1b5c356dd9be8", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[11]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 38253190 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.8666666666666667, "severity": 0.0018666666666666666, "rank": 789 }, { "id": "sha256:9661cea73bd1a375", "key": "RW-38315 / 66251609 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373300083 } ], "first_seen": 1373300083, "last_checked": 1373300083, "page_id": 66251609, "revid": 1373300083, "written_on": "2021 in archosaur paleontology", "doi": "10.1007/s11756-021-00841-7", "pmid": "", "record_id": 38315, "paper_title": "A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous Javelina Formation of Texas", "cited": true, "section": "New pterosaur taxa", "where": "table", "text": "Wellnhopterus Gen. et sp. nov Valid Andres and Langston Jr. Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Javelina Formation United States ( Texas) An azhdarchid. The type species is W. brevirostris. Part of the type specimen was independently made the type specimen of the species \"Javelinadactylus sagebieli\" the same year; however, the article naming that species was subsequently retracted.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Part of the type specimen was independently made the type specimen of the species \"Javelinadactylus sagebieli\" the same year; however, the article naming that species was subsequently retracted.", "reason": "This reports the naming history of Javelinadactylus and explicitly identifies the naming paper as retracted, rather than endorsing its taxonomic finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "unclear", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "however, the article naming that species was subsequently retracted.", "section": "New pterosaur taxa", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Copyright Claims", "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Lack of Approval from Company/Institution" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:37f8691301f0c229", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[397]", "others": [ "Brian Andres; Wann Langston Jr. (14 December 2021). \"Morphology and taxonomy of Quetzalcoatlus Lawson 1975 (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchoidea)\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (sup1): 142. Bibcode:2021JVPal..41S..46A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1907587. ISSN 0272-4634. 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Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Burmese amber Myanmar A diapsid of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Originally described as a member of Avialae but subsequently argued to be a lizard. Genus includes new species O. khaungraae. Its status as a validly named taxon is controversial because the scientific article it was named in was subsequently retracted.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Originally described as a member of Avialae but subsequently argued to be a lizard.", "reason": "The row reports the original classification as subsequently challenged and explicitly notes the paper's retraction, rather than endorsing its finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Its status as a validly named taxon is controversial because the scientific article it was named in was subsequently retracted.", "section": "New taxa", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:4facbd3fe2919de7", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[124]", "others": [ "Zhi-Heng Li; Wei Wang; Han Hu; Ming Wang; HongYu Yi; Jing Lu (2020). \"Reanalysis of Oculudentavis shows it is a lizard\". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 59 (2): 95–105. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.201020.", "Alain Dubois (2020). \"Nomenclatural consequences of the Oculudentavis khaungraae case, with comments on the practice of 'retraction' of scientific publications\". Zoosystema. 42 (23): 475–482. doi:10.5252/zoosystema2020v42a23. S2CID 225246304.", "Evangelos Vlachos (2020). \"A response to Dubois (2020; Zoosystema 42 (23): 475-482)\". Zoosystema. 42 (25): 515–517. doi:10.5252/zoosystema2020v42a25. S2CID 222315217." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 63761232 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.5666666666666667, "severity": 0.0015666666666666667, "rank": 792 }, { "id": "sha256:4578b7d21365d837", "key": "RW-1873 / 27958530 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1373069395 } ], "first_seen": 1373069395, "last_checked": 1373069395, "page_id": 27958530, "revid": 1373069395, "written_on": "Virology Journal", "doi": "10.1186/1743-422x-7-169", "pmid": "20663162", "record_id": 1873, "paper_title": "Influenza or not Influenza: Analysis of a Case of High Fever That Happened 2000 Years Ago in Biblical Time", "cited": true, "section": "Controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The authors conclude that she was struck with influenza.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The authors conclude that she was struck with influenza.", "reason": "The conclusion is reported within a controversy paragraph that explicitly 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"none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The editor-in-chief of Virology Journal later apologized for the publication and announced that it would be retracted.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The article was retracted on 13 August 2010.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Error in Data" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:252232e0ab734bb8", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "VJComments", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 27958530 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.5333333333333334, "severity": 0.0015333333333333334, "rank": 794 }, { "id": "sha256:de9a6934289b3f5d", "key": "RW-17190 / 14784710 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1348315460 } ], "first_seen": 1348315460, "last_checked": 1348315460, "page_id": 14784710, "revid": 1348315460, "written_on": "Larry Dalton", "doi": "10.1016/j.ica.2004.07.031", "pmid": "", "record_id": 17190, "paper_title": "Advances in organic electro-optic materials and processing", "cited": true, "section": "Controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A second paper was retracted from the same journal, 47 years later, due to a disagreement over attribution.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A second paper was retracted from the same journal, 47 years later, due to a disagreement over attribution.", "reason": "This describes the paper's retraction and attribution dispute, not its scientific findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Two of Dalton's papers have been retracted from the chemistry journal Inorganica Chimica Acta.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "A second paper was retracted from the same journal, 47 years later, due to a disagreement over attribution.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Objections by Author(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:95754bc2f3dfeb93", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[4]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 14784710 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.4666666666666666, "severity": 0.0014666666666666667, "rank": 795 }, { "id": "sha256:19deb50e5c3c2a15", "key": "RW-17192 / 14784710 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1348315460 } ], "first_seen": 1348315460, "last_checked": 1348315460, "page_id": 14784710, "revid": 1348315460, "written_on": "Larry Dalton", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-1693(00)93130-x", "pmid": "", "record_id": 17192, "paper_title": "Paramagnetic Relaxation in Inorganic Complexes. I. Inhomogeneous Hyperfine Broadening", "cited": true, "section": "Controversy", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The first paper contains, without attribution, both text taken verbatim and spectra copied directly from an English translation of a paper published in Fiz.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The first paper contains, without attribution, both text taken verbatim and spectra copied directly from an English translation of a paper published in Fiz. Tverd. Tela (English: Physics of the Solid State).", "reason": "This describes plagiarism in the paper within a paragraph explicitly identifying it as retracted; it does not present its scientific findings as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Two of Dalton's papers have been retracted from the chemistry journal Inorganica Chimica Acta.", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "The first paper contains, without attribution, both text taken verbatim and spectra copied directly from an English translation of a paper published in Fiz. Tverd. Tela (English: Physics of the Solid State).", "section": "Controversy", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Plagiarism of/in Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:34b1f8af0ff0ffa5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[3]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 14784710 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.4666666666666666, "severity": 0.0014666666666666667, "rank": 796 }, { "id": "sha256:846b04b864b0efb7", "key": "RW-48541 / 47224786 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1360254766 } ], "first_seen": 1360254766, "last_checked": 1360254766, "page_id": 47224786, "revid": 1360254766, "written_on": "Douglas D. 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Retraction Watch. Retrieved January 7, 2016." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 47224786 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.4666666666666666, "severity": 0.0014666666666666667, "rank": 798 }, { "id": "sha256:a91673578692b388", "key": "RW-24834 / 55694123 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1361943141 } ], "first_seen": 1361943141, "last_checked": 1361943141, "page_id": 55694123, "revid": 1361943141, "written_on": "Avian metaavulavirus 2", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0034927", "pmid": "22558104", "record_id": 24834, "paper_title": "Replication, Neurotropism, and Pathogenicity of Avian Paramyxovirus Serotypes 1–9 in Chickens and Ducks", "cited": true, "section": "Structure", "where": "paragraph", "text": "This allows for proper packing of the genome in the nucleocapsid.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The members of the Paramyxoviridae family, including Avian metaavulavirus 2, follow the 'rule of six,' having a genome length that is a multiple of six. 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"on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1361943141 } ], "first_seen": 1361943141, "last_checked": 1361943141, "page_id": 55694123, "revid": 1361943141, "written_on": "Avian metaavulavirus 2", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0034927", "pmid": "22558104", "record_id": 24834, "paper_title": "Replication, Neurotropism, and Pathogenicity of Avian Paramyxovirus Serotypes 1–9 in Chickens and Ducks", "cited": true, "section": "Structure", "where": "paragraph", "text": "However, these protein projections may differ between the nine serotypes of avian paramyxoviruses.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "However, these protein projections may differ between the nine serotypes of avian paramyxoviruses.", "reason": "The statement concerns background structural variation; the abstract does not identify envelope projection differences as an experimental finding.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.85, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Copyright Claims", "Duplication of/in Image", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6ca8da4bedf81bd5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":1", "marker": "[9]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 55694123 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.4666666666666666, "severity": 0.0014666666666666667, "rank": 800 }, { "id": "sha256:7a0889970360ba2e", "key": "RW-24834 / 55694123 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1361943141 } ], "first_seen": 1361943141, "last_checked": 1361943141, "page_id": 55694123, "revid": 1361943141, "written_on": "Avian metaavulavirus 2", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0034927", "pmid": "22558104", "record_id": 24834, "paper_title": "Replication, Neurotropism, and Pathogenicity of Avian Paramyxovirus 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"prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6ca8da4bedf81bd5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":1", "marker": "[9]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 55694123 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.4666666666666666, "severity": 0.0014666666666666667, "rank": 801 }, { "id": "sha256:515e2d179a253824", "key": "RW-24834 / 55694123 / #4", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1361943141 } ], "first_seen": 1361943141, "last_checked": 1361943141, "page_id": 55694123, "revid": 1361943141, "written_on": "Avian metaavulavirus 2", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0034927", "pmid": "22558104", "record_id": 24834, "paper_title": "Replication, Neurotropism, and Pathogenicity of Avian Paramyxovirus Serotypes 1–9 in Chickens and Ducks", "cited": true, "section": "Genome", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The viral genomes of most paramyxovirus serotypes encode genes for a nucleocapsid protein (N), a phosphoprotein (P), a matrix protein (M), a fusion protein (F), a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (Hn) protein and a large polymerase protein (L).", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The viral genomes of most paramyxovirus serotypes encode genes for a nucleocapsid protein (N), a phosphoprotein (P), a matrix protein (M), a fusion protein (F), a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (Hn) protein and a large polymerase protein (L).", "reason": "This describes established genome organization rather than a result of the retracted study.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.97, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Copyright Claims", "Duplication of/in Image", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6ca8da4bedf81bd5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":1", "marker": "[9]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 55694123 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.4666666666666666, "severity": 0.0014666666666666667, "rank": 802 }, { "id": "sha256:bc88c2543d8a6b1d", "key": "RW-24834 / 55694123 / #5", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1361943141 } ], "first_seen": 1361943141, "last_checked": 1361943141, "page_id": 55694123, "revid": 1361943141, "written_on": "Avian metaavulavirus 2", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0034927", "pmid": "22558104", "record_id": 24834, "paper_title": "Replication, Neurotropism, and Pathogenicity of Avian Paramyxovirus Serotypes 1–9 in Chickens and Ducks", "cited": true, "section": "Attachment and entry", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It is hypothesized that interactions between the Hn and F proteins cause conformational changes in the respective proteins controlling the attachment and fusion of the viral capsid with the host cell membrane.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It is hypothesized that interactions between the Hn and F proteins cause conformational changes in the respective proteins controlling the attachment and fusion of the viral capsid with the host cell membrane.", "reason": "This is a background hypothesis about entry; the abstract does not report experiments establishing this conformational mechanism.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.93, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Copyright Claims", "Duplication of/in Image", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6ca8da4bedf81bd5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":1", "marker": "[9]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 55694123 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.4666666666666666, "severity": 0.0014666666666666667, "rank": 803 }, { "id": "sha256:84176ee7faeb6bc4", "key": "RW-24834 / 55694123 / #6", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1361943141 } ], "first_seen": 1361943141, "last_checked": 1361943141, "page_id": 55694123, "revid": 1361943141, "written_on": "Avian metaavulavirus 2", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0034927", "pmid": "22558104", "record_id": 24834, "paper_title": "Replication, Neurotropism, and Pathogenicity of Avian Paramyxovirus Serotypes 1–9 in Chickens and Ducks", "cited": true, "section": "Assembly and release", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The M protein interacts with the Hn and F proteins, helping to incorporate these proteins into viral particles for release.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The M protein interacts with the Hn and F proteins, helping to incorporate these proteins into viral particles for release.", "reason": "This is background about virion assembly, not a finding of the study's replication, tropism, or pathogenicity experiments.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.95, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Copyright Claims", "Duplication of/in Image", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6ca8da4bedf81bd5", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":1", "marker": "[9]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 55694123 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.4666666666666666, "severity": 0.0014666666666666667, "rank": 804 }, { "id": "sha256:04b7e5bb4f3f76b8", "key": "RW-6040 / 39219388 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369635495 } ], "first_seen": 1369635495, "last_checked": 1369635495, "page_id": 39219388, "revid": 1369635495, "written_on": "ANGPTL8", "doi": "10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.008", "pmid": "23623304", "record_id": 6040, "paper_title": "Betatrophin: A Hormone that Controls Pancreatic beta Cell Proliferation", "cited": true, "section": "Discovery", "where": "paragraph", "text": "These results led the authors to propose an alternative name for ANGPTL8, betatrophin.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2013 it was suggested by Melton and Yi from Harvard that ANGPTL8 promotes mouse pancreatic islet cell proliferation. These results led the authors to propose an alternative name for ANGPTL8, betatrophin.", "reason": "This recounts the study's claim and naming history, but the same paragraph explicitly says the claim was disproved and the paper retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, the link between ANGPTL8 and islet proliferation was quickly proven false by other researchers. In fact, in December 2016 the original paper by Melton and Yi was retracted, putting the link between ANGPTL8 and islets cells to rest.", "section": "Discovery", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Given the homology of ANGPTL8 with ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL3, and considering that ANGPTL8 does not promote beta cell proliferation, the name betatrophin should be abandoned in favor of ANGPTL8.", "section": "Discovery", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Based on these studies, it is fairly safe to say that the notion that ANGPTL8 promotes beta cell expansion is dead, which was made official by the retraction of the original paper.", "section": "Function", "position": "later" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Results Not Reproducible", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:33dda2db07ac8c30", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid23623304", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 39219388 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.4333333333333333, "severity": 0.0014333333333333333, "rank": 805 }, { "id": "sha256:0b29902ae26ec41c", "key": "RW-6040 / 39219388 / #2", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369635495 } ], "first_seen": 1369635495, "last_checked": 1369635495, "page_id": 39219388, "revid": 1369635495, "written_on": "ANGPTL8", "doi": "10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.008", "pmid": "23623304", "record_id": 6040, "paper_title": "Betatrophin: A Hormone that Controls Pancreatic beta Cell Proliferation", "cited": true, "section": "Clinical significance", "where": "paragraph", "text": "It was hoped that ANGPTL8 or its homolog in humans may provide an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes and perhaps even type I diabetes.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "It was hoped that ANGPTL8 or its homolog in humans may provide an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes and perhaps even type I diabetes.", "reason": "This describes historical therapeutic hopes rather than asserting efficacy, and the next sentence explicitly qualifies those hopes with subsequent doubts about beta-cell replication.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.9, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, the link between ANGPTL8 and islet proliferation was quickly proven false by other researchers. In fact, in December 2016 the original paper by Melton and Yi was retracted, putting the link between ANGPTL8 and islets cells to rest.", "section": "Discovery", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Given the homology of ANGPTL8 with ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL3, and considering that ANGPTL8 does not promote beta cell proliferation, the name betatrophin should be abandoned in favor of ANGPTL8.", "section": "Discovery", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Based on these studies, it is fairly safe to say that the notion that ANGPTL8 promotes beta cell expansion is dead, which was made official by the retraction of the original paper.", "section": "Function", "position": "earlier" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Results Not Reproducible", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:33dda2db07ac8c30", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid23623304", "marker": "[8]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 39219388 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.4333333333333333, "severity": 0.0014333333333333333, "rank": 806 }, { "id": "sha256:16c6863a07884b6d", "key": "RW-6040 / 39219388 / #3", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1369635495 } ], "first_seen": 1369635495, "last_checked": 1369635495, "page_id": 39219388, "revid": 1369635495, "written_on": "ANGPTL8", "doi": "10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.008", "pmid": "23623304", "record_id": 6040, "paper_title": "Betatrophin: A Hormone that Controls Pancreatic beta Cell Proliferation", "cited": false, "section": "Function", "where": "", "text": "ANGPTL8 was proposed to increase the rate at which beta-cells undergo cell division. Injection of mice with ANGPTL8 cDNA lowered blood sugar (i.e. hypoglycemia), presumably due to action at the pancreas. However, treatment of human islets with ANGPTL8 is unable to increase beta-cell division. Furthermore, studies in ANGPTL8 knock-out mice do not support a role of ANGPTL8 in controlling beta cell growth, yet point to a clear role in regulating plasma triglyceride levels. Based on these studies, it is fairly safe to say that the notion that ANGPTL8 promotes beta cell expansion is dead, which was made official by the retraction of the original paper. Deletion of ANGPTL8 does not seem to impact glucose and insulin tolerance in mice.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "ANGPTL8 was proposed to increase the rate at which beta-cells undergo cell division. Injection of mice with ANGPTL8 cDNA lowered blood sugar (i.e. hypoglycemia), presumably due to action at the pancreas.", "reason": "These claims echo the retracted paper's proliferation and glucose effects rather than the surrounding lipid findings; an editor should check any local sources, although this paragraph already explicitly rejects the proliferation claim and notes the retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, the link between ANGPTL8 and islet proliferation was quickly proven false by other researchers. In fact, in December 2016 the original paper by Melton and Yi was retracted, putting the link between ANGPTL8 and islets cells to rest.", "section": "Discovery", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Given the homology of ANGPTL8 with ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL3, and considering that ANGPTL8 does not promote beta cell proliferation, the name betatrophin should be abandoned in favor of ANGPTL8.", "section": "Discovery", "position": "earlier" }, { "quote": "Based on these studies, it is fairly safe to say that the notion that ANGPTL8 promotes beta cell expansion is dead, which was made official by the retraction of the original paper.", "section": "Function", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Results Not Reproducible", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:33dda2db07ac8c30", "kind": "uncited", "ref_name": "", "marker": "", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 39219388 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.4333333333333333, "severity": 0.0014333333333333333, "rank": 807 }, { "id": "sha256:cef369424821b80d", "key": "RW-467 / 14439487 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1377968844 } ], "first_seen": 1377968844, "last_checked": 1377968844, "page_id": 14439487, "revid": 1377968844, "written_on": "GPR132", "doi": "10.1074/jbc.m008057200", "pmid": "11535583", "record_id": 467, "paper_title": "Sphingosylphosphorylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine are ligands for the G protein-coupled receptor GPR4", "cited": true, "section": "Receptor for lyso-phospholipids", "where": "paragraph", "text": "A report working with human neutrophils proposed that G2A was a receptor for a phospholipid, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and a Sphingomyelin, sphingosylphosphorylcholine.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A report working with human neutrophils proposed that G2A was a receptor for a phospholipid, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and a Sphingomyelin, sphingosylphosphorylcholine.", "reason": "The paragraph explicitly says the report was withdrawn, so it does not present the finding as established; however, the cited paper studies GPR4 rather than the described G2A report, suggesting a citation mismatch.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, these studies did not give evidence that these lyso-phospholipids actually bound to G2A; some 4 years later this report was withdrawn.", "section": "Receptor for lyso-phospholipids", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Notice - Limited or No Information" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:6c24d5d224150004", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[15]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 14439487 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 2.8, "severity": 0.0014, "rank": 808 }, { "id": "sha256:271db5af260456a7", "key": "RW-40120 / 39868218 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1364621565 } ], "first_seen": 1364621565, "last_checked": 1364621565, "page_id": 39868218, "revid": 1364621565, "written_on": "Ignazio Ciufolini", "doi": "10.1002/asi.23238", "pmid": "", "record_id": 40120, "paper_title": "A new type of misconduct in the field of the physical sciences: The case of the pseudonyms used by I. Ciufolini to anonymously criticize other people's works on arXiv", "cited": true, "section": "Biography", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2014, Ciufolini was accused of publishing papers on the scientific pre-print archive arXiv under pseudonyms, such as G. Felici and G. Forst, which is a violation of the arXiv terms.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "In 2014, Ciufolini was accused of publishing papers on the scientific pre-print archive arXiv under pseudonyms, such as G. Felici and G. Forst, which is a violation of the arXiv terms.", "reason": "This reports a misconduct controversy rather than establishing that Ciufolini used pseudonyms; the retracted letter's status is relevant context for the accusation.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "add_note", "confidence": 0.86, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown", "Legal Reasons and/or Threats" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:b990cff462962ea2", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[11]", "others": [ "Felici, G. (2007). \"The meaning of systematic errors, a comment to \"Reply to on the Systematic Errors in the Detection of the Lense-Thirring Effect with a Mars Orbiter\", by Lorenzo Iorio\". arXiv:gr-qc/0703020.", "Forst, G. (2007). \"A critical analysis of the GP-B mission. I: On the impossibility of a reliable measurement of the gravitomagnetic precession of the GP-B gyroscopes\". arXiv:0712.3934 [gr-qc].", "Retraction Watch (3 June 2014). \"Journal retracts letter accusing physicist of using fake names to criticize papers\". Retrieved 24 May 2019.", "Retraction Watch (16 June 2014). \"Retraction of letter alleging sock puppetry now cites \"legal reasons\"\". Retrieved 24 May 2019.", "Neuroskeptic (10 May 2014). \"Science Pseudonyms vs Science Sockpuppets\". Retrieved 25 October 2023.", "Sylvie Coyaud (10 May 2014). \"Ignazio Ciufolini detto G. Forst detto G. Felici\" (in Italian). Retrieved 27 May 2026." ], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 39868218 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "no reason given", "views": 2.6666666666666665, "severity": 0.0013333333333333333, "rank": 809 }, { "id": "sha256:7f2178ddf2fad79d", "key": "RW-40183 / 62994959 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1285156115 } ], "first_seen": 1285156115, "last_checked": 1285156115, "page_id": 62994959, "revid": 1285156115, "written_on": "Beluga whale coronavirus SW1", "doi": "10.1128/jvi.02351-13", "pmid": "24227844", "record_id": 40183, "paper_title": "Discovery of a Novel Bottlenose Dolphin Coronavirus Reveals a Distinct Species of Marine Mammal Coronavirus in Gammacoronavirus", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "In 2022 this paper was retracted due to suspected data manipulation, with the original data being unverifiable.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "A closely related virus was subsequently reported in bottlenose dolphins, with the authors proposing that both should be included in the same species, Cetacean coronavirus.", "reason": "This reports the paper's dolphin coronavirus discovery and species proposal, but the same paragraph explicitly identifies the paper as retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "In 2022 this paper was retracted due to suspected data manipulation, with the original data being unverifiable.", "section": "", "position": "opening" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Duplication of/in Image", "Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e139dff51df9bcb9", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[3]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 62994959 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.3333333333333333, "severity": 0.0013333333333333333, "rank": 810 }, { "id": "sha256:13635edf3e872231", "key": "RW-3330 / 8729837 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1357177569 } ], "first_seen": 1357177569, "last_checked": 1357177569, "page_id": 8729837, "revid": 1357177569, "written_on": "CGK733 fraud", "doi": "10.1038/nchembio800", "pmid": "16767085", "record_id": 3330, "paper_title": "Small molecule-based reversible reprogramming of cellular lifespan", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "CGK733 was a synthetic chemical substance which was reported in 2006 to have remarkable properties in reversing cell senescence (aging).", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "CGK733 was a synthetic chemical substance which was reported in 2006 to have remarkable properties in reversing cell senescence (aging).", "reason": "The paragraph reports the study’s claim but immediately identifies the work as falsified and all claims as retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "However, the entire work behind the discovery of this compound has since been found to be falsified and the authors of the original reports have retracted all their claims.", "section": "", "position": "opening" }, { "quote": "The original report garnered scientific attention, but was retracted in 2008. The retraction states that the screen to identify CGK733 as an anti-senescence agent was not carried out; experiments exploring the cellular effects of CGK733 were misrepresented; the identification of ATM as the target of CGK733 was fabricated; a compound which was essential for ATM target validation had not been synthesized; and the chemical structure of CGK733 was misrepresented.", "section": "", "position": "opening" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Text", "Falsification/Fabrication of Data", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Results Not Reproducible" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:ef4c19deac1568eb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "pmid16767085", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 8729837 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.2666666666666666, "severity": 0.0012666666666666666, "rank": 811 }, { "id": "sha256:2dfb771af41cb758", "key": "RW-779 / 29839319 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1292433851 } ], "first_seen": 1292433851, "last_checked": 1292433851, "page_id": 29839319, "revid": 1292433851, "written_on": "Hexacyclinol", "doi": "10.1002/anie.200504033", "pmid": "16470558", "record_id": 779, "paper_title": "Total Syntheses of Hexacyclinol, 5-epi-Hexacyclinol, and Desoxohexacyclinol Unveil an Antimalarial Prodrug Motif", "cited": true, "section": "Controversy over structure", "where": "paragraph", "text": "An initial total synthesis was published by James J. La Clair in 2006, purporting a synthesis of Gräfe's proposed structure based on ^1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "An initial total synthesis was published by James J. La Clair in 2006, purporting a synthesis of Gräfe's proposed structure based on ^1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra.", "reason": "The paragraph describes the purported synthesis historically and explicitly states that its publication was retracted for lack of validation.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The scientific community then began criticizing La Clair's work, claiming that his work was sloppy or that he fabricated data.", "section": "Controversy over structure", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "La Clair's publication of his purported synthesis was retracted in 2012, citing a lack of validation of its claims.", "section": "Controversy over structure", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "In response to the controversy, Nobel Prize-winning synthetic chemist E.J. Corey remarked, \"Occasionally, blatantly wrong science is published, and to the credit of synthetic chemistry, the corrections usually come quickly and cleanly.\"", "section": "Controversy over structure", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:baefba5dabb54fde", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "LaClair", "marker": "[2]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 29839319 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.2666666666666666, "severity": 0.0012666666666666666, "rank": 812 }, { "id": "sha256:c28019c9f1557e92", "key": "RW-19271 / 34002745 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371974378 } ], "first_seen": 1371974378, "last_checked": 1371974378, "page_id": 34002745, "revid": 1371974378, "written_on": "Azam 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the paper's scientific findings.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 1.0, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Ali was one of three authors of an article published in 2017 in Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, which was withdrawn after the Editors concluded that the acceptance of this article was based upon the positive advice of at least one illegitimate reviewer report.", "section": "Scientific publications", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation", "Compromised Peer Review", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:56bb1360792239fb", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[5]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 34002745 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 1.2333333333333334, "severity": 0.0012333333333333335, "rank": 813 }, { "id": "sha256:15c4e7be000b9f60", "key": "RW-5686 / 40168344 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1371986192 } ], "first_seen": 1371986192, "last_checked": 1371986192, "page_id": 40168344, "revid": 1371986192, "written_on": "Deng Tao", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.0810435106", "pmid": "19114651", "record_id": 5686, "paper_title": "A primitive Late Pliocene cheetah, and evolution of the cheetah lineage", "cited": true, "section": "Discrediting forged fossil", "where": "paragraph", "text": "The cheetah was reported in 2009, and was claimed to be the oldest true cheetah species ever discovered.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "The cheetah was reported in 2009, and was claimed to be the oldest true cheetah species ever discovered.", "reason": "The paragraph recounts the original claim but explicitly identifies the fossil as a forgery and reports the paper's retraction.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Discrediting forged fossil", "section": "Discrediting forged fossil", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "Deng was on the news headline around the world for revealing a fossil forgery, Acinonyx kurteni or the Lynxia cheetah.", "section": "Discrediting forged fossil", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "He immediately reported to PNAS that parts of the skull had been concocted from plaster, and that pieces of bones looked like being glued together to create a unique skull.", "section": "Discrediting forged fossil", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "After years of arguments in the scientific community, it was only in 2012 that Deng was allowed access to the original fossil upon invoking the PNAS data access policy, and on examination, his primary suspicions were proven correct, that the fossil was a deliberate fake.", "section": "Discrediting forged fossil", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "On 20 August 2012 one of the authors, Ji H. Mazák finally made a retraction in PNAS.", "section": "Discrediting forged fossil", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Error in Materials" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:5a3742ec2a3d6d04", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "chris", "marker": "[12]", "others": [ "Randerson, James (December 29, 2008). \"Fossilised skull suggests cheetahs evolved in Asia not Americas\". The Guardian. London. 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PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 6 (11) e1890. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001890. PMC 3486872. 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G.; Elliott, Alison M. (2004-11-15). \"Helminth infection is not associated with faster progression of HIV disease in coinfected adults in Uganda\". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 190 (10): 1869–1879. doi:10.1086/425042. ISSN 0022-1899. 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Nature. 509 (7498): 15–16. Bibcode:2014Natur.509...15A. doi:10.1038/509015a. PMID 24784193.", "Husten, Larry. \"Lancet Editors Raise More Questions About Prominent Harvard Stem Cell Researcher\". 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Medscape. 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This method does not create an entire organ from stem cells, and it still requires a donor to provide the decellularized graft.", "reason": "These sentences describe the procedure and its donor-scaffold requirement, rather than asserting the disputed clinical success or absence of rejection.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.79, "warnings": [], "abstract": false, "reasons": [ "Cites Retracted Work", "Concerns/Issues about Article" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:46e4c95658a53fd1", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": ":02", "marker": "[2]", "others": [], "mark": "tagged", "shown_on": [ 25671436 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 0.9333333333333333, "severity": 0.0009333333333333333, "rank": 824 }, { "id": "sha256:97ccf0ccca835596", "key": "RW-21018 / 23090939 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1372002794 } ], "first_seen": 1372002794, "last_checked": 1372002794, "page_id": 23090939, "revid": 1372002794, "written_on": "Tony J. 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it needs a non-withdrawn source.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "replace_source", "confidence": 0.96, "warnings": [], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement", "Conflict of Interest", "Withdrawn as Out of Date" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:e3fbca5494c1eb0f", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Nicholas_2009", "marker": "[1]", "others": [], "mark": "", "shown_on": [ 12767927 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 1.6333333333333333, "severity": 0.00040833333333333336, "rank": 842 }, { "id": "sha256:95a7b6ade47753c0", "key": "RW-49381 / 71602244 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1376439185 } ], "first_seen": 1376439185, "last_checked": 1376439185, "page_id": 71602244, "revid": 1376439185, "written_on": "COVID-19 proxalutamide trial in Brazil", "doi": "10.1136/bcr-2021-241572", "pmid": "33637513", "record_id": 49381, "paper_title": "Potential risk for developing severe COVID-19 disease among anabolic steroid users", "cited": true, "section": "Aftermath", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Similarly, the BMJ Case Reports journal issued another article based on the same study and authored by Cadegiani an expression of concern, and later issued a retraction.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Similarly, the BMJ Case Reports journal issued another article based on the same study and authored by Cadegiani an expression of concern, and later issued a retraction.", "reason": "This describes the paper's publication notices and retraction, without presenting its findings as true.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Similarly, the BMJ Case Reports journal issued another article based on the same study and authored by Cadegiani an expression of concern, and later issued a retraction.", "section": "Aftermath", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Informed/Patient Consent - None/Withdrawn", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:a20fdc26a723d3f9", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[23]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 71602244 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "not in doubt", "views": 1.6, "severity": 0.0004, "rank": 843 }, { "id": "sha256:fd19914bfc1965d5", "key": "RW-5674 / 46460303 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1361323214 } ], "first_seen": 1361323214, "last_checked": 1361323214, "page_id": 46460303, "revid": 1361323214, "written_on": "Lymphocyte expansion molecule", "doi": "10.1126/science.aaa7516", "pmid": "25883318", "record_id": 5674, "paper_title": "The protein LEM promotes CD8+ T cell immunity through effects on mitochondrial respiration", "cited": true, "section": "", "where": "paragraph", "text": "Lymphocyte expansion molecule (LEXM) was considered to be a protein discovered in 2015, allegedly involved in immune responses (in mice) to some cancers and viruses.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Lymphocyte expansion molecule (LEXM) was considered to be a protein discovered in 2015, allegedly involved in immune responses (in mice) to some cancers and viruses.", "reason": "This describes the paper's claimed discovery, but the same paragraph explicitly informs readers that the paper was retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The original paper however has since been retracted upon recommendation of Imperial College's investigators due to concerns about duplication of data.", "section": "", "position": "opening" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Concerns/Issues about Image", "Investigation by Company/Institution", "Manipulation of Images", "Misconduct by Author" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:1ee61d09d5f87fd7", "kind": "sentence", "ref_name": "Okoye_2015", "marker": "[2]", "others": [ "Knapton S (16 April 2015). \"Scientists find key to 'turbo-charging' immune system to kill all cancers\". telegraph.co.uk. The Telegraph. 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Margot O'Toole, a postdoctoral researcher for Imanishi-Kari, claimed that she could not reproduce Imanishi-Kari's results and alleged that Imanishi-Kari had fabricated the data. After a major investigation, the paper was retracted when the National Institutes of Health concluded that data in the 1986 Imanishi-Kari article had been falsified. 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According to the editor of the journal, a \"more in-depth look at the raw data revealed that no definitive conclusions can be reached with this small sample size\".", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "Article suggesting reported an increase in tumors among rats fed genetically modified corn and the herbicide RoundUp retracted due to criticism of experimental design.", "reason": "The item reports the paper's tumor finding as part of its retraction history and explicitly says it was retracted, rather than presenting the finding as reliable.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "no", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "Article suggesting reported an increase in tumors among rats fed genetically modified corn and the herbicide RoundUp retracted due to criticism of experimental design.", "section": "Retraction for error", "position": "same section" }, { "quote": "According to the editor of the journal, a \"more in-depth look at the raw data revealed that no definitive conclusions can be reached with this small sample size\".", "section": "Retraction for error", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Complaints about Author", "Concerns/Issues about Data", "Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions", "Investigation by Journal/Publisher", "Objections by Third Party", "Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:1eb163c2f0627a65", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "", "marker": "[20]", "others": [], "mark": "intentional", "shown_on": [ 582691 ], "group": "3", "bucket": "in doubt", "views": 0.0, "severity": 0.0, "rank": 847 }, { "id": "sha256:e83bd7d281aa64ce", "key": "RW-23529 / 582691 / #1", "status": "new", "history": [ { "status": "new", "on": "2026-10-06", "revid": 1362794245 } ], "first_seen": 1362794245, "last_checked": 1362794245, "page_id": 582691, "revid": 1362794245, "written_on": "Retraction in academic publishing", "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31180-6", "pmid": "32450107", "record_id": 23529, "paper_title": "Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis", "cited": true, "section": "Retraction over data provenance", "where": "list", "text": "2020 On 22 May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, an article was published in The Lancet which claimed to find evidence, based on a database of 96032 COVID-19 patients, that hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine increase the chance of patients dying in hospital, and the chance of ventricular arrhythmia. Medical researchers and newspapers expressed suspicions about the validity of the data, provided by Surgisphere, a company founded by one of the authors of the study. The article was formally retracted by 4 June 2020, on request by the lead author Mandeep Mehra.", "verdict": "no", "quote_found": true, "quote": "2020 On 22 May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, an article was published in The Lancet which claimed to find evidence, based on a database of 96032 COVID-19 patients, that hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine increase the chance of patients dying in hospital, and the chance of ventricular arrhythmia.", "reason": "The item recounts the paper's claim as part of its retraction history and explicitly states that the paper was retracted.", "depends_on_retracted_finding": "no", "other_support": "yes", "suggested_action": "none", "confidence": 0.99, "warnings": [ { "quote": "The article was formally retracted by 4 June 2020, on request by the lead author Mandeep Mehra.", "section": "Retraction over data provenance", "position": "same section" } ], "abstract": true, "reasons": [ "Investigation by Third Party", "Unreliable Data", "Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)" ], "model": "gpt-6.1-sol", "effort": "low", "prompt_version": "sha256:cf9eb70e74e232af", "input_hash": "sha256:1f9ab7e884ad793f", "kind": "item", "ref_name": "Lancet_Mehra_retracted", "marker": "[56]", "others": [ "Boseley, Sarah (4 June 2020). \"How were medical journals and WHO caught out over hydroxychloroquine?\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020.", "Boseley, Sarah; Davey, Melissa (4 June 2020). \"Covid-19: Lancet retracts paper that halted hydroxychloroquine trials\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. 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(10 September 2010). \"RETRACTED: Human SIRT6 promotes DNA end resection through CtIP deacetylation\". Science. 329 (5997): 1348–1353. Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1348K. doi:10.1126/science.1192049. PMC 3276839. PMID 20829486. (Retracted, see doi:10.1126/science.aax4558, PMID 30975768, Retraction Watch)", "Mayo, Nick (12 April 2019). \"Articles pulled after data fabrication in Cambridge DNA lab\". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 18 September 2023.", "Hou, Chia-Yi (12 April 2019). \"Nature and Science Retractions Connected to Research Misconduct\". The Scientist Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. 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